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Mindreading

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Rick McKinnon
Rick McKinnon

This document provides an overview of theory of mind, including its history, development in children, and relationship to autism. It discusses key findings such as: - Premack and Woodruff's experiment showing chimpanzees can attribute mental states to humans - Wimmer and Perner's false belief task showing children develop theory of mind around age 4 - Baron-Cohen's theory that autism involves impairments in the shared attention mechanism module of theory of mind - Debate around nativist vs. cognitive vs. social interactionist perspectives on the development of theory of mind.

EducationTechnologySpiritual
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Theory of mind Historical, evolutionary, and developmental perspectives.
Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
From Whiten (1994, in Lewis & Mitchell)
Conceptual issues. ,[object Object],[object Object]
A theory of physics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Is physics useful for predicting behaviour? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dennet ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A definition. ,[object Object],[object Object]
Prediction and Explanation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
TOMM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Properties of M-representations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of Mind Mechanism (TOMM) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Evidence for TOMM ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
History of TOM research ,[object Object],[object Object]
What does Charlie want?
Premack and Woodruff ,[object Object],[object Object]
Video: Problem situation
Test ,[object Object],[object Object]
 
Test ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
Results and conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object]
Criticism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Wimmer and Perner ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
False belief task: Sally & Anne
The False-Belief Task
The False-Belief Task
The False-Belief Task
The False-Belief Task
The False-Belief Task
The False-Belief Task
The False-Belief Task
The False-Belief Task
Where will bunny look for her toy? The False-Belief Task
Where will bunny look for her toy? The False-Belief Task ,[object Object]
Where will bunny look for her toy? The False-Belief Task ,[object Object],4-year-olds
Where will bunny look for her toy? The False-Belief Task ,[object Object],4-year-olds 3-year-olds
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object]
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task E: What’s do you think is in the box? C: Smarties
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task E: What’s really in the box? C: Ribbons. E: What did you think was in the box before?
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Smarties task E: What’s really in the box? C: Ribbons. E: What did you think was in the box before? -- 3-year-olds say ribbons
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task E: What does it look like? C: A rock
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task Child discovers the rock is actually a sponge
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task E: What is it really? C: A sponge E: What does it look like?
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],Appearance-Reality Task E: What is it really? C: A sponge E: What does it look like? 3-year-olds say it looks like a sponge
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Looking-time version of false-belief task: Where will Bunny look for her toy?
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Looking-time version of false-belief task: Where will Bunny look for her toy? 3-year-olds look longer to the correct location even though they give the wrong answer.
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pointing versus spoken responses: Perhaps children find it difficult to inhibit pointing to where the toy actually is.
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pointing versus spoken responses: Perhaps children find it difficult to inhibit pointing to where the toy actually is. Carlson, Moses, & Hix: Children perform better when giving spoken rather than pointing responses
False-belief task ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of Mind ID Desires and goals “ Mary wants the apple” EDD Eyes can see things “ Mary sees the apple” SAM Infers desires and goals based on eye direction “ I see that Mary wants the apple” TOMM Allows the full range of mental states “ I think you believe this topic is interesting”
Adaptive Problem Cognitive Programs Neurophysiology Predicting and explaining behavior ID, EDD, SAM, TOMM STS-Amygdala-OFC
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Children from larger families do better on false-belief tasks. This is especially true for children with poor language skills (Jenkins & Astington, 1996).
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],However, it is only having older siblings that helps (Ruffman, 1998). Having older sibs stimulates pretend play and facilitates the development of counter-factual reasoning.
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Adults also effective tutors. Lewis administered ToM tests to a group of 3 & 4 yo’s. Best predictor of success  # of adults the child interacted with every day. How does adult interaction help?
What leads to the development of a theory of mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What would your world be like without a Theory of Mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Autism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What systems are impaired? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Autism = Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Verdict: SAM IS IMPAIRED
Mindblindness Impairments of Theory of Mind ,[object Object],[object Object],ID Desires an goals EDD Eyes can see things SAM Infers desires and goals based on eye direction TOMM Allows the full range of mental states
Is autism an extreme of the male brain?
Triad of difficulties ,[object Object],[object Object]
Triad of strengths ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The autistic spectrum: two subgroups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Genetics of autism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Autism: the sex ratio ,[object Object],[object Object]
Hans Asperger (1944) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Sex differences in the mind: the classical view ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Boys > girls: Toy vehicles, constructional toys, and mechanical toys Girls > boys: Dolls, enacting social and emotional themes
Males > females: maths, computing, physics, engineering, tool-making Females > males: Primary school teaching, nursing, social work, counselling
Two psychological processes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Different profiles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Mindreading

Editor's Notes

  1. Explain agent, attitude, and proposition separately Propositions can either be true or false. Regardless of whether the proposition is T or F, the entire sentence can be true.
  2. Second statement is false if snow white did not know her step mother was the one selling apples.
  3. Yes for all of these
  4. Where will Sally look for her marble? Normal children of age 3 get this correct But children with autism do not – they say where the marble actually is Child sees where ball actually is in reality. But can they represent that Sally does not have that updated information about the world. That is , can they separate reality from one’s beliefs about reality which may be false.
  5. Desire psychology, not belief psychology
  6. Yes for all of these functions?
  7. Yes for all of these