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ISLAMIC
ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
• Islamic architecture can be define as a building traditions of Muslim populations
of the Middle East and any countries where Islam has been dominant from the
7th century onwards.
• Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles
from the foundation of Islam to the present day.
• The principal Islamic architectural types are:
 the Mosque
 the Tomb
 the Palace and
 the Fort
Islamic architecture final
HISTORY
DATE FOUNDED : A.D. 622
PLACE FOUNDED :MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA
FOUNDER :MOHAMMED(BORN C.570), A TRADE MERCHANT FROM ARABIA
ADHERENTS :1.3 BILLION
SIZE RANK :SECOND LARGEST IN THE WORLD
MAIN LOCATION :MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
SACRED TEXT :QUR’AN(KORAN)
SPREAD OF ISLAM
• IN MECCA
• IN 632 A.D.
ISLAM IS
FOUNDED BY
MOHAMMED
• TO PALESTINE,
EGYPT, PERSIA
• SUNNIS AND SHI’S
DEVELOPED
MOHAMMED
DIED AND ISLAM
SPREADED • TO NORTH AND
WEST AFRICA
• TO CORODOBA AND
GRANADA IN SPAIN
AND ALSO TO
SICILY
ISLAM EXPANDED TO
AFRICA AND EUROPE
ELEMENTS
Islamic architecture may be identified with the following design elements, which were
inherited from the first mosque built byr hall (originally a feature of the Masjid al-
Nabawi):
• Minarets or towers
• A four-iwan plan
• Mihrab
• Arches
• Courtyards(sahn)
• Prayer area hall
• Domes and cupolas
ELEMENTS
• Central fountains used
for ablutions (once used as
a wudu area for Muslims).
• The use of Islamic geometric
patterns and foliage
based arabesques.
• The use of decorative Islamic
calligraphy instead
of pictures which
were haram (forbidden) in
mosque architecture. Note
that in secular architecture,
human and animal
representation was indeed
present.
MINARETS
• Minarets or towers these were originally used as torch-lit watchtowers, as seen in
the Great Mosque of Damascus; hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic nur,
meaning "light".
• Different types of minarets are as follows:
1. Iraq
2. Morocco
3. Turkey
4. India
5. Egypt
6. Asia
Four Iwan Plan
• The 11th century shows the
emergence of new form: the
four-iwan mosque.
• An iwan is a vaulted space that
opens on one side to a
courtyard.
• The iwan developed in pre-
Islamic Iran where it was used
in monumental and imperial
architecture.
• Strongly associated with
Persian architecture, the iwan
continued to be used in
monumental architecture in
the Islamic era.
Mihrab
Mihrab or prayer niche on an
inside wall indicating the
direction to Mecca.
The drawings alongside gives us
an idea about the plan, elevation
and sections of a typical Mihrab
in Islamic Architecture.
Arches
• Arches are the structure
that spans a space while
supporting weight.
• The most important form
of opening was the pointed
arch which were principally
two and four centered. Diagram showing an example of
a two-centred arch.
Diagram showing a four-centred
arch
Courtyards(sahn)
• Is a fundamental feature
and can be seen as different
variations.
• According to their function
the courtyards were
cloistered and arcaded and
the sides were punctuated
with gateways, prayer
chambers or arched
porches (iwans).
Prayer area halls
Prayer area hall: main area to
perform congregational pray
Domes And Cupolas
Materials
• The countries into which Islam first expanded were already rich in building
tradition and the important techniques of exploitation of natural resources for
building works and trade in building materials had long been established.
• Brick making and walling was almost universal in the alluvial plains; MARBLE
was generically available as an article of trade.
• Building to the stone occur in variety.
• There was a long tradition of CERAMIC production, use of GYPSUM PLASTER,
GLASS manufacture and the various forms of METALWORKS for building.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN SAUDI ARABIA
Islamic tradition attributes the beginning
of Mecca to Ishmael's descendants.
Medina
• The great mosque of
prophet muhammad.
• It is rebuilt in stone with a
colonnade on the kiblawall.
• It consists of prophet’s
tomb.
Kaaba
• Built in 16th century, it
consists of an arcade
slightly oblong in plan.
Technical drawing of Kaaba, Mecca
Materials Used For Construction
• bricked structure with granite cladding,
• white marble base,
• meteorite black stone
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE, EGYPT
AND PERSIA (IRAN)
PALESTINE
• Palestine was conquered by
the Islamic Empire,
beginning in 634 CE.
• The Dome of the Rock,
completed in 691, was the
world's first great work of
Islamic architecture.
