A small project on pollution . This might be helpful for u . In this one u may be able to know what is pollution, about its types , effects of pollution on humans ; environment ; global warming etc . so i think this project may help u all ......

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Economics
Project
Topic:- pollution
Submitted by :- rahul jain
Roll number :- 1
Submitted to :- mr . m . ramesh

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Index
1. Introduction......................... 4
2. pollution............................... 6
3. types of pollution.............. 8
4. air pollution........................ 9
5. water pollution................13
6. land pollution...................17
7. noise pollution...................22
8. other forms of
pollution..............................27
9. effects of pollution on
human health.....................29
10. effects of pollution
environment .......................31

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11. global warming.............33
12. green house gases and
global warming................34
13. most polluting
industries............................35
14. pollution in india............36
15. most polluting
industries.............................37
16. pollution control..........38
17. some practices to
control pollution in our
areas....................................41
18. conclusion........................42
19. bibliography...................44

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introduction
Now-a-days, environment is not peaceful because of
the increasing noise level through the transport,
sound systems, electronic devices, etc. Such voices
are causing noise pollution and very bad to the
natural stamina of our ears. Excess and unbearable
noise of vehicles, loud speakers, etc can cause ear
problems and even permanent deafness especially in
older people and kids.
Man-made chemicals from the industries and
factories such as hydrocarbons, solvents, heavy
metals, etc get mixed into the soil when people use
herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers, etc or through the
spill or underground leakage of the chemicals. Such
contaminants in the form of solid, liquid or gas are
causing soil or land pollution which is contaminating
the whole earth. Such contaminants are also causing
water and air pollution as they get mixed to the
underneath water supplies and some chemicals
produce harmful vapors respectively.
Ever increasing the use of plastic by the people is
causing huge level environmental pollution and
adversely affecting the wildlife, wildlife habitat, and

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humans. Thermal pollution is increasing because of
the huge level usage of water as a coolant by the
power plants and industrial manufacturers. It is
causing the change in temperature of water in the
large water bodies. It is very harmful to the aquatic
animals and plants as raised temperature of water
decreases the oxygen level of water.
We have been surrounded by the thick cover of the
pollution from all around means upside, downside,
and both sides. We are living in pollution but the
most surprising thing is that some people even do not
aware of it. Big and developed countries are highly
responsible to this increased level of pollution all
around the world. This is the very challenging issue of
this planet which needs to be solved on urgent basis.
It cannot be solved by the effort one or two countries,
however; it can only be solved if all the countries do
hard and strict effort from various aspects regarding
this issue.
So pollution has been a main topic that must be
controlled . In this presentation we are going to learn
about pollution, its types , causes , effects , solutions
to control pollution .

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Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the
natural environment that cause adverse change.
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances
or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the
components of pollution, can be either foreign
substances/energies or naturally occurring
contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point
source or nonpoint source pollution.
Smoke or dust in the air is a type of pollution as it is
bad for the lungs when we breath in . Sewage in
drinking water is another type of pollution, as it can
make people ill because it contains germs and viruses.
People living next to a building site where there is too
much noise can become sick as they cannot sleep.
As pollution grows, ways to combat it have grown
too. Solar energy and wind energy give people other
ways to power their homes. When people use these
alternative forms of energy, they put less carbon

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dioxide into the environment. It is very harmful for
living things .
Therefore we need to be aware about pollution .
Pollution effects the people in different ways.
Pollution also reduces the content of oxygen to
breathe .

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Types of
pollution.
There are different types of pollution , some of them
are:-
1.Air pollution
2.Water pollution
3.Land pollution
4.Noise pollution
5.And other types of pollution.
Now we are going to learn about them briefly.

