The document discusses the London Summit on Family Planning held in July 2012. Global leaders united to provide 120 million women in the world's poorest countries access to contraceptives by 2020. The summit brought together 25 country representatives, 26 donor representatives including various foundations and governments, international agencies, private sector organizations, and civil society groups. The objective was to provide family planning access to 120 million women in order to save over 200,000 women and 2 million children's lives.

2. 2
Agenda
1. Why?
2. Introduction
3. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on Family Planning
4. The London Summit on Family Planning
5. Side Effects
6. Final Remarks and References

3. 3
Agenda
1. Why?
2. Introduction
3. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on Family Planning
4. The London Summit on Family Planning
5. Side Effects
6. Final Remarks and References

4. 4
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica.
The first adult book I remember asking my parents about… coincidentally or not,
I now help my Mom in researches on empowerment of Women in Brazil
Comments
• Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986): French existentialist philosopher;
writer and and feminist; married with Jean-Paul Sartre
• Existentialism: any of the various philosophies dating from about 1930
that have in common an interpretation of human existence in the world
that stresses its concreteness and its problematic character”; acclaims
the freedom of the individual human beings;
• The Second Sex (1949) is considered a scholarly and passionate plea for
the abolition of what she called the myth of the “eternal feminine.” This
seminal work became a classic of feminist literature
• The basic options of an individual must be made on the premises of an
equal vocation for man and woman founded on a common structure of
their being, independent of their sexuality
1. Why?

5. 5
President / CEO 10,39 20,56
Vice-President 10,82 16,04
Director 11,60 25,86
Manager 15,61 32,03
Supervisor 20,85 44,68
Chief 24,76 40,54
Commissioner 36,78 53,49
Coordinator 36,95 53,89
Source:
Catho Group; Coutinho & Rocha-Coutinho. Brazilian Women in Leadership Positions in Organizations: Career Development and Management Style, 2009.
96-97 07-08Position
Research shows improvements in the role of women in Brazilian organizations,
but also indicates the will to still play a role as “mother”
Women in Leadership Positions Comments
• Significant improvements have been achieved regarding women in
leadership positions in organizations in Brazil
• Many times, women are better prepared than men – languages, MA,
MBAs... They don’t take the leave of absence (6 months in Brazil by law)
• Women’s management style:
• Men are usually more authoritarian and concerned with results,
women are more worried about the synergies within the team
• Women have more sensibility to deal with their subordinates
• Women have better communication skills
• Women are usually more flexible and multitask than men
• Still, women still feel the main responsible for the children – and opt to
play a dual role as mother and business woman
• Therefore, there is still some discrimination, but women also impose
themselves limits – less willingness to travel and long absences, etc….
1. Why?

6. 6
1) UNESCO declared Rio de Janeiro a Cultural World Heritage – first city to achieve that in the category integration nature and human intervention; 2012.
Source: Internet.
In addition to that, I grew up in the (not me saying… UNESCO1)) most beautiful
city in the World, Rio de Janeiro, but also a place full of contrasts…
1. Why?

7. 7
Agenda
1. Why?
2. Introduction
3. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on Family Planning
4. The London Summit on Family Planning
5. Side Effects
6. Final Remarks and References

8. 8
Source:
http://thefilipinoteacher.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/maslow.gif
http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/fri0int-6
Four Functions of Government:
• Ensure national security – national defense
• Ensure internal security – police
• Define the rules of the game – regulate
• Adjudicate disputes – judicial system
Milton Friedman, Nobel Prize in Economics
Hierarchy of needs – Abraham Maslow Role of government
Every human being has a hierarchy of needs to fulfill and the government should
ensure the proper environment for that to happen
2. Introduction

