7. Malaria lifecycle - the simplified version
Step 1 ‐ The female anopheles mosquito bites someone and the
‘malaria’ passes into the blood.
Step 2 ‐ The ‘malaria’ travels to the liver and multiplies and
transforms.
Step 3 – The transformed ‘malaria’ enter the red blood cells.
Step 4 – The red blood cells disintegrate and the infection spreads.
Step 5 ‐ The female anopheles mosquito bites someone and the
whole cycle starts again.
9. Malaria Vaccine
Advantages
• Cost effective concept.
• Proven against other diseases.
• Efficacy of 85 to 90%.
• Disadvantages
• Life cycle of mosquito (4 stages to
target).
• Efficacy of 85 to 90%.
s Cost a factor? – One company has publically stated that they will only charge cost
A new drug typically cost $2Bn to bring to market and takes 12 years.
10. Types of vaccine
Type 1 ‐ primary objective to reduce the number of severe malaria
cases and deaths in infants and children exposed to high transmission
rates. Help for local population.
Type 2 ‐ aiming to prevent all cases of clinical symptoms in individuals
with no previous exposure. Help for travellers.
11.
12. Does it work?
Trials showed that in children
• Severe malaria cases were reduced by 36%.
• Hospitalisations were reduced by 42%.
Infants aged 6‐12 weeks
• Severe malaria cases were reduced by 15%.
• Hospitalisations were reduced by 17%.
Overall, vaccine efficacy declined over time, but re‐vaccination works!
ITNs are 99% effective but not everyone uses them.
