I would like to share some materials as a basic information about hydroelectric power plant and pumped storage power plant. I might not be able to provide all the detail information on the slides, but feel free to contact me if you have any questions.

1. Hydro Power PlantBy Ryan Triadhitama

2. About Me: Ryan Triadhitama
ryantriad@yahoo.com
Bandung of Institute Technology, INA
Electrical Engineering
2006 – 2010
Toshiba Corp., Tokyo, JPN
System Engineer for Hydro Power
2011 – 2015
Sinarmas Energy & Mining, Jakarta, INA
Senior Application Engineer for Solar Power
2015 – Present

3. Water + Gravity = Energy
abundantly available potential for better use
Niagara Falls, Canada

4. Hydro Power Plant
Hydroelectric is a method of electric power generation by means of
conversion from potential energy of falling or flowing water to
electricity.
Hydroelectric is the most widely used form of renewable energy.
During power generation, no CO2 emission is produced, only small
amount emitted during manufacturing and construction.
Hydroelectric
Cirata HPP ( 8 x 126 MW), Indonesia's largest hydro power plant.

5. Combustible Fuels
61%
Nuclear
18%
Hydro
14%
Geoth./Wind/Solar/
Other
7%
Hydroelectric accounts for 14% of
global electric power production in
year 2015
Hydroelectric in The World
37.4 GW
New installed capacity in 2014
1036 GW
Total global hydropower capacity by 2014
The number of installed capacity is
growing and growing
Source: IHA 2015 Hydropower Status Report
IEA October 2015 Monthly Electricity Statistics

6. Total Installed HPP Capacity in Top 10 Countries (2014)
China leads with largest total installed hydropower capacity
Hydroelectric in The World
16.3
18.4
22.3
28.7
44.8
49.1
77.6
79.3
89.3
280
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Sweden
France
Japan
Norway
India
Russia
Canada
United States
Brazil
China
Installed Hydro Power Capacity (GW)
Source: IHA 2015 Hydropower Status Report, exclude Pumped Storage Power Plant
IEA October 2015 Monthly Electricity Statistics

7. Percentage of Hydroelectric Consumption in Top 10 Countries (2014)
Norway leads with almost all hydroelectric power.
Hydroelectric in The World
Source: IHA 2015 Hydropower Status Report
IEA October 2015 Monthly Electricity Statistics
7%
8%
12%
13%
17%
17%
60%
68%
69%
96%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
United States
Japan
India
France
China
Russia
Canada
Venezuela
Brazil
Norway

8. Hydroelectric accounts for 10% of
Indonesia electric power production
in year 2014
Hydroelectric in Indonesia
5258 GW
Total global hydropower capacity by 2014
13.36 TWh
Energy produced from hydropower in 2014
Indonesia is targeting to add
2 GW of HPP and 3 GW of PSPP
by 2025
Source: IHA 2015 Hydropower Status Report
Laporan Tahunan PLN 2014
Indonesia is the fifth country in East
Asia Pacific with most installed
hydropower plant capacity
Oil
11%
Coal
53%
Hydro
7%
Geothermal
4%
Natural Gas
25%
Renewables
0%

9. Hydro Power Plant q
Efficient
The most efficient method
of power generation, more
than 80%.
Maximizing Resource
Advantages of Hydroelectric
Fast Startup
Startup in matter of
minutes, suitable to
during load peak supply.
Grid Balance and Stability
Clean Renewable
Energy
No direct waste and
carbon emission during
power generation.
Environment Friendly

10. Hydro Power Plant
• Huge amount of civil works required to build dam
and power house.
• Unpredicted power output in several places due to
weather and season.
• Turbines are life threatening for fishes.
• Solutions: fish ladder, fish passage
Disadvantages of Hydroelectric

11. Nature and Engineering
combination for harmony living
Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Generating Stations, Canada

12. Hydro Power Plant
Hydropower utilizing the water mass that flows due to gravity to turn the turbine and
thus turns the coupled generator. The generated electricity from generator passes
through step-up transformer and transmitted to the load in the distance.
Hydro Power Plant : How It Works
Dam/Water storage
controls amount of
water as well as the
head
Intake gate where
water flows into the
penstock
Penstocks carry the
water to turbines
Water force
acting on blades
and turn turbine
Coupled generator
is turned by turbine
High Voltage Transmission
Line Transmit electricity to
load
Water flows
out to riverInlet valve opens
to let the water
flows to turbine

