Catalase is an important enzyme that breaks down reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, protecting cells from oxidative damage. The catalase test detects this enzymatic activity by observing bubble formation when bacterial cultures or colonies are mixed with hydrogen peroxide. A positive result indicates catalase production, allowing distinction between bacterial species - for example, Staphylococcus is catalase-positive while Streptococcus is negative. The procedure involves placing a small amount of bacterial growth on a slide and mixing with hydrogen peroxide, with bubble formation signifying a positive catalase test result.