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Air pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful substances
including particulates and biological molecules are
introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause
diseases, allergies or death of humans; it may also
cause harm to other living organisms such as animals
and food crops, and may damage the natural or built
environment. Human activity and natural processes
can both generate air pollution.
Air pollution can further be classified into two
sections - Visible air pollution and invisible air
pollution . Another way of looking at Air pollution
could be any substance that holds the potential to
hinder the atmosphere or the well being of the living
beings surviving in it . The sustainment of all things

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living is due to a combination of gases that
collectively form the atmosphere; the imbalance
caused by the increase or decrease of the percentage
of these gases can be harmful for survival.
Effects of air pollution
There are many harmful effects of air pollution , some
of them are :-
1. It cause respiratory and heart problems .
2.It thus leads to global warming .
3.It also leads to acid rains.
4.It effects the to wildlife.
5.It is the main reason behind the depletion of
ozone layer.

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Causes of air pollution
There are many causes of air pollution , some of them
are discussed below.
1.It is due to excess burning of fossil fuels.
2.It is also causes due to use of ammonia used
while agricultural activities.
3.It is also caused due to release of green house
gases from industries and factories.
4.It is also cause by house-hold things such as
refregirators which releases CFCs.

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Solutions for air
pollution.
To reduce the air pollution we have to follow some
steps to control it . some of the ways are mentioned
below:-
1.Using of public transport rather than private
vehicles .
2.Using the energy in a conservative way
3.Understanding the concept of Reduce , reuse and
recycle.
4.Using of clean energy such as solar energy.

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Water pollution.
Water they say is life, and indeed they were right.
With about 70% of the earth’s cover being water, it
undeniably becomes one of our greatest resources. As
young students, we learned about the various ways to
conserve water; coming to think of it, water is used in
almost every important human chores and processes.
It is an important element in both domestic as well as
industrial purposes. However a closer inspection of
our water resources today , give us a rude shock.
Infested with waste ranging from floating plastic bags
to chemical waste, our water bodies have turned into
a pool of poison. The contamination of water bodies
in simplest words means water pollution. Thereby the
abuse of lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, reservoirs etc is
water pollution. Pollution of water occurs when
substances that will modify the water in negative
fashion are discharged in it. This discharge of
pollutants can be direct as well as indirect.
Water pollution effects both plant life and animal life
; thus it is also dangerous to aquatic life which lives
under water.

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caUses of water
pollution.
There are many cause of water pollution and some of
the causes are mentioned below :-
1.Dumping of industrial waste directly into water
bodies
2.dumping of sewage and water wastes into the
water bodies , produced from each and every
house hold.
3.Releasing of chemical fertilizers into rivers and
lakes while farming .
4.Due to accidental oil lekage .

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Effects of water
pollution .
There are many effects of water pollution , some of
these are mentioned below:-
1.Due to consumption of this water , many people
are suffering with different types of diseases .
2.It thus pollutes the fresh water which is limited .
3.It also endangers the life of aquatic species.
4.It is also harmful to wildlife , which consumes this
water.

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Solutions for water
pollutions .
In order to control water pollution following steps
must be followed:-
1.Understanding the concepts of reduce, reuse and
recycle .
2.Recycling the waste water into a useful way , for
example kitchen waste water as water for garden
use, etc.
3.Bringing awareness among people about the
need to control water pollution.

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Land pollution.
Land pollution, in other words, means degradation or
destruction of earth’s surface and soil, directly or
indirectly as a result of human activities .
Anthropogenic activities are conducted citing
development, and the same affects the land
drastically, we witness land pollution; by drastic we
are referring to any activity that lessens the quality
and/or productivity of the land as an ideal place for
agriculture, forestation, construction etc. The
degradation of land that could be used constructively
in other words is land pollution.

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Land Pollution has led to a series of issues that we
have come to realize in recent times, after decades of
neglect. The increasing numbers of barren land plots
and the decreasing numbers of forest cover is at an
alarming ratio. Moreover the extension of cities and
towns due to increasing population is leading to
further exploitation of the land. Land fills and
reclamations are being planned and executed to meet
the increased demand of lands. This leads to further
deterioration of land, and pollution caused by the
land fill contents. Also due to the lack of green cover,
the land gets affected in several ways like soil erosion
occurs washing away the fertile portions of the land.
Or even a landslide can be seen as an example.