Cross section through dome of the
rock, Jerusalem
Umayyad palaces represent early Islamic
architecture. They are spread throughout the
greater Levantine countryside in what today
extends into Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and
Palestine. They were primarily rural
settlements that often incorporated a
bathhouse, residential areas, a mosque, an
irrigation system that could sustain
agricultural activities and sometimes other
facilities such as a khan. It is speculated that
they were not used as permanent shelters,
perhaps functioning as stations on a caravan
route, or as administrative outposts.
Umayyad Palaces
Hisham’s palace (e.g. of Umayyad palace) plan
EGYPT
The fatimid conquerors from
tunisia laid this city described
as the “gate of islam”.
Cairo is also known as the city
of thousand minarets.
The mosque of al-azhar is the
first marvelous building of the
fatimid dynasty of egypt. An
exquisite madrasa is attached
to it, which is one of the
world’s oldest universities.
Plan of al-azhar mosque.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN PERSIA
Mosque at kufa
• Masjid-al-Azam located in Kūfa, Iraq,
is one of the earliest mosques in the
world. The mosque, built in the 7th
century, contains the remains of Muslim
ibn ‘Aqīl - first cousin ofHusayn ibn ‘Alī,
his companion Hānī ibn ‘Urwa, and the
revolutionary Mukhtār al-Thaqafī.
• The mosque contains nine sanctuaries
and four traditional locations. It has four
minarets and is served by five gates.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN
Cordoba: the great
mosque at Cordoba
• In planning the mosque, the
architects incorporated a
number of Roman columns with
choice capitals.
• Some of the columns were
already in the Gothic structure;
others were sent from various
regions of Iberia as presents
from the governors of provinces.
Ivory, jasper, porphyry, gold,
silver, copper, and brass were
used in the decorations.
Marvelous mosaics and azulejos
were designed.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN TURKEY
Mosque of Rustem
Pasha, Istanbul
The Rüstem Pasha Mosque was
designed by Ottoman imperial
architect Mimar Sinan for the grand
vizier Rüstem Pasha.
Rüstem Pasha died in July 1561 and the
mosque was built after his death from
around 1561 until 1563. The mosque
complex hosts now a religious school.
Grand Mosque, Bursa
Ordered by Sultan Bayezid I,
the mosque was designed and built by
architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1399. It is
a large rectangular building, with
twenty domes arranged in four rows of
five that are supported by twelve
columns.
The mosque has two minarets.
BIBLOGRAPHY
• The Great Ages Of World Architecture By G.K. Hiraskar
• Wikipedia
• www.khanacademy.com

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Islamic architecture final

  • 2. INTRODUCTION • Islamic architecture can be define as a building traditions of Muslim populations of the Middle East and any countries where Islam has been dominant from the 7th century onwards. • Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day. • The principal Islamic architectural types are:  the Mosque  the Tomb  the Palace and  the Fort
  • 4. HISTORY DATE FOUNDED : A.D. 622 PLACE FOUNDED :MECCA, SAUDI ARABIA FOUNDER :MOHAMMED(BORN C.570), A TRADE MERCHANT FROM ARABIA ADHERENTS :1.3 BILLION SIZE RANK :SECOND LARGEST IN THE WORLD MAIN LOCATION :MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA SACRED TEXT :QUR’AN(KORAN)
  • 5. SPREAD OF ISLAM • IN MECCA • IN 632 A.D. ISLAM IS FOUNDED BY MOHAMMED • TO PALESTINE, EGYPT, PERSIA • SUNNIS AND SHI’S DEVELOPED MOHAMMED DIED AND ISLAM SPREADED • TO NORTH AND WEST AFRICA • TO CORODOBA AND GRANADA IN SPAIN AND ALSO TO SICILY ISLAM EXPANDED TO AFRICA AND EUROPE
  • 6. ELEMENTS Islamic architecture may be identified with the following design elements, which were inherited from the first mosque built byr hall (originally a feature of the Masjid al- Nabawi): • Minarets or towers • A four-iwan plan • Mihrab • Arches • Courtyards(sahn) • Prayer area hall • Domes and cupolas
  • 7. ELEMENTS • Central fountains used for ablutions (once used as a wudu area for Muslims). • The use of Islamic geometric patterns and foliage based arabesques. • The use of decorative Islamic calligraphy instead of pictures which were haram (forbidden) in mosque architecture. Note that in secular architecture, human and animal representation was indeed present.
  • 8. MINARETS • Minarets or towers these were originally used as torch-lit watchtowers, as seen in the Great Mosque of Damascus; hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic nur, meaning "light". • Different types of minarets are as follows: 1. Iraq 2. Morocco 3. Turkey 4. India 5. Egypt 6. Asia
  • 9. Four Iwan Plan • The 11th century shows the emergence of new form: the four-iwan mosque. • An iwan is a vaulted space that opens on one side to a courtyard. • The iwan developed in pre- Islamic Iran where it was used in monumental and imperial architecture. • Strongly associated with Persian architecture, the iwan continued to be used in monumental architecture in the Islamic era.
