This Lecture Include the Definition, Main Characteristics, Nutrition, Special Structures, Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual), Naming and Classification (Old and New)of Fungi.

1. Fungi
Fungus, pl. Fungi Latin world
Sfungus meaning- mushroom
“eukaryotic, spore bearing,
achlorophyllous organism that generally
reproduce sexually and asexually, and
whose usually filamentous, branched
somatic structures are typically
surrounded by cell walls containing
chitin or cellulose or both of these
substances, together with many other
complex molecules.”

2. Characteristics of Fungi
1. Distribution- Cosmopolitan
2. Habitat- Ubiquitous
3. Thallus - Plasmodial, Pseudomycelial,
mycelial, unicellular, multicellular
4. Cell wall- Chitin and Cellulose (Oomycetes)

3. 5. Nuclear status- Eukaryotic, homokaryotic,
hetrokaryotic, uninucleate, binucleate,
multinucleate
6. Nutrition- absorptive
7. Sexuality –asexual, sexual
8. Life cycle- Simple to complex

4. Mycelium

5. Hyphae

7. 1. Septate Hyphae

8. 2. ASEPTATE HYPHAE

9. 1. Monokaryotic

10. Binucleate

11. Multinucleate

12. Nutrition in Fungi
Heterotrophic, Absorptive
A. Parasite
(i). Obligate parasites
Survive on living organism
Can not grown on culture media
Exp. Erysiphe, Albugo
(ii). Facultative saprophytes
Long time - living organism
Short time - dead organism
Exp. Helminthosporium, smut

13. (iii). Facultative parasites
Long time - dead organism
Short time - living organism
Exp. Pythium, Rhizoctonia
(2). Saprophytes
Food only from dead materials
Exp. Mucur, Aspergillus
(3). Symboints
Mutual relationship
Exp. Lichen

14. Reproduction in Fungi
A. Asexual reproduction
1. Fragmentation of the mycelium
2. Budding
3. Fission
4. By asexual spores
(i). Sporongiospore
(ii). Conidiospore
(iii). Arthospore or oidia
(iv). Chlamydospore

15. 1. Fragmentation of the mycelium

16. Asexual Reproduction

18. (1). Sporangium

19. (A). Zoospore

21. (B). Aplanospore

22. 2. Conidiospore

25. 3. Arthospore or Oidium

26. 4. Chlamydospores

27. (B). Sexual Reproduction
1. Plasmogamy
2. Karyogamy
3. Meiosis

30. Method of Sexual Reproduction
1. Planogametic Copulation or Conjugation
(i). Isogamy
(ii). Anisogamy
(iii). Hetrogamy
(2). Gametangial contact or Gametangy
(3). Gametangial Copulation/
Gametangiogamy
(4). Spermatization
(5). Somatogamy or Pseudomixis

33. Nomenclature (Naming) of Fungi
International code of Botanical Nomenclature
A. Taxonomic Categories
1. Kingdom Fungi
2. Division mycota
3. Sub division mycotina
4. Class mycetes
5. Sub class mycetidae
6. Order ales
7. Family aceae
8. Genus -
9. Species -

34. B. Ending
Binomeal Nomenclature
Genus Capital
(Noun)
Species Small
(Adjective)
Exp. Albugo candida or Albugo candida

35. Classification of Fungi
G. C. Ainsworth, 1966,1971,1973
Fungi = Mycota
Myxomycota Eumycota
Class Subdivision
1. Acraseiomycetes 1. Mastigomicotina
2. Hydromyxomycetes 2. Zygomycotina
3. Myxomycetes 3. Ascomycotina
4. Plasmodiophoromycetes 4. Basidiomycotina
5. Deuteromycotina

36. 1. Mastigomycotina
Class
1. Chytridiomycetes
2. Hypochytridiomycetes
3. Oomycetes

37. Oomycetes
Order -Pernosporales
Family- 1. Pythium
1.Pythiaceae
2. Phytophthora
2. Albuginaceae 1. Albugo
3. Pernosporaceae 1. Sclerospora

38. 1. Pythiaceae
1. Phytium
1. Saprophytic and some are pathogenic
2. Mycelium–Delicate, 5µm-10 µm
3. Shape of sporangia- hyphal or spherical
4. Oospore is colourless

39. 2. Phytophthora
Phyton + Phthora
(plant) (destruction)
1. Saprophytic but majority are pathogenic
2. Mycelium- Cocenocytic or aseptate
3. Formation of haustoria
4. Asexual reproduction – Zoopore
5. Sexual reproduction - Oospore
6. Sporangia are terminal but later on lateral
7. Shape of sporangia - Pyriform

40. 1. Albugo
1. Mycelium – nonseptate, intercellular
2. Haustoria- nobed shape
3. Asexual reproduction - Conidia
4. Conidia arrange in basipital chain
5. Sexual reproduction – Oospore
6. Exp. Albugo candida

41. 1. Sclerospora
1. Obligate parasites and cause Downey
Mildew
2. Mycelium – aseptate and intercellular
3. Dicotomus branched
4. Haustoria – present
5. Sporangiophore come out by stomata
6. Asexual reproduction – sporangia,
conidia
7. Sexual reproduction – Oospore
8. Exp. Sclerospora gaminicola

42. Specialized somatic structures
1. Rhizoids

43. 2. Appresorium

44. 3. Haustorium

45. Fungal like Organism or Pseudo fungi
• Kingdom - Protozoa
• Phylum I - Mixomycota
• Class - Myxomycetes
• Order - Physarales
• Genera – (i). Fuligo (ii). Mucilago (iii).Physarum