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Causes of land
Pollution.
There are many causes of land pollution :-
1.Deforestation and soil erosion , one of the main
reason behind land pollution.
2.Due to using of chemicals in agricultural
activities.
3.Due to over crowed land filling, that are dumped
by each and every house hold , every day.
4.Due to construction activities .
5.Due to dumping of nuclear waste on empty lands.
6.Due to industrialisation , dumping of industrial
waste on lands which are near to the industry.

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Effects of land
pollution.
The effects of land pollution are :-
1.It causes soil pollution.
2.It even causes in change in climatic pattern
3.It has a bad effect on human health
4.It causes air pollution.
5.It also distracts tourists and lowers the coming of
tourists .
6.It also effects the health of wildlife.

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Solutions for land
pollution.
In order to control land pollution we have to follow
some precautions:-
1. Make people aware about the concept of Reduce,
Recycle and Reuse.
2. Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers in
agricultural activities.
3. Avoid buying packages items as they will lead to
garbage and end up in landfill site.
4. Ensure that you do not litter on the ground and do
proper disposal of garbage.
5. Buy biodegradable products.

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Noise pollution.
Most of us are very used to the sounds we hear in
everyday life. Loud music, the television, people
talking on their phone, the traffic and even pets
barking in the middle of the night. All of these have
become a part of the urban culture and rarely disturb
us. However, when the sound of the television keeps
you from sleeping all night or the traffic starts to give
you a headache, it stops becoming just noise and start
turning into noise pollution. For many of us, the
concept of pollution is limited to nature and
resources. However, noise that tends to disrupt the
natural rhythm of life makes for one solid pollutant.
By definition, noise pollution takes place when there
is either excessive amount of noise or an unpleasant
sound that causes temporary disruption in the natural
balance. This definition is usually applicable to sounds
or noises that are unnatural in either their volume or
their production. Our environment is such that it has
become difficult to escape noise. Even electrical
appliances at home have a constant hum or beeping
sound. By and large, lack of urban planning increases
the exposure to unwanted sounds. This is why

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understanding noise pollution is necessary to curb it
in time.
Thus noise pollution is one such a main problem that
can also be seen during traffic jams , at construction
sites and also in many regions .
Posters of suffering people due to noise pollution

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Causes of noise
pollution.
There are several problems which causes noise
pollution. Some of them are mentioned below:-
1.Due to industrial machines , which produce much
sound.
2.Due to construction activities
3.Due to social events which are being held on
roads , thus making much noise .
4.Due to the sounds made by the vehicles on roads.

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Effects of noise
pollution .
Some of the major effects of noise pollution are:-
1.It has a bad impact on hea.th on the life of a
person , also causes hearing problems .
2.It also leads to major problem i.e sleeping
disorder .
3.It causes trouble in communicating with each
other .
4.It even leads to heart attack .

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Solutions for noise
pollution .
In order to protect ourselves from noise pollution we
have to follow some precautionary steps. They are:-
1.By prohibiting the use of loud speakers.
2. By controlling the vibrations .
3.By reducing the noise levels from domestic levels.
4.By controlling the use of heavy machinery in
industries which produces much sound.

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Other types of
pollution .
Beside the major pollution which are prevailing here ,
there are other different types of pollution. Let us
know more about them .
Other types of pollution;:-
1.Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in
natural water bodies caused by human influence,
such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
2.Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence
of overhead power lines, motorway billboards,
scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open
storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space
debris

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3.Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th
century activities in atomic physics, such as
nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons
research, manufacture and deployment
4.Light pollution: includes light trespass, over-
illumination and astronomical interference.
5.Littering: the criminal throwing of inappropriate
man-made objects, unremoved , onto public and
private properties.
6.Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of
plastic products in the environment that
adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or
humans.