  • 10. Mihrab Mihrab or prayer niche on an inside wall indicating the direction to Mecca. The drawings alongside gives us an idea about the plan, elevation and sections of a typical Mihrab in Islamic Architecture.
  • 11. Arches • Arches are the structure that spans a space while supporting weight. • The most important form of opening was the pointed arch which were principally two and four centered. Diagram showing an example of a two-centred arch. Diagram showing a four-centred arch
  • 12. Courtyards(sahn) • Is a fundamental feature and can be seen as different variations. • According to their function the courtyards were cloistered and arcaded and the sides were punctuated with gateways, prayer chambers or arched porches (iwans).
  • 13. Prayer area halls Prayer area hall: main area to perform congregational pray
  • 15. Materials • The countries into which Islam first expanded were already rich in building tradition and the important techniques of exploitation of natural resources for building works and trade in building materials had long been established. • Brick making and walling was almost universal in the alluvial plains; MARBLE was generically available as an article of trade. • Building to the stone occur in variety. • There was a long tradition of CERAMIC production, use of GYPSUM PLASTER, GLASS manufacture and the various forms of METALWORKS for building.
  • 16. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN SAUDI ARABIA Islamic tradition attributes the beginning of Mecca to Ishmael's descendants.
  • 17. Medina • The great mosque of prophet muhammad. • It is rebuilt in stone with a colonnade on the kiblawall. • It consists of prophet’s tomb.
  • 18. Kaaba • Built in 16th century, it consists of an arcade slightly oblong in plan. Technical drawing of Kaaba, Mecca
  • 19. Materials Used For Construction • bricked structure with granite cladding, • white marble base, • meteorite black stone
  • 20. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN PALESTINE, EGYPT AND PERSIA (IRAN)
  • 21. PALESTINE • Palestine was conquered by the Islamic Empire, beginning in 634 CE. • The Dome of the Rock, completed in 691, was the world's first great work of Islamic architecture.
  • 22. Cross section through dome of the rock, Jerusalem
  • 23. Umayyad palaces represent early Islamic architecture. They are spread throughout the greater Levantine countryside in what today extends into Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine. They were primarily rural settlements that often incorporated a bathhouse, residential areas, a mosque, an irrigation system that could sustain agricultural activities and sometimes other facilities such as a khan. It is speculated that they were not used as permanent shelters, perhaps functioning as stations on a caravan route, or as administrative outposts. Umayyad Palaces Hisham’s palace (e.g. of Umayyad palace) plan
  • 24. EGYPT The fatimid conquerors from tunisia laid this city described as the “gate of islam”. Cairo is also known as the city of thousand minarets. The mosque of al-azhar is the first marvelous building of the fatimid dynasty of egypt. An exquisite madrasa is attached to it, which is one of the world’s oldest universities. Plan of al-azhar mosque.
  • 25. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN PERSIA Mosque at kufa • Masjid-al-Azam located in Kūfa, Iraq, is one of the earliest mosques in the world. The mosque, built in the 7th century, contains the remains of Muslim ibn ‘Aqīl - first cousin ofHusayn ibn ‘Alī, his companion Hānī ibn ‘Urwa, and the revolutionary Mukhtār al-Thaqafī. • The mosque contains nine sanctuaries and four traditional locations. It has four minarets and is served by five gates.
  • 26. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN SPAIN Cordoba: the great mosque at Cordoba • In planning the mosque, the architects incorporated a number of Roman columns with choice capitals. • Some of the columns were already in the Gothic structure; others were sent from various regions of Iberia as presents from the governors of provinces. Ivory, jasper, porphyry, gold, silver, copper, and brass were used in the decorations. Marvelous mosaics and azulejos were designed.
  • 27. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN TURKEY Mosque of Rustem Pasha, Istanbul The Rüstem Pasha Mosque was designed by Ottoman imperial architect Mimar Sinan for the grand vizier Rüstem Pasha. Rüstem Pasha died in July 1561 and the mosque was built after his death from around 1561 until 1563. The mosque complex hosts now a religious school.
  • 28. Grand Mosque, Bursa Ordered by Sultan Bayezid I, the mosque was designed and built by architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1399. It is a large rectangular building, with twenty domes arranged in four rows of five that are supported by twelve columns. The mosque has two minarets.
  • 29. BIBLOGRAPHY • The Great Ages Of World Architecture By G.K. Hiraskar • Wikipedia • www.khanacademy.com