The Manufacture Of Cosmetics

1. Antecedents
• Group name: PREDNISOLONE
• Group no. 01
• Group Members:
 Rana Ahmed (PHA-14001)
 Mahfujul Hasan (PHA-14002)
 Shamima Akter Sumi (PHA-14007)
 Ruma Akter (PHA-14009)
 Ratna Sarker (PHA-14010)
 Nasim Ahmed (PHA-14013)
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2. The Manufacture Of
Cosmetics
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3. COSMETICS
Cosmetic it is derived from Greek word ‘kosmeticos’ which means to adorn.
oIt means any articles intended to be rubbed, poured, applied to any part of
the human body for cleaning, beautifying, promoting attractiveness.
o Designed for use of applying to the face,
hair, and body.
o Cosmetics Products includes Creams,
Emulsions, lotions, Gels, Oils etc.
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4. CLASSIFICATION OF COSMETICS
Cosmetics are categories as follow.
1. Cosmetics according to their use:
i. SKIN: Examples: Creams, Powder, Lotions etc.
ii. NAIL: Examples: Nail polish.
iii. TEETH: Examples: Dentifrices.
iv. EYE: Examples: Eye brow pencil, Eye lotion etc.
v. HAIR: Examples: Shampoo, Hair remover etc.
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5. 2. Cosmetics according to their function.
i. PROTECTIVE: Examples-sunscreen
cream.
ii. CORRECTIVE: Examples-Face powder.
iii. DECORATIVE: Examples-Lipsticks.
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6. 3. Cosmetics according to their physical nature
i. AEROSOLS- Examples: Hair perfumes.
ii. EMULSION- Examples: Cold & Vanishing cream.
iii. OILS- Examples: Hair oils.
iv. PASTE- Examples: Tooth paste.
v. POWDER- Examples: Face & Tooth powder.
vi. SOLUTION- Examples: Hand Lotion.
vii. STICKS- Examples: Lipsticks. 6

7. MIXING
• Mixing is defined as a process that tends to result in a randomization of
dissimilar particles within a system.
• The term MIX means to put together
in one mass.
• The terms MIXING and BLENDING
are commonly used interchangeable
in the cosmetical industry.
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8. Factors influencing mixing
Nature of the surface
Density of the particles
Particle size
Particle charge
Volume
Mixing mechanism
Duration of mixing
Flow properties
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9. Objectives of mixing
To ensure uniformity.
To initiate or to enhance the physical or chemical reactions e.g.
diffusion, dissolution etc.
To make the following products in cosmetic industry:
• Emulsions
• Pastes
• Creams
• Solutions
• Lotions
• Powder etc.
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10. Mechanism of mixing
1. Convective mixing:
Inversion of the materials using blades
or paddles, in which large mass of material moves
from one place to another.
This mechanism predominates in Ribbon mixer.
2. Shear mixing:
In this type, forces of attraction are
broken down so that each particle moves on its
own between regions of different components and
parallel to their surface.
This mechanism predominates in High shear mixer. 10

11. 3. Diffusion mixing:
Involves the random motion of particle within the materials bed,
thereby particles change their position relative to one another.
This mechanism predominates in tumbling mixers.
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12. Types of mixtures
There are 3 types of mixtures:
1. Positive mixtures:
• Formed from materials such as gases or miscible liquids etc.
• The materials mix spontaneously and irreversibly by diffusion.
• No input of energy if time of mixing is unlimited, although time will be
shorten if energy is supplied.
• Generally, these materials do not show any problems during mixing.
• Examples are solutions.
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13. 2.Negative mixtures
• Materials have the tendency to separate out from each other.
• Energy needs to be supplied to keep components adequately dispersed.
• Some separate faster, while for others, the separation is slower.
• For example,
• In a suspension, there is the dispersion of solid in the
solution (fast separation)
• Emulsions, lotions have a slow separation.
• Are more difficult to be formed and require high degree of mixing
efficiency. 13

14. 3.Neutral mixtures
Are static in behavior.
Neither mixing nor de-mixing occurs, unless acted upon by an
external system of forces.
Products do not have any tendency to mix spontaneously but once
mixed, they do not separate easily.
Examples are:
Mixed powders
Pastes
Ointments etc.
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15. Classification of mixing process
A. Mixing of solids
B. Mixing of fluids
C. Mixing of semi-solids
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16. Mixing of solids
• Solid mixing is a process in which two or more solid substances are
mixed in a mixer by continuous movement of the
particles/substances.
• The object of mixing operation is to produce bulk mixture which are
than different unit.
• Every unit must contain correct proportion of each ingredient.
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17. Conditions for good solid-solid mixing
1. Optimum space:
Optimum mixing space give proper mixing. Powder bed should not be
filled for more than 60%.
2. Suitable shear force:
The shearing force should be sufficient to prevent aggregation and
proper mixing.
3. Optimum mixing time:
Depend on the scale of formulation.
There are some other important criteria:
• There should be no centrifugal effect.
• Forces should not cause breakage of the particles.
• The mixing process should be continued smoothly. 17