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effects of pollution on
human health .
 Due to pollution , many people are being killed by
diseases. Adverse air quality can kill many
organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can
cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular
disease, throat inflammation, chest pain,
and congestion . Water pollution causes
approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due
to contamination of drinking water by
untreated sewage in developing countries. An
estimated 500 million Indians have no access to a
proper toilet . Over ten million people in India fell
ill with waterborne illnesses in 2013, and 1,535
people died, most of them children. Nearly 500
million Chinese lack access to safe drinking
water. A 2010 analysis estimated that 1.2 million
people died prematurely each year in China
because of air pollution . The WHO estimated in
2007 that air pollution causes half a million
deaths per year in India.

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 Studies have estimated that the number of
people killed annually in the United States could
be over 50,000.
 Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes.
Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood
pressure , stress, and sleep disturbance . Mercury
has been linked to developmental deficits in
children and neurologic symptoms. Older people
are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air
pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are
at additional risk. Children and infants are also at
serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have
been shown to cause neurological problems .

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Effects of pollution on
environment .
 Pollution is also having an impact on the
environment , Pollution has been found to be
present widely in the environment. There are a
number of effects of this:
 Biomagnification describes situations where
toxins (such as heavy metals) may pass
through trophic levels, becoming exponentially
more concentrated in the process.
 Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean
acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of
the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.
 The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global
warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
 Invasive species can out compete native species
and reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can
contribute debris and biomolecules (allelopathy)
that can alter soil and chemical compositions of
an environment, often reducing native
species competitiveness.

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 Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain
and fertilise land which can change the species
composition of ecosystems.
 Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight
received by plants to carry out photosynthesis
and leads to the production of tropospheric
ozone which damages plants.
 Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for
plants. This will affect other organisms in
the food web.
 Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid
rain which lowers the pH value of soil.
 Thus there are many effects on environment due
to pollution and these causes much damage to it.

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Global warming .
Due to pollution , we are also facing the problem of
global warming . Global warming, also referred to as
climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in
the average temperature of the Earth's climate
system and its related effects. Multiple lines of
scientific evidence show that the climate system is
warming. Many of the observed changes since the
1950s are unprecedented in the instrumental
temperature record which extends back to the mid-
19th century, and in paleoclimate proxy records
covering thousands of years .

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Green house gases and
global warming .
 As we know that pollution is the main reason ,
which we are facing now but it has also created
the problem of global warming . Carbon dioxide,
while vital for photosynthesis, is sometimes
referred to as pollution, because raised levels of
the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the
Earth's climate.
 Disruption of the environment can also highlight
the connection between areas of pollution that
would normally be classified separately, such as
those of water and air. Recent studies have
investigated the potential for long-term rising
levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause
slight but critical increases in the acidity of ocean
waters, and the possible effects of this on marine
ecosystems.
 Thus pollution is the main reason behind global
warming.

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Most polluting
industries.
In this modern world , we have a rapid increase in
development of industries giving rise to rapid
industrialization . But there are some industries which
are causing more pollution and are producing much
wastes . Those industries are :-
1.Industrial Mining and Ore Processing
2.Lead-Acid Battery Recycling
3.Lead Smelting
4.Tannery Operations
5.Artisanal Small-Scale Gold Mining
6.Industrial/Municipal Dumpsites
7.Industrial Estates
8.Chemical Manufacturing
9.Product Manufacturing.
Thus these are the most polluting industries.

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Pollution in india
Environmental issues are one of the primary causes of
disease, health issues and long term livelihood impact
for India. Though it is having a rapid growth in
controlling of pollution , it is also suffering with the
problems of increasing pollution .
There are many environmental issues in India. Air
pollution, water pollution, garbage, and pollution of
the natural environment are all challenges for India.
The situation was worse between 1947 to 1995.
According to data collection and environment
assessment studies of World Bank experts, between
1995 through 2010, India has made one of the fastest
progress in the world, in addressing its environmental
issues and improving its environmental quality. Still,
India has a long way to go to reach environmental
quality similar to those enjoyed in developed
economies. Pollution remains a major challenge and
opportunity for India.