13. Dam
This type of power plant requires dam to
store river water in reservoir. The dam acts
as water amount and water level
controller. Large capacity hydropower
plant commonly to be this type.
Types of Hydro Power Plant
Run-Of-River
This type of power plant has no water
storage facility, or a little amount of water
storage called pondage. This type of power
plant can serve as peak load or base load
power plant.
Caruachi Hydropower Plant, Venezuela
12 x 180 MW
Iffezheim Hydropower Plant, Germany
12 x 180 MW

14. Size of Hydro Power Plant
Large
Hydro power plant facility
with capacity more than
30 MW.
Small
Hydro power plant facility
with capacity between 30
MW to 100 KW.
Micro
Hydro power plant facility
with capacity less than
100 KW.
Definition of sizing may vary.
Three Gorges Dam HPP, China
22,500 MW, Largest HPP in the world
Thac Trang, Vietnam
2 x 3 MW
Microhydro in Vietnam

15. The world's first hydro power
plant was named Appleton
Edison Light Company, began
operation on 30 September
1882.
The Appleton plant used the
natural energy of Fox River in
Wisconsin, America,
produced 12.5 KW that is
enough to power 250 light
bulbs.
Hydro Power PlantDid You Know?
World’s First Hydro Power Plant
Source: http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/gilded/jb_gilded_hydro_1.html

16. Engineering Marvel
for harnessing enormous energy from mother nature
Francis Turbine for Guri II Hydro Power Plant, Venezuela

17. Hydro Power PlantMain Components of Hydro Power Plant
The following slides will cover the major components in hydro power plants.
Generator
Turbine

18. Hydro Turbines
Impulse Turbine
Uses the velocity of water mass that hits the bucket or surface of turbine blades.
Pelton
Water spraying from needles and hit the
bucket at atmospheric pressure. Suitable
for high head application.
Crossflow
Drum shaped turbine with curved vanes on
cylindrically shaped runner. Mostly for
microhydro application.

19. Hydro Turbines
Reaction Turbine
Similar to airplane wings, combined action of water flow and pressure develop power.
Propeller/Kaplan
Runner with 3 to 6 movable blades. The
shape is similar to boat propeller. Suitable
for fluctuating water condition application.
Francis
Runner with fixed blades. Turbine with
highest efficiency, and widely used from
small to large hydro power plants.

20. Selecting Hydro Turbines
Selection of turbine type that is suitable for certain project is
determined by condition of head and flow at proposed site.
Source: http://www.tridentes.com/energy/en/turbines.html

21. Specific Speed (Ns)
This parameter is defined as speed required to produce 1 KW from 1 m
head. However, this is the foundation parameter in turbine design to
determine suitable turbine type, turbine speed, runner diameter,
efficiency, etc.
Specific speed (Ns), formulated by equation below.
*
Turbine Type Typical Ns Head
Pelton 8 ~ 25 300 – 1700 m
Francis 50 ~ 35 30 – 700 m
Propeller/Kaplan 200 ~ 900 5 – 60 m
Tubular (derivation of Kaplan) > 500 5 – 60 m
Number of Ns and Head may vary according to manufacturer.

22. This is where electricity is generated utilizing mechanical rotational
energy from turbine. In hydro, the shafts are mostly vertical.
However, some old plants or small scale plants are horizontal.
Hydro Power PlantHydro Generators
Vertical Shaft Generator Horizontal Shaft Generator

23. Generator are categorized by the presence of top guide bearing and
position of thrust bearing.
Hydro Power PlantTypes Hydro Generators
Guide Bg
Guide Bg
Guide Bg
Thrust Bg
Guide Bg
Guide Bg
Guide Bg
Thrust Bg
Guide Bg
Guide Bg
Thrust Bg
RotorRotor
Rotor
Suspended Type Semi-Umbrella Umbrella
Source: Toshiba Engineer Training Materials

24. Hydro generator coils require cooling to keep the coil temperature
due to heat loss in coils. Cooling method are performed by air with
various method to send the cool air to coils.
Hydro Power PlantHydro Generator Cooling Method
Rotor Fan External Fan (Forced Air) Radial Flow/
Fan Action of Rotor Spoke
Source: Toshiba Engineer Training Materials