9. 9
Source: http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_understanding.html .
• Guiding principles: include non-discrimination; adherence to the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival and
development; and the right to participate;
• Survival and developmental rights: are the rights to the resources, skills and contributions necessary for the survival and
full development of the child. Include rights to adequate food, shelter, clean water, formal education, primary health care,
leisure and recreation, cultural activities and information about their rights.
• Protection rights: include protection from all forms of child abuse, neglect, exploitation and cruelty, including the right to
special protection in times of war and protection from abuse in the criminal justice system
• Participation rights: include the freedom to express opinions and to have a say in matters affecting their social, economic,
religious, cultural and political life. Include the right to express opinions and be heard, the right to information and freedom of
association.
UNICEF – Convention on the Rights of the Child
And the UN, through UNICEF, “sets out the necessary environment and means to
enable every human being to develop to their full potential”
2. Introduction

10. 10
Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
However, due to lack of access to contraceptives, 75m unintended pregnancies
result in the death of 356k mothers and 3.2m and +20m abortions per year!
2. Introduction

11. 11
Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
And the main reason is the lack of contraceptives multiply tremendously the risk
of mortality; but only provide the contraceptives will not solve the problem
2. Introduction
Contraceptive use vs. rate of mortality – selected regions Family Planning
• Contraceptive use is part of a
bigger problem – it is important to:
• Educate and inform
• Provide access to
contraceptives
• Provide a supportive
environment
• Therefore, the importance of
developing a larger program, of
family planning

12. 12
Total Fertility Rate (Children Born Per Woman) - 2011
Source:
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (http://www.globalhealthfacts.org/data/topic/map.aspx?ind=87).
As it is widely know, fertility rate is much higher in poorer countries…
2. Introduction

13. 13
Note: Replacement Rate of Population: 2.00
Source:
Cohen, Philip N. Family Inequality blog (http://familyinequality.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/fertility-income-2009.jpg ).
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html
The first “rich” country in the CIA TFR ranking is Israel, ranked #75, what helps
explain why the correlation between GDP and TFR is so high
2. Introduction
# Country TFR
75 Israel 2.67
92 United Arab Emirates 2.38
96 Argentina 2.29
97 South Africa 2.28
98 Mexico 2.27
100 Saudi Arabia 2.26
106 Brazil 2.16
121 USA 2.06
Contraceptive use vs. rate of mortality –
selected regions
GPP per capital vs. TFR (total fertility rate)
GDP
US$
TFR

14. 14
Agenda
1. Why?
2. Introduction
3. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on Family Planning
4. The London Summit on Family Planning
5. Side Effects
6. Final Remarks and References

15. 15
• Of the 210m pregnancies occurring each year, nearly 80m
are unintended; with an estimated 20m unsafe abortions
and 67,000 deaths annually (every two minutes a woman
dies of pregnancy related complications)
• Less than 20% of women in sub-Saharan Africa and 34% of
women in South Asia use modern contraceptives
• Goal: get contraceptive for 120MM women (“let women
have access to contraceptives”)
• Put “Women at the heart of Global Health agenda”
Source:
Cohen, Philip N. Family Inequality blog (http://familyinequality.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/fertility-income-2009.jpg ).
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html
Given the importance of the issue, Melinda Gates is increasingly focused on the
Family Planning program, which she considers to be “her life’s work!”
3. B&M Foundation - Family Planning
Melinda Gates
Interview CNN – Sanjay Gupta (link)
Contraceptive use vs. rate of mortality – selected regions “This will be my life’s work”

16. 16
The B&M Foundation – Family Planning program aims at improving the lives of
millions of women through partnerships with governments and civil society
• Family Planning (FP) is one of the most effective public health interventions,
and significantly improves the health of women and their families,
communities and nations
• Family planning:
• Maternal mortality is reduced (by up to 1/3)
• Deaths and illness among young women are reduced (adolescents 15-19
are twice as likely to die in childbirth as those in their 20s; and under 15,
five times as likely)
• Child health and survival is improved (e.g. by spacing births at least 36
months apart, almost 3m deaths to children under age 5 could be averted
• Family planning improves women’s life options, avoiding school dropouts
and improving education; educated girls are likely to marry later and have
smaller, healthier families
• FP reduces unintended pregnancies and abortions (+200m women in
developing countries want to avoid pregnancy but lack access to
contraceptives
• FP help countries achieve the MDGs in health and education
• Partnerships with governments, non-governmental
organizations, and other funders to:
• Increase funding and supportive policies and systems
for FP
• Focus on cities with high rates of unintended
pregnancy and high maternal and infant deaths
• Develop new contraceptives and improve existing ones
• Close key knowledge gaps in family planning
Overview Approach
3. B&M Foundation - Family Planning
Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

