This document discusses various methods and considerations for collecting and analyzing data. It describes primary and secondary data sources and qualitative and quantitative methods. It also discusses different research tools like questionnaires, interviews, and mechanical devices. Guidelines are provided for developing questionnaires and conducting interviews. Different types of questions, interview formats, and potential issues are outlined. Overall, the document provides an overview of data collection methods and best practices for tools like questionnaires and interviews.
2. Malabanan, Kathleen S.
Data, Classification of Data According to
Source, Selecting the Method of Data and
Research instruments or tools.
3. Data
These
are factual information used as a basis
for reasoning, discussion, and research.
It
also pertains information, especially
facts, quantities, records or numbers,
collected to be examined and considered
and used to help decision-making.
5. Primary Data
are those which are
collected for specific
purpose directly from the
field of enquiry and
original in nature.
Such data are published by
authorities who themselves
are responsible for their
collection.
They are original and raw.
Example:
Documents
Creative works
Interviews
Man-made
materials
Surveys
6. Secondary Data
This is any source
cited for its secondhand information from
a different work.
It also pertains on the
data which have
already collected by
other person who
entitled to organize a
data.
Example:
Unpublished
thesis and
dissertations
Manuscript
Books
Journals
8. Qualitative Method
Deals
with descriptions.
Data can be observed but not
measured. It approximates or
characterizes but does not measure
the attributes, characteristics, and
properties of a thing or phenomenon.
9. Quantitative Method
Deals
with numbers.
Data which can be measured.
This method rely on random sampling
and structured data collection
instruments that fit diverse
experiences into predetermined
response categories.
11. Clerical Tools
used when researcher studies people and
gathers data on the feelings, emotions, attitudes
and judgment of the subjects.
Example:
Questionnaire
Interview
Experiment
Observation
12. Mechanical Devices
includes all tools that is used in different
branch of science. It is more on to
measure things.
Example:
Thermometers
Cameras
Microscopes
Meter stick
13. Malabanan, Llana Lyn O.
Questionnaire, Advantages and
Disadavantages of Questionnaire, and
Construction of a Questionnaire
14. Questionnaire
is
a list of prepared questions or a
checklist.
This is usually sent of distributed
to respondents for the purpose of
seeking their opinions, views,
suggestions, or perceptions.
15. Advantages of Questionnaire
Practical
Large amounts of information can be collected from a large
number of people in a short period of time
Can be carried out by the researcher or by any number of people
with limited affect to its validity and reliability
The results of the questionnaires can usually be quickly and easily
quantified by either a researcher or through the use of a software
package
Can be analysed more 'scientifically' and objectively than other
forms of research
16. Disadvantages of Questionnaire
Lacks validity
There is no way to tell how truthful a respondent is being
There is no way of telling how much thought a respondent has
put in
The respondent may be forgetful or not thinking within the full
context of the situation
People may read differently into each question and therefore
reply based on their own interpretation of the question
17. Construction of a Questionnaire
Doing a research with a specified topic
Talking to people with knowledge about the topic
Study the guidelines on what data should be gathered
Writing the Questionnaire
Revise the Questionnaire
Rewrite the Questionnaire
Pre-test the Questionnaire
Write the Questionnaire in the final form
18. Malijan, Robert Quinte G.
Types of Questions, Guidelines in
Formulation, Some Problems with
Responses, and Evidence of Misleading
Questions
19. Types of Questions
Open-ended Questions – They are used in qualitative interviews
where the respondent is made to explain why certain things is done.
Free Response Questions – They are asked in such a way that the
respondent does not limit the scope of his answers or responses.
Multiple Choices – It is the most commonly used type of questioning.
It is a list of a number of answers provided for every question.
Scaled Response – The respondents are given a range of categories in
which to express their feelings or opinions.
Checklist – This is a form of multiple choice questions from which the
respondents chooses one or more response categories.
Ranking Questions – This refers to an opinion question where the
respondent is asked to rank comparatively the items listed either in
ascending or descending order.
Dichotomous Question – There are only two possible answers to the
questions like the Yes – No type.
20. Guidelines in Formulation
1.
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14.
Decide on the specific information needed and its sources.
Prepare a list of sources of the specific information needed.
Put yourself in a place of the respondents.
Understand the sequences in which these various subjects should appear on the
questionnaire.
Decide on the type of question to use.
Write the actual question.
Provide proper spaces for the answers.
Consider the facts needed to understand the results properly.
Examine the whole questionnaire.
Try to time test yourself in answering the whole questionnaire.
See if the questions are clear, interesting, and cordial.
Reconsider the hypothesis to see if the questions are asked to answer the research
problem.
Pre-test the questionnaire.
Have the final form reproduced in the quality and quantity needed.
