This document summarizes vaccination programs in Pakistan, including the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and non-EPI vaccines. It outlines the objectives of EPI to increase immunization coverage for children under 5 and reduce incidence of targeted diseases. The current EPI schedule in Pakistan includes vaccines for BCG, hepatitis B, oral polio, rotavirus, pneumococcal, pentavalent, IPV, typhoid, measles-rubella, and tetanus toxoid for women. Non-EPI vaccines discussed include those for COVID-19, influenza, mumps, varicella, hepatitis A, HPV, meningococcal, and dengue. The document stresses the importance of cold
3. Immunization
It is process where by a person is made
immune or resistant to an infection, typically by
administration of vaccine
It is proven tool for controlling and elimination
life-threatening infectious.
4. Types of immunity
Innate or natural
Immunity
Immunity with birth
Acquired Immunity
Develops during life
time
Acquired naturally or
artificially
5. Vaccine
A vaccine is a non- pathogenic antigen that
mimics a particular pathogen in order to elicit
an immune response as if that actual pathogen
were in the body
Types
Live, attenuated Vaccine
Inactive Vaccine
Whole cell vaccine
Protein based: Toxoid, subunit
Polysaccharide based: Conjugate, pure
6. EPI: Extended Program of
Immunization
EPI was established in 1974.
Built on success of the global smallpox
eradication
It ensures that all children in worldwide
benefited from life saving vaccines.
7. AIM
It focuses on following items
1. Standard Immunization Schedule
2. Supplemental immunization activities
3. Disease survillance
4. Mopping up
5. Promoting safe injection techniques
6. Improving the stocking and availability of
vaccines
7. Protecting vaccines’ potency through cold chain
management
8. To prepare for introduction of new vaccines
8. Objectives
To increase coverage of immunization for
eligible children
To reduce incidence of immunizable diseases
among children below five years of age
Eradication of polio, measles, neonatal
tetanus, diphtheria
Reduce incidence of hepatitis B, whooping
cough, bacterial meningitis
Prevention of severe forms of TB
19. Pentavalent
Contain:
Diphtheria(toxoid),
Tetanus(toxoid),
Pertusis(whole cell/killed),
hepatitis B (rDNA/viral
subunit),
H. influenza type b
(polysacchrides)
Doses 3: 6,10,14 weeks
IM in right leg
20. IPV
Also called Salk
KILLED VIRUS
2 doses at 14 weeks
and 9 months in Pak
3 doses in
developed countries
Contain all 3
serotypes
21. Typhoid conjugated vaccine
Conjugated vaccine
Single dose at 9
months
IM
Pakistan first time
introduce in EPI due
to XDR- typhoid
fever
22. MR
Contain Measles
and Rubella
LIVE VIRUS
ATTENUATED
2 doses: 9 months
and 15 months
SC left arm
23. Tetanus Vaccine for women
Td doses Schedule
1 At 0, or during
pregnancy
2 1 month after last dose
3 6 month after last dose
4 1 year after last dose
5 1 year after last dose
25. Non-EPI Vaccines
Vaccine Doses Age
Covid-19 2 or 3 doses After 6m
Influenza 2 or 3 doses
Annual
After 6m
Mumps (MMR) 2 doses After 6m
Vercella 2 doses After 12m, 4-6y
Hep A 2 doses Bw 1- 40 year
HPV 2 or 3 doses 9-14years
Meningococcal 2 doses 1st: 11-12y
2nd: 16years
Dengue 3-dose 9–16 year
Ref: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-
adolescent.html
26. Cold Chain
A term used to describe the cold
temperature conditions in which
certain products need to be kept
during storage and distribution
Vaccines may lose their
effectiveness if they become too
hot or too cold at any time.
recommended temperature range:
+2˚C to +8˚C
Also protected from light.
Vaccines must never be frozen