17. 17
• Global Health and Development Programs: help endure that
lifesaving advances reach those who need them most
• Focus on problems with major impact on the poor in the
developing world but that get too little attention and funding
• Improve global health on a large scale
Mission Opportunity
Strategy Intervention Areas
Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
The mission is to help endure lifesaving advances reach those who need them
tackling an (unfortunate) opportunity with innovative contraceptive technologies
3. B&M Foundation - Family Planning
• Family planning is a great achievement, but yet 200m women don’t
have access to them
• Still, some methods of family planning prevent both pregnancy and
STDs, including HIV
• Support voluntary FP as a means to meet the needs of men and
women and to significantly reduce maternal and infant deaths
• Raise awareness internationally to FP as a means to achieve the
MDGs, increase resources to fund family planning
• Domestically increase modern contraceptive use and improve FP
services
• Advocate for more and better use of funds and raise visibility of FP
• Increase the use of contraceptives in urban areas among the poor
and vulnerable
• Develop innovative contraceptive technologies, such as implants,
injections, and additional products, such as an on-demand oral
contraceptive pill, a new vaginal ring and other nonhormonal
methods and nonsurgical female sterilization
• Close key knowledge gaps in FP

18. 18
Melinda meets with a mothers’ group in the Korogocho slum(Nairobi, Kenya, 2011).`
Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
“I want to bring every good thing to one child before I have another.”
Mother from Korogocha slum (Nairobi, Kenya, 2011)
3. B&M Foundation - Family Planning

19. 19
“The idea is that as parents bring their family size down, countries can invest more in educating young people. When those
young people reach working age, they boost productivity and economic growth. South Korea and Thailand are two recent
examples of how countries that understand and capitalize on these principles can rapidly transform their economies.”
“The tools that are likely to have the highest adoption rates in sub-Saharan Africa are implants or injectables, not the oral
contraceptives that are popular in the United States. Indonesia has made implants broadly available, and more than 1.7 million
women are using implants today. The foundation has helped fund quality assurance for a lower-cost implant, Sinoplant II, which is
registered today in more than 17 countries and costs 60 percent less than the alternatives. We also think that injections can be
made cheaper and longer lasting and put into a format that women can administer themselves. There are a large number
of steps required to get new tools not only approved and manufactured but also understood so that women can make informed
choices about contraception. Our goal is that every woman should have the ability to choose when she wants to have
children. The result will be healthier mothers and children and more prosperous nations.
Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
In his annual letter (January 2012), Bill Gates highlighted the intent of the
Foundation towards family planning and Melinda’s role on that
3. B&M Foundation - Family Planning

20. 20
Agenda
1. Why?
2. Introduction
3. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on Family Planning
4. The London Summit on Family Planning
5. Side Effects
6. Final Remarks and References