46. • Phylum II–Plasmodiophoromycota
• Class - Plasmodiophoromycetes
• Order - Plasmodiphorales
• Genera - (i). Plasmodiophora
(ii). Polymyxa
(iii). Spongospora

47. • Kingdom - Chromista
• Phylum – Oomycota
• Class - Oomycetes
• Order I - (i). Saprolegniales
• Geneus – (i). Aphanomyces
• Order II - Peronosporales
• Family 1- Phythiaceae
• Genera - (i). Phythium (ii). Phytophthora

48. Family 2 - Peronosporaceae
Genera - (i). Peronospora
(ii). Sclerospora
(iii). Plasmopara
(iv). Bremia
(v). Pseudoperonospora
(vi). Peronosclerospora
Family 3 - Albuginceae
Genus - (i). Albugo

49. The True Fungi
• Kingdom - Fungi
• Phylum - (i). Chytridiomycota
(ii). Zygomycota
(iii). Ascomycota
(iv). Basidiomycota

50. Fungi Group

51. Phylum I - Chytridiomycota
• Class – Chytridiomycetes
• Order 1 – Spizellomycetales
• Genera - (i). Rozella
(ii). Olpidium
• Order 2 – Neocallimasticales
• Genus (i). Neocallimastix

52. Order 3- Chytridiales
Genera - (i). Synchytrium
(ii). Rhizophydium
(iii). Chytriomyces
(iv). Nowakowskiella

53. Order 4 - Blastocladiales
Genera - (i). Allomyces (ii). Blastocladiella
(iii). Blastocladia (iv). Coelomyces
(v). Cateneria (vi). Physoderma
(vii). Urophlyctis
Order 5. Monoblepharidales
Genera - (i). Monoblepharis (ii). Monoblepharella
(iii). Oedogonomyces

54. Phylum II: Zygomycota
• Class - Zygomycetes
• Order 1- Mucorales
• Genera - (i). Mucor (ii). Rhizopus
(iii). Choaneophora
• Order 2 – Glomales
• Genera - (i). Glomus (ii). Acaulospora
(iii). Gigaspora (iv). Seutellospora

55. Phylum III - Ascomycota
• Class 1 - Archiascomycetes
• Order I - Taphrinales
• Genus - Taphrina
• Class 2 - Saccharomycetes
• Genera - (i). Saccharomyces
(ii). Glactomyces

56. • Class 3 - Filamentous ascomycetes
• Order I - Erysiphales
• Genera - (i). Erysiphe (ii). Blumeria
(iii). Leveillula (iv). Microsphaera
(v). Podosphaera (vi). Sphathaerothica
(vii). Uncinula

57. • Class I - Pyrenomycetes
• Order 1 - Hypocreales
• Genera - (i). Hypocrea (ii). Melanospora
(iii). Ophiostoma (iv). Nectria
(v). Gibbrella (vi). Claviceps
(vii). Epichole (viii). Balansia
(ix). Atkinsonella (x). Myriogoenospora

58. Order 2 - Microascales
Genera - (i). Ceratocystis (ii). Monosporacus
Order 3- Phyllachorales
Genera - (i). Glomerella (ii). Phyllachora
Order 4– Ophiostomatales
Genus - (i) . Ophiostoma

59. • Order 5 - Diaporthales
• Genera - (i). Diaporthe
(ii). Gnomonia
(iii). Gaeumannomyces
(iv). Magnaporthe
(v). Cryptonectria
(vi). Leucostoma

60. • Order 6- Xylariales
• Genera - (i). Hypoxylon (ii). Rosellinia
(iii). Xylaria (iv). Eutypa
• B. Loculoascomycetes
• Order 1 - Dothideales
• Genera - (i). Mycosphaerella (ii). Elsinoe

61. • Order 2- Capnodiales
• Genus – (i). Capnodium
• Order 3 - Pleosporales
• Genera -(i). Cochliobolus (ii). Pyrenophora
(iii). Setosphaera (iv). Pleospora
(v). Leptosphaeria (vi). Venturia
(vii). Guignardia (viii). Apiosporina

62. • Class C - Discomycetes
• Order 1- Rhytismales
• Genera - (i). Hypoderma
(ii). Lophodermium
(iii). Rhytisma
• Order 2 - Helotiales
• Genera - (i). Monilina

63. (ii). Sclerotinia
(iii). Stromatinia
(iv). Diplocarpon
(v). Pseudopeziza
Class D- Deuteromycetes
Genera - (i). Botrytis
(ii). Rhizoctonia
(iii). Verticillum etc.

64. Phylum IV - Basidiomycota
• Order 1 – Ustilaginales
• Genera - (i). Ustilago (ii). Tilletia
(iii). Urocystis (iv). Sporisorium
(v). Sphacelotheca (vi). Tolyposporium
• Order 2 – Uredinales
• Genera - (i). Puccinia (ii). Uromyces (iii). Melampsora
(iv). Phragmidium (v). Hemileria
(vi). Cronartium (vii). Phakopsora

65. • Order 3- Exobasidiales
• Genus (i). Exobasidium
• Order 4 – Ceratobasidales
• Genera - (i). Thnatephorus (ii). Typhula
• Order 5- Agaricales
• Genera – (i). Armillaria (ii). Marasmius
(iii). Pleurotus (iv). Pholiota

66. • Order 6 – Aphyllophorales
• Genera – (i). Aethalium
(ii). Corticum
(iii). Heterobasidion
(iv). Ganoderma
(v). Postia
(vi). Peniophora
(vii). Polyporus etc.