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Most polluted
places in world .
We know that pollution is everywhere , but here are
some of the places where we can see more pollution
than other countries . Top 10 polluting industries are:-
Agbogbloshie, Ghana
Chernobyl*, Ukraine
Citarum River, Indonesia
Dzershinsk*, Russia
Hazaribagh, Bangladesh
Kabwe, Zambia
Kalimantan, Indonesia
Matanza Riachuelo, Argentina
Niger River Delta, Nigeria
Norilsk, Russia.

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Pollution control.
Pollution control is a term used in environmental
management . It means the control of emissions and
effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution
control, the waste products from overconsumption ,
heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
transportation and other human activities, whether
they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the
environment .
In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention
and waste minimization are more desirable than
pollution control. In the field of land
development, low impact development is a similar
technique for the prevention of urban runoff.

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Pollution control, in environmental engineering, any
of a variety of means employed to limit damage done
to the environment by the discharge of harmful
substances and energies. Specific means of pollution
control might include refusing disposal systems such
as sanitary landfills, emission control systems for
automobiles, sedimentation tanks in sewerage
systems, the electrostatic precipitation of impurities
from industrial gas, or the practice of recycling. For
full treatment of major areas of pollution control,
see air pollution control, wastewater treatment,
solid-waste management, and hazardous-waste
management .
Next to the conservation of species from the loss
of biological diversity, the control of pollution is the
conservation problem of greatest magnitude; it might
even be argued that pollution control is more urgent
and important. Ultimately, the control of pollution
involves a number of social decisions:
1) Not to allow the escape into the environment of
substances or forms of energy that are harmful to
life.

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2) To contain and recycle those substances that
could be harmful if released into the
environment in excessive quantities
3) Not to release into the environment substances
that persist and are toxic to living things.
The knowledge and technology needed to put these
decisions to work are now available. Pollution control
does not mean an abandonment of existing
productive human activities but their reordering so as
to guarantee that their side effects do not outweigh
their advantages.
A banner to protect trees and to control pollution .

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Some practices to
control pollution in
our areas.
1.Recycling
2.Reusing
3.Waste minimisation
4.Mitigating
5.Preventing & use of
6.Compost pit .

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Conclusion.
Therefore we have came to end , in this we have
learnt about pollution, its types , its effects , its
causes, solutions for it , its impacts on environment
and human health , how it causes global warming,
how to control it and many more. In this chapter we
have learnt that :-
1.Presence of dangerous unnatural ingredeints
causing imbalance in the ecosystems and health
hazards to human beings and animals is called
pollution.
2.Pollution is mainly found in air, water, soil, food
and sound.
3.Major human activities like industries,
agriculture, health care, transport, dwelling and
energy generation are the causes of pollution.
4.Many industries like textile, paper, steel, sugar,
petroleum, food, chemical and cement industries
cause air pollution, water pollution and soil
pollution.
5.Industrial pollutants include gases like methane,
cyanides, carbon tetrachloride, carbon
disulphides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen

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disulphides, hydrochloric acids, ammonia,
sulphur dioxide as well as multiples of liquid /
solid compounds.
6.Modern agriculture - encouraging the large scale
of fertilizers and pesticides - is primary cause of
drinking water pollution.
7.Transport has been the main reason for air
pollution in most cities. Vehicular trffic releasing
carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide has caused large scale air pollution in
cities.
8.Pollution of air is the major cause human health
problems such as respiratory problems, lung /
throat, cancer etc. Pollution of water is also the
main cause of health problems like gastero -
enteritis formation of ulcers, tumors.
9.Health problems due to pollution range form
simple vomiting and skin irritations to intestinal
cancer, brain tumors, from simple fever to fatal
hepatitis, from throat irritation to deadly heart
diseases.
However fast growing population and high capital
requirement are the major problems being faced to
implement the scientific methods of pollution control.

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Bibilography.
1.www.wikipedia.com
2.www.slideshare.com
3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution
4.https://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/sources-and-causes-of-pollution.php
5.Teacher reference :- Mr.M.ramesh