This document discusses sociometry, which is defined as the study and measurement of social choice and relationships within groups. It outlines several key techniques of sociometry including sociometric matrices, sociograms, and sociometric indices. Sociometric matrices tabulate individuals' choices within a group. Sociograms use diagrams to represent the internal structure of choices. Indices provide quantitative measures of concepts like an individual's popularity or a group's cohesiveness. The document also covers objectives, situations, needs, types of choices, methods of analysis, and applications of sociometric techniques in research.

1. SOCIOMETRY
TECHNIQUES
BY
J.ROBINSON RAJA,
MVSC SCHOLAR,
IVRI,BAREILLY.

2. SOCIOMETRY
 Latin word – socius means companion and metrum means measure
 Idea given by J.L MORENO- as research and therapeutic technique
 The inquiry into the evolution and organization of groups and the position of
individuals within them.
 It is a technique for describing the social relationship among individuals in a
group.(kothari)
 Means of presenting simply and graphically the entire structure of relations
existing at a given time among members of a given group.(Jennings)

3. DEFINITIONS
 Number of methods of gathering and analysing data on the choice,
communication and interaction pattern of individuals in groups
 Study and measurement of social choice
 Studying the attractions and repulsions of members of groups
 A person is asked to choose one or more persons according to one or more
criteria supplied by researcher.

4. OBJECTIVES OF SOCIOMETRY
 Focusing on achieving business targets
 Focusing on key contributors who create value -- the informal leaders
 Enhancing the informal relationship networks
 Focusing on culture -- providing connection, contribution and credibility.
 Sociometric tools are invaluable in identifying informal leaders.

5. SITUATIONS OF SOCIOMETRY
 To explore intra-group relationship which are hindering people producing
business results
 To move your organization from isolated business units to collaborative
groups
 To strengthen teams working in demanding situations
 To surface and sort out issues of group conflict, trust and identity
 To understand and address the "soft" and unspoken aspects of everyday group
life

6. NEED OF SOCIOMETRY
 To develop appropriate behaviours for your ideal work culture
 To integrate thinking, feeling and action in business relationships

7. TYPES OF SOCIOMETRIC CHOICE
 Choice of people, choice of lines of communication, choice of lines of
influence, choice of minority groups
 Depends upon the instructions and questions given to individuals.
 With whom would you like to work?
 Who do you like the most?

8. METHODS OF SOCIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
 Sociometric matrices
 Sociograms
 Sociometric indices

9. SOCIOMETRIC MATRICES
 It contains most important possibilities and implications for behavioural
researcher.
 Convenient method of tabulation
 Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other symbols

10. SOCIOMETRIC MATRICES

11. ADVANTAGES
 It is inclusive
 Joint relationship among pairs are recorded
 Matrices may be combined and compared

12. DISADVANTAGES
 Limited information about members of the group
 Not suitable for large group
 Poor graphic device
 Poor tool for detecting mutual choices and other internal structure of group

13. SOCIOGRAM/DIRECTED GRAPHS
 Diagrammatic representation of internal structure of choices of members of
a group

14. SOCIOGRAM

15. ADVANTAGES
 Simple and valid method
 Finding natural or local leader
 Second leaders
 May be applied for finding professional leaders
 Small and medium size groups and for descriptive purposes

16. LIMITATIONS
 Not suitable for larger groups ( > 20 people) and analytic purposes
 Different individuals can draw different graph with same data
 Identified individual may not shoulder responsibility
 He may not be a neutral person
 Vary over time
 Don’t provide any reason for acceptance or rejection

17. SOCIOMETRIC INDICES
 One common index is choice status of a person
 CS=
𝑐
𝑛−1
 The value of choice status is the direct index of the individual’s popularity in
the group.( sociometric status index )
 Choice status of B & C
 IMG_20181113_234153.jpg
 B= 4/11-1 = 40 percent

18. GROUP COHESIVENESS
 CO=
𝑖↔𝑗
𝑛 𝑛−1
2
 IMG_20181113_234153.jpg
 CO=
6
11 11−1
2
= 6/55 = 11 percent
 CO for clique=
3
3 3−1
2
= 100 percent

19. SOCIAL COMPATABILITY INDEX
 Number of mutual choices divided by one less than group size
 =
6
11−1
 =60 percent

20. EMOTIONAL EXPANSIVENESS INDEX
 Sum total of choices divided by no of choices available
 Emotional expansiveness = (17/22)*100 = 77 percent

21. GUESS-WHO TECHNIQUES
 Hartshorne and May
 A student is asked to read each descriptive statement and then they will
write down the name of the student who best fits that description

22. RESEARCH APPLICATIONS OF
SOCIOMETRY
 Prejudice in schools
 Praise and sociometric choice
 Animal sociometry
 Race, belief and sociometric choice.

23. APP IN SOCIAL SCIENTIFIC AND
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
 Simple, economical and naturalistic method of observation and data
collection
 Human actions such as choosing, influencing, dominating, communicating
esp in group situations are needed.
 Considerable flexibility
 Adapted to wide variety of research in lab and field
 Discover cliques in groups, communication and influence channels, patterns
of cohesiveness, connectedness, hierarchization

24. THANK YOU