18. Classification of equipment
Based on flow properties:
1.Free flowing solids:
Examples: V cone blend , Double
cone blender etc.
2.Cohesive solids:
Examples: Sigma blender, Planetary
mixer etc.
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19. Based on scale of mixing:
1.Small scale:
Examples: Mortar and
pestle, Ribbon blender
etc.
2.Large scale:
Examples: Twin shell
blender, zigzag type
etc.
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20. Twin shell blender
It is V shaped and made up of stainless steel.
Material is loaded through shell heads and emptying is normally done
through and apex port.
The material is loaded approximately 50-60% of the total volume.
As the blender rotates, the material undergoes tumbling motion.
When V is inverted, the
material splits into two
portions. This process of
dividing and recombining
continuously yields ordered
mixing by mechanical means.
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21. Double cone blender
It consists of double cone on rotating shaft.
It is usually used for small amount of
powders.
It is efficient for mixing powders of different
densities.
Material is loaded and emptying is done
through the both port.
The rate of rotation should be optimum
depending upon the size, shape and nature
of the material to be mixed.
The rate of rotation commonly ranges from
30-100rpm.
Mixing occurs due to tumbling motion. 21

22. Advantages of twin shell and double cone blender
If fragile granules are to be blended, twin shell blender is suitable
because of minimum attrition.
They handle large capacities.
Easy to clean, load, and unload.
This equipment requires low maintenance cost.
Disadvantages twin shell and double cone blenders
Twin shell blender needs high headspace for installation.
Creates abnormal sound.
It is not suitable for fine particulate system or ingredients of large
differences in the particle size distribution, because not enough
shear is applied. 22

