Refratechnik aimed at developing a range of refractory concretes that are insensitive to rapid heating. The result of our research and development work is the Nanobond technology.

1. NANOBOND
The next generation of
refractory technology

2. 22©Refratechnik Steel GmbH
High-performance monolithic products
with outstanding properties
Advantages of Nanobond
technology at a glance:
• Heat-up rates between
50 and 100 °C/h possible,
with enormous cost savings
for the operator
• Excellent adherence to other
materials
• Easy workability of the products
• No health hazard (as opposed
to other 2-component products)
• High refractoriness
• Long storage life up to ­
12 months
During heat-up of a conventional
cementbonded refractory lining,
water vapour is released during
the hydrated cement phases,
which leads to stresses in the
­lining. The resulting damage can
only be prevented by means of
expert and time-consuming pro-
cedures during heat-up. Hereby,
it is irrelevant whether only a
partial area or the entire lining
of a refractory unit is renewed –
a tedious heat-up procedure
will always be necessary with
conventional products.
Therefore, Refratechnik aimed at
developing a range of refractory
cements that are insensitive to
rapid heating.
The result of our research
and development work is the
Nanobond technology.

3. 33©Refratechnik Steel GmbH
Nanobond technology –
fast and risk-free heating up
The product name “Nanobond”
has been derived from the applied
bonding system. The system is
based on a liquid binder that
contains ­dispersed amorphous
SiO2 nano particles. Because
the ­binder's water content is
not ­chemically bound, it can be
expelled very easily.
During the dehydration process,
the SiO2 particles form a three-
dimensional grid, which leads to
a sol-gel bond.
After the Nanobond products have
been heated to a temperature of
150 °C, they are free of water.
Hereby, the heating rate is only
limited by material stresses due to
thermal expansion. Consequently,
heat-up rates up to 100 °C/h are
possible in some cases.
In practice, refractory lining repairs
are frequently carried out under
considerable time pressure. Every
day earlier that the repaired aggre-
gate can go back on line, increases
productivity for the operator.
This time pressure can lead to a
situation where in some cases the
heat-up requirements necessary
for conventional cementbonded
refractory concrete cannot be
fulfilled.
As known, excessively fast heat-
ing up of cementbonded concretes
­frequently results in damage
(cracks, spalling, explosion).
The solution lies in products based
on the Nanobond technology, on
which you can rely – also under
the extreme conditions encoun-
tered in practice.
As an example, the flowchart for
the repair of an aluminium ­melting
furnace shows the reduction of
heat-up time from 6 days when
using cementbonded materials
(here: medium cement castable)
down to less than 1 day when
using Nanobond products.
Moreover, Nanobond-based
­castables can be heated up as
soon as they have cured and the
formwork has been removed,
without having to wait for the
formation of the hydrated cement
phases, which can take up to
24 hours with conventional
­concretes. By adding ­accelerators,
the actual curing time can be
­influenced individually.
Even more time can be saved by
using REFRAJETCAST® shotcrete
products based on the Nanobond
technology.
All delays due to ­installation/
removal of formwork are
­eliminated, and no curing times
must be taken into account.
Heating up can start as soon as
the material has been shotcreted.
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 24
Cooling down; Demolition; Lining
Nanobond Medium Cement Castable
48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 336312
hour [h]
temperature[°C]
Example: Heat-up of an aluminium melting furnace
Repair times – Comparison of Nanobond and medium cement castable

4. 44©Refratechnik Steel GmbH
After reaching a temperature
of 800 °C, Nanobond products
exhibit similar values for strength
as ­cementbonded materials.
Due to the hydrated cement phases
that occur in the curing process,
cementbonded materials exhibit very
good strength values already while
curing, and these are not increased
significantly during heat-up. Initially,
the strength of Nanobond-based
materials is lower, but due to the
formation of Nanobond-specific
bonds ­during heat-up, strength is
increased ­considerably.
Perfect adherence
High strength
Nanobond products adhere
­perfectly to the surfaces of
other refractory materials.
Hereby, the surface temperature
only plays a subordinate role.
Practice has shown that ­lining
work can be carried out on
surfaces up to 1000 °C without
­problems. This outstanding prop-
erty makes Nanobond products
an ideally suited repair material.
Adherence test with REFRACAST® Nanobond B-90 AL on
REFRACAST® MC B-83 AL, 5 x 1000 °C; 25.01 kN breaking
load
Adherence test with REFRACAST® Nanobond B-90 AL on
REFRACAST® MC B-83 AL, breaking surface, 5 x 1000 °C
heat-up temperature [°C]
20 110 500 800 1200
coldcrushingstrength[MPa]
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
REFRACAST® MC C-85 AL REFRACAST® Nanobond B-90 AL
1000 1100
Cold crushing strength – Comparison of medium cement castable
and Nanobond

5. 55©Refratechnik Steel GmbH
Acid-resistant version
with Nanobond technology
For special applications invol­
ving contact with acidic process
gases, acid-resistant versions of
Nanobond products were deve­
loped.
After 2 hours: REFRACAST® LC (left), REFRACAST® Nanobond (right)
50 mm vessel with acid sulphate (70% by weight at 20 °C)
Thanks to multiple outstand-
ing properties, Nanobond-based
­products are equally suitable for
repair work and as material for
installing complete linings. If you
want to get your aggregate up
and ­running as quickly and as
safely as possible, products using
Nanobond technology are the
right choice.
Amongst others, Nanobond-based
products are recommended for use
in the following application areas:
Steel industry:
Steel casting ladles
Pig iron ladles
Torpedo ladles
Tundishes
Blast furnace runner systems
Blast furnace stacks
Wide range of products based
on Nanobond technology
Aluminium industry:
Aluminium melting furnaces
Aluminium casting furnaces
Aluminium holding furnaces
Aluminium runners
Industrial installations:
Waste incineration plants
Chemical petrochemical installations
Glass industry
Copper industry