25. Hydro turbines rotate at slower speed (up to 1000 rpm for small scale
power plants), compared to steam turbines that rotates up to 3600
rpm (for 2-pole 60 Hz). Therefore, you will notice the hydro
generators will likely to have a lot of poles.
Hydro Power PlantHydro Generator Number of Poles
Rotor for Guangxi Dahua HPP, 110 MW

26. Another Form of “Battery”
Economical solution for large capacity energy storage
Goldisthal Pumped Storage Power Plant, Germany

27. This type of power plant mainly acts as an energy storage
mechanism in form of water potential energy.
Hydro Power PlantPumped Storage Power Plant (PSPP)
In a PSPP there are 2 reservoirs,
upper reservoir and lower reservoir.
The upper reservoir may be a
human made pond or a river.
Upper
Reservoir
Lower
Reservoir
Goldisthal PSPP Reservoir

28. PSPP absorb excess energy to pump water to upper reservoir.
Later, water in upper reservoir can be used for power
generation, especially during peak load period.
Hydro Power PlantPumped Storage Power Plant
Pump
Generation

29. Power demand fluctuation from load and power supply fluctuation from (especially)
renewable energy disturb the stability and quality of power grid, which is not favorable
for motors in manufacturing line and trains.
If load > supply, voltage & frequency increase
If load < supply, voltage & frequency decrease
PSPP help to keep the balance
Hydro Power PlantWhy Pumped Storage Power Plant?
LOAD SUPPLY
Frequency is affected by balance of active power, while voltage is affected by balance of reactive power.

30. Total Installed PSPP Capacity in Top 10 Countries (2014)
Japan leads with largest total installed PSPP capacity.
Pumped Storage PP in The World
Source: IHA 2015 Hydropower Status Report
IEA October 2015 Monthly Electricity Statistics
2602
4786
5108
5268
6806
6985
7555
21800
22368
27434
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
Taipei
India
Austria
Spain
Germany
France
Italy
China
United States
Japan
Installed Pumped Storage Power Plant Capacity (MW)

31. Hydro Power PlantPumped Storage Power Plant
Goldisthal PSPP Generator and Turbine
During power generation the water from upper
reservoir flows and turn turbine counter
clockwise (for this case).
Generator and Turbine for PSPP are same with
the conventional HPP. When pumping, the
generator acts as motor, consuming power
from grid. Motor turns the turbine to opposite
direction.
To start the motor, it is necessary to use motor
starting device as Static Frequency Converter or
Cycloconverter, and change the phase sequence
from U-V-W to U-W-V.
Before pumping begins, water in spiral case
should be drained, and filled with water after
rated speed has been achieved.
Motor-Generator
Pump-Turbine

32. Hydro Power PlantAdjustable Speed Pumped Storage
Kyogoku Adjustable Speed Pumped Storage
Power Plant, Japan
This enables adjustment of power consumed
during pumped mode and power output during
generation mode, by adjusting the speed of
turbine and generator.
The difference is in the generator. As you can
see from left image, the rotor coils are similar
to coils in stator. The excitation utilizes variable
frequency AC excitation system, which is
different from conventional generators.
The AC excitation enables compensation of the
varying mechanical speed to synchronize with
grid frequency.
Generator-
motor
Turbine-
pump

33. Hydro Power PlantTernary Pumped Storage
This power plant combines Pelton as turbine
and Francis as pump. The net output of plant is
the power generated from Pelton minus power
consumed by Francis.
By this power plant, the power electronics for
variable frequency AC excitation system and
motor starter are no longer necessary. Thus,
eliminates additional harmonic voltage or
current source in the grid.
Coupling to Francis pump can be swiftly
engaged and disengaged. This enables shorter
transition between power consumption mode
and power generation mode, as reversing the
turbine rotation is not necessary. Very suitable
to response to fluctuating power supply from
wind turbines.
Cross section of Ternary Pumped Storage
Power Plant

34. • Hydro power plants are mostly located in remote area, such as
mountains, jungle, river.
• Hydro power plants in Japan are mostly remotely operated.
Therefore there is no control room in the power plant, and not
even a personnel.
• The location of hydro power plant mostly determines the direction
of turbine rotation. In northern hemisphere plants mostly rotate
clockwise while in southern hemisphere plants mostly rotate
counter clockwise. (so is the rotation direction of water vortex) **
Hydro Power PlantDid You Know?
**Video of experiment performed in Uganda: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLWYQjqIBKY

35. Thank You Very Much