23. Mixing of fluids
Fluid mixing means the mixing of two or more liquids, sometimes also
solids with liquids to make homogenous (solution) or heterogeneous
(suspension) mixtures.
Fluid mixing may be divided into following two sub group:
1.Mixing of liquid and liquid
• Mixing miscible liquids.
• Mixing immiscible liquids.
2.Mixing of liquid and solid
• Mixing of liquid and soluble solids.
• Mixing of liquid and insoluble solids.
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24. Mixing of Fluids
Mechanism:
 Bulk transport: Movement of large portion of a material from one
location to another location in a given system. Rotating blades and
paddles are used.
 Turbulent mixing: Highly effective mixing is due to turbulent flow which
results in random fluctuation of the fluid velocity at any given point within
the system.
 Laminar mixing: Mixing of two dissimilar liquids through laminar flow
such as applied shear stretches the interface between them.
 Molecular diffusion: Mixing at molecular level in which molecules diffuse
due to thermal motion.
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25. Mixing Device
• Based on shape and pitch, they are classified into 3 types,
1. Propellers
2. Turbines
3. Paddles
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26. Propellers
• It consists of number of blades, generally 3 bladed
design is most common for liquids. Blades may be right
or left handed depending upon the slant of their blades.
• Two or more propellers are used for deep tank.
• Size of propeller is small and may increased up to 0.5
meters depending upon the size of the tank.
• Small size propellers can rotate up to 8000rpm and
produce longitudinal movement.
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27. Advantages of propeller
• Used when high mixing capacity is required.
• Effective for liquids which have maximum viscosity of 2.0pascals.sec
• Effective gas-liquid dispersion is possible at laboratory scale.
Disadvantages of propellers:
Propellers are not normally effective with liquids of viscosity greater
than 5pascal.sec, such as glycerin castor oil etc.
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28. Turbines
 A turbine consists of a circular disc to which a number of short
blades are attached. Blades may be straight or curved.
 The diameter of the turbine ranges from 30-50% of the diameter of
the vessel.
 Turbines rotates at a lower speed than the propellers (50-200rpm).
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29. Advantages of Turbines
 Turbines give greater shearing forces than propellers, therefore
suitable for emulsification.
 Effective for high viscous solutions with a wide range of viscosities up
to 7.0 Pascal. Second.
 They can handle slurries with 60% solids.
 Turbines are suitable for liquids of large volume and high viscosity, if
the tank is baffled.
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30. Paddles
 A paddle consists of a central hub with long flat blades attached to it
vertically.
 Two blades or four blades are common, sometimes the blades are
pitched and may be dished or hemispherical in shape and have a large
surface area in relation to the tank in which they are used.
 Paddles rotates at a low speed of 100rpm.
 In deep tanks several paddles are attached one above the other on
the same shaft.
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31. Uses of paddles
Paddles are used in the manufacture of
 Suspensions
 Lotions
 Hair oil etc.
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32. Flow pattern during mixing
1. Tangential component or circular:
Acts in the direction tangent to the
circle of rotation around the impeller shaft.
If shaft is placed vertically and centrally,
tangential flow follows a circular path
around the shaft and creates a vortex in the
liquid.
2. Radial component:
Acts in the direction vertical to
the impeller shaft. Excessive radial flow
takes the material to the container wall
then material falls to the bottom and
rotate as the mass beneath the impeller.
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33. 3. Axial component or longitudinal
Acts in the direction parallel to the impeller shaft. Inadequate
longitudinal component causes the liquid and solid to rotate in layers
without mixing. Adequate longitudinal pattern is best used to generate
strong vertical currents particularly when suspending solids are present
in a liquid.
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34. Vortex formation
A strong circulatory flow pattern sometimes manifests
into formation of a vortex near the impeller shaft.
Vortex can be formed when
 Shaft is placed symmetrically in the tank.
 Blades in the turbines are arranged perpendicular to
the central shaft.
 At high impeller speeds
 In unbaffled tanks
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35. Disadvantages of vortex formation
 Vortex formation reduces mixing intensity by
reducing velocity of the impeller relative to the
surrounding fluid.
 When vortex reaches the impeller, air from the
surface of the liquid are drawn and air bubbles
are produced.
 Air bubbles in the fluid can create uneven
loading of the impeller blades.
 Entrapped air causes oxidation of the
substances in certain cases.
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36. Prevention of vortex formation
1. Impeller should in any one of the position that can avoid symmetry
such as off central, inclined, side entering, etc., and should be deep
in the liquid.
2. Baffled containers should be
used. In such case impeller can be
mounted vertically at the center.
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37. 3. Two or more impellers are mounted
on the same shaft where greater depth is
required. This system is known as push and
pull mechanism. The bottom impeller is
placed about one impeller diameter above
the bottom of the tank. It creates zone of
high turbulence.
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38. Factors influencing mixing of liquids in tanks
Material related factors-
-Physical properties of materials(Density, Viscosity and miscibility).
Equipment related factors-
 Shape of impeller: straight, vertical.
 Position of impeller: Central, off-center, side entry, vertical or inclined
etc
Process related factors-
• Speed of rotation of the impeller.
• Time required for mixing.
• Ease of operation.
• Batch size.
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39. Silverson mixer
Principle:
• It produces intense shearing forces and turbulence
by use of high speed rotors.
• Circulation of the material ensures rapid
breakdown of the dispersed liquid into smaller
globules.
• It consists of long supporting columns and a
central portion. Central portion consists of a shaft
which is connected to motor at one end and other
to the head.
• Head carries turbine blades.
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40. Uses:
• Used for the preparation of emulsions and creams of fine particle
size.
Advantages:
• Silver son mixer is available in different sizes to handle the liquids
ranging from a few milli-liters to several thousand liters.
• Can be used for batch operations as well as for continuous operations
by incorporating into a pipeline, through which the immiscible liquids
flow.
Disadvantages:
• Occasionally creates vortex formation.
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41. Mixing of semisolids
• Semi solids mixing include lotion creams, jellies, etc.
• The mixing action include combination of low speed shear, folding,
stretching and compressing.
• A large amount of mechanical energy is applied to the material by
moving parts. Sometimes a part of the supplied energy appears as
heat.
• The forces required for efficient mixing are high and consumption of
power is also high.
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42. Classification of equipment
1.Agitator mixers:
e.g.:- Sigma mixers and Planetary mixer.
2.Shear mixers:
e.g.:- Triple roller mill and Colloidal mill.
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43. Selection of mixing equipment for semi
solids
Physical properties of the materials – density, viscosity and
miscibility.
Economic considerations regarding processing – time required for
mixing and power consumption.
The cost of equipment and its maintenance.
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44. Triple roller mill
Principle:- High shear applied which causes
crushing of aggregates, particles and also
distributes the material uniformly throughout the
mixture.
It consists of 3 parallel rollers of equal
diameters made up of stainless steel.
These are mounted on rigid frame work
horizontally.
The gap between the first 2 rollers is more than
that of the gap between the last two.
A hopper is placed in between the first two
rollers.
A scrapper is attached to the last roller.
First roller rotates at lower speed compared to
the 2nd similarly 2nd roller speed is less than
the 3rd roller. 44

45. Advantages of triple roller mill
• From the small to the large batch - Three roll mills are ideally suited
for processing the smallest and also very large quantities.
• Excellent temperature control - Three roll mills enable excellent
control of the product temperature, since the product is processed as
a thin film on the roller.
• Avoid contamination - Through the selection of materials for the
rollers and scraper knives, which are available in a broad spectrum of
chrome-plated steel, aluminium oxide, zirconium oxide, and silicon
carbide, it is possible to avoid product contamination due to low
metal abrasion.
• Extremely uniform dispersion is obtained.
• Low material loss. 45

46. Disadvantages of triple roller mill
• High consumption energy.
• Cleaning difficult.
• Maintenance cost is high.
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47. THANK YOU
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