6. 66©Refratechnik Steel GmbH
Products based on
Nanobond technology
Quality Al2O3
%
SiO2
%
Fe2O3
%
SiC
%
C
%
Cr2O3
%
ZrO2
%
Max.
°C
*Bulk
density
g/cm3
*Cold
crushing
strength
N/mm2
REFRACAST® Nanobond (vibrating/casting)
REFRACAST® Nanobond B-90 AL 85.0 6.0 0.8 - - - - 1400 3.10 120.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond T-85 AL 85.0 6.0 0.7 - - - - 1500 3.15 120.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond A-65 TS 61.0 38.0 0.9 - - - - 1600 2.65 80.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond A-60 TS 56.0 42.0 0.9 - - - - 1600 2.50 65.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond A-55 AR/TS 50.0 45.0 1.2 6.5 - - - 1600 2.50 70.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond F-35 AL 35.0 55.0 2.5 - - - - 1300 2.20 30.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond T-90 87.0 12.0 0.8 - - - - 1750 3.05 130.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond
A-55 S-10 AR/TS
52.0 36.0 1.2 8.5 - - - 1550 2.58 60.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond T-95 R 92.0 7.0 0.2 - - - - 1700 2.85 100.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond T-95 CR-3 92.0 4.0 0.2 - - 4.0 - 1800 3.10 100.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond T-95 CR-5 90.0 4.0 0.2 - - 6.0 - 1800 3.10 100.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond T-70 CR-30 64.0 4.0 0.2 - - 25.0 - 1700 3.15 100.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond B-70 S-20 55.0 17.0 1.1 18.0 3.0 - - 1650 2.70 50.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond A-60 ZR-10 57.0 31.0 0.8 - - - 9.5 1550 2.80 100.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond S-90 AC 2.0 15.0 1.5 85.0 - - - 1600 2.35 25.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond F-20 AC 25.0 72.0 0.9 - - - - 1250 2.05 50.0
REFRACAST® Nanobond Q-99 AC 1.0 98.0 0.2 - - - - 1600 1.90 30.0
REFRASELFCAST® Nanobond (self-flowing/casting)
REFRASELFCAST® Nanobond A-55 TS Fine 53.0 48.0 1.2 - - - - 1500 2.15 40.0
REFRASELFCAST® Nanobond
A-55 TS Superfine
53.0 48.0 1.2 - - - - 1500 1.80 15.0
REFRASELFCAST® Nanobond A-60 TS Fine 60.0 43.0 0.9 - - - - 1600 2.50 90.0
REFRASELFCAST® Nanobond F-50 R Fine 50.0 46.0 0.7 - - - - 1500 2.37 100.0
REFRASELFCAST® Nanobond
F-50 R Superfine
50.0 46.0 0.8 - - - - 1400 2.30 75.0
REFRASELFCAST® Nanobond S-60 28.0 13.0 0.6 56.0 - - - 1550 2.70 100.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond (shotcreting)
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond B-85 AL 80.0 13.0 1.2 - - - - 1300 3.00 120.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond B-85 80.0 18.0 1.2 - - - - 1650 2.85 130.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond T-85 80.0 16.0 0.5 - - - - 1700 2.88 140.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond A-55 AR/TS 50.0 45.0 1.0 6.0 - - - 1600 2.40 80.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond A-60 TS 60.0 39.0 1.2 - - - - 1600 2.50 85.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond F-60 R 56.0 40.0 0.9 - - - - 1650 2.40 90.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond F-60 AR/R 52.0 38.0 0.9 6.5 - - - 1650 2.40 85.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond A-55 S-10 AR/TS 55.0 34.0 1.2 9.0 - - - 1600 2.50 80.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond F-60 S-15 AR/R 50.0 35.0 0.9 13.0 - - - 1650 2.40 60.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond B-70 S-20 64.0 15.0 1.5 18.0 5.0 - - 1600 2.75 60.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond Q-99 AC 0.3 99.0 0.3 - - - - 1500 1.80 30.0
REFRAJETCAST® Nanobond MR 3 60.0 15.0 1.5 18.0 5.0 - - 1600 2.60 70.0
*after fire at 1000 °C

7. 77©Refratechnik Steel GmbH
Let´s talk about your goals.
We will find the right way.
Refratechnik Steel GmbH is a
member of the Refratechnik Group.
Based on a solid foundation of
more than 60 years ­experience,
Refratechnik Steel GmbH
focusses on solutions for the
iron steel industries as well
as the ­non-ferrous and aluminium
industries, which consequently
involves ­environmental, energy,
and ­chemical aspects.
The production facilities of
Refratechnik Steel GmbH are
located in Bendorf and Dülmen,
Germany. Furthermore production
capacities of the group facilities
in Germany, Spain and China have
been assigned. Administration and
R+D are in Düsseldorf and Bendorf.
The Refratechnik Group is certified according to:
ISO 9001 – Quality management systems, and
ISO 14001 – Environmental management systems.

8. St1-036-10/2016
Refratechnik Steel GmbH
Schiessstrasse 58
40549 Düsseldorf
Germany
Phone +49 211 5858 0
Fax +49 211 5858 49
steel@refra.com
www.refra.com
88
St1-036-10/2016