21. Some Problems with Responses
1. Answers
might be bias
2. The answers might be irrelevant.
3. Answers might be a guess.
4. The choice of words affect responses.
5. Some respondents give answers that would make
them appear good to a researcher.
6. Irrelevant way of the respondents answering the
questionnaire.
22. Manalang, John Michael A.
Cover Letter, Evaluating Questionnaire,
Interview, Purposes and Uses of the Interview,
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interview
23. Cover Letter
– it would be a classified as a part of a questionnaire where in it is
normally written at the upper left corner of the questionnaire that
entails the message of the researcher to the respondents
Things that should be seen in a cover letter would be:
Purpose of the questionnaire
The study itself
Thing to be gathered in the questionnaire for the research
Reasons it should be answered
Due date of the questionnaire
Guaranteed confidentiality for the respondents
Expressions of thanks to the respondents
24. Evaluating the Questionnaire
These are the following to consider in evaluating a
questionnaire:
Grammar
Format
Arrangement of Questions
Relevant to the Study
Number of Questions
Format of the Questionnaire
Reliability of Questionnaire
Respondents
25. Interview
It
is one of the major techniques in
gathering data or information.
It is a conversation between two or
more people where questions are
asked by the interviewer to elicit facts
or statements from the interviewee.
26. Purposes and Uses of the
Interview
The researcher could gain some insights about the
study, the variables to be use, in making the
hypothesis and generalize questions and the
methods to be use statistically.
The researcher could add some more significance
about the study.
The researcher could collect some factual data in
order to be added for the support of the study.
27. Advantage of the Interview
Generating more valid and compete information
Interviewer can classify points or questions which
are vogue to the interviewee
Seeing the sincerity in terms of answering the
questions
Flexibility
Greater complex questions can be asked
28. Disadvantage of Interview
Respondents
Time
would be hard to be contacted
consuming
Inaccurate
in terms of getting numerical
data
Inaccurate
due to bias data given by the
interviewee in favourable with the study
Difficult
to make conclusion
30. Types or Classes of Interview
Structured
Interview
Semi-structured
Interview
Unstructured Interview
31. Structured Interview
Description and/or Aim of interview:
- Normally, structured interviews are done in a face-to-face format or via
telephone using a standard set of questions to obtain data that can be
aggregated because identical questions have been asked of each participant.
Nature of questioning route: fixed, given order, very standardized
Type of question format/structure:
1.
Open-ended
2.
Closed-ended with ordered response choices
3.
Closed-ended with unordered response choices
4.
Partially closed-ended
Role of probing: Little or none, perhaps only repeating or clarifying
instructions
32. Semi – Structured Interview
Description and/or aim of interview: “More or less open-ended questions are
brought to the interview situation in the form of an interview guide” (Flick, 1998 p.
94). From the beginning the focus is on gaining an understanding based on textual
information obtained. The level of depth of understanding that the researcher
pursues is used to characterize this type of interview.
Nature of questioning route: flexible, but usually a given set of questions is
covered, varying levels of standardization
Type of question format/structure:
1.
Open-ended, yet directed at obtaining particular information (content, topic,
aspects of theory, etc.)
2.
In some cases, closed-ended style of questions are used
Role of probing: Get the participant to expand upon their answer, give more
details, and add additional perspectives
33. Unstructured Interview
Description and/or Aim of interview:
Normally, unstructured interviews are done in a face-to-face format and
some would say you are trying to get participants to share stories. The
researcher starts from a position of wanting to be sensitive to how
participants construct their views and perspectives of things. Therefore,
a goal is to allow the participant’s structure to dominate.
Nature of questioning route: ask questions to get people to talk
about constructs/variables of interest to the researcher.
Type of question format/structure:
1.
Open-ended – descriptive
2.
Reactions to a given situation presented by the researcher
Role of probing: Simply to get the participant of talk about a topic
area, normally probing questions are not directed, but rather asked to
encourage the participant to keep talking or to get back to the
subject of interest.
35. Interview Instrument
1. Interview Schedule
It is like a
questionnaire.
Used when the
researcher knows all
the item to be
included in the
interview about the
research problem.
2. Interview Guide
It only provides ideas
and allows the
interviewer to freely
pursue relevant topics
in depth.
The items provide for
flexibility in the
manner, order, and
language of questioning.
36. Steps in Interview
1. Set
the feeling tone for the interview
2. Set
up Equipment
3. Prepare
4. Start
the Person
the Tape Recorders
5. Let
the Interviewee Talk
6. Get
Consent
7.
Word/Name list
37. What to avoid in Interviews
Being unprepared
Dress in a wrong manner
Don’t argue with the interviewee’s answer in the
questions
Don’t talk irrelevant manners
Don’t unduly pressing the respondent to make a reply
Don’t appear too high above the respondent in
education, knowledge and social status.
Don’t talk about irrelevant matters