21. 21
Source: ‪http://www.LondonFamilyPlanningSummit.co.uk
On July 07, 2012, global leaders united to provide 120m women in the world's
poorest countries with access to contraceptives by 2020
• “Well, this summit is surely one of the most exciting days of my life”. Melinda Gates, opening speech
• 25 countries were represented at the summit, including the Presidents of Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, the First Lady of Burkina Faso, and the
UK Prime Minister, David Cameron. Sec. of State Hillary Clinton sent a broadcast message
• 26 donors were represented, including the governments of Australia, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan,
Netherlands, Norway, Republic of Korea, Sweden, the UK and the USA. And the European Commission, the B&M Gates Foundation, Ford
Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies, etc.
• International Agencies also participated (e.g. UN, UNICEF, World Bank and WHO; the private sector (e.g. Pfizer, Bayer, Merck and J&J), Civil
Society Organizations and other supporting organizations
• Objective: provide 120m women access to family planning by 2020, saving the lives of over
200k women and 2m children
• The London Summit on Family Planning aims to:
• Revitalize global commitments to FP and access to contraceptives as a cost-effective and
transformational development priority
• Improve the access and distribution of contraceptive supplies
• Remove and reduce barriers to family planning
Final Remarks
David Cameron, UK Prime Minister
4. London Summit on Family Planning
USD 2.6bn

22. 22
Agenda
1. Why?
2. Introduction
3. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on Family Planning
4. The London Summit on Family Planning
5. Side Effects
6. Final Remarks and References

23. 23
Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
The annual budget of USD 3.6bn to fulfill family planning need will also generate
side effects – on transmission of HIV, education, economic growth, etc.
5. Side Effects

24. 24
Source:
The Economist (http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/10/homicide-rates?zid=317&ah=8a47fc455a44945580198768fad0fa41).
Homicide Rates per country - 2010
• "The Impact of Legalized Abortion on
Crime" is a controversial paper by John
J. Donohue III of Yale University and
Steven Levitt of University of Chicago.
The paper was published in the Quarterly
Journal of Economics in 2001
• Crimes occur by people in the ages
15-19 with more frequency
• Abortion was legalized in 1973 and
crimes reduced dramatically (by 30-40%)
in the late 1980s / early 1990s to 1973
• According to the authors’ estimates, the
reduction in the crime rates in the 1990s
are 25-40% due to legalization of
abortion in 1973
Comments
However, in 2001, a controversial paper suggested a direct correlation between
the legalization of abortion and reduction in crime a while later…
5. Side Effects

25. 25
Source: http://www.springerimages.com/Images/SocialSciences/1-10.1007_s12117-007-9013-x-3
Therefore, it is my hypotheses that, in the longer run, a possible outcome of the
family planning program also be a reduction of crime
High
Low
Crime Index
HighLow
GDP per Capita
(Arrows)
Prevalence of organized crime and GDP per capita - 2004
5. Side Effects

26. 26
Agenda
1. Why?
2. Introduction
3. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on Family Planning
4. The London Summit on Family Planning
5. Side Effects
6. Final Remarks and References

27. 27
Civil Society can, with the right tools, influence policymakers, but more long term
vision, and better coordination are necessary if results are to last
• In short, Civil Society can influence policymaking and policymakers, when with the right tools (financial means and political
connections) can demand for, and indeed generate change; but I do not necessarily believe goodwill or good intentions are enough
- the subject is in the agenda of the UN (MDGs), but not much has been achieved so far
• More long term vision is necessary! One has to face the problems in their origins – tackle diseases by providing water, avoid HIV
and birth related deaths through education and family planning, reduce inequality through jobs, not cash transfers, etc….
• There has to be better coordination… Haiti has eradicated cholera, but UN officials brought cholera back to Haiti after the
earthquake, and 5-6k people died! UN airplanes who bring medicines to Africa also bring guns for armed groups (Outlaws Inc.)
• I will be referring to the literature we are discussing as global activism. The main author I will be referring to is Keck, Margaret E.
& Sikkink, Kathryn, in Activists Beyond Borders. But also to the works of Anheier, Helmut, Introducing Global Civil Society,
Anderson, Keneth & Rieff, David, Global Civil Society: a Skeptical View; and Anheier, Helmut et all, Introducing Global Civil Society
Final Remarks and References
Source: Moravcsik, Andrew. Negotiating the Single European Act (class readings).
6. Final Remarks and References

28. 28
Where’s the controversy in Saving Lives?
Melinda Gates (link to YouTube Video)