3G & 2G Operated UGV

3G Cum 2G Operated Unmanned Ground Vehicle
3-G CUM 2-G OPERATED UNMANNED GROUND
VEHICLE
A project report
submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor
of Engineering in Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDHYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P)
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
submitted by
Jaya Menghani (0157EC091037) Sandeep Ghosh (0157EC091075)
Dhananjay Singh Yadav (0157EC091026) Nirmal Singh Chouhan (0157EC091053)
under the supervision of
Prof. Rahul Sharma Prof. Priyanka Dubey
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, BHOPAL
Session 2012-13
LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE,BHOPAL
Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering
1

Department of Electronic & Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work embodied in this thesis entitled “3-G CUM 2-G
OPERATED UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE” has been satisfactorily
completed by Jaya Menghani,Sandeep Ghosh,Dhananjay S. Yadav,Nirmal S.
Chouhan of final year .It is a bonafide piece of work, carried out under our
supervision and guidance in the Department of ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION, LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCE,BHOPAL for partial fulfilment of the Bachelor of Engineering during
the academic year 2012-13.
Under the supervision of
____________________ ___________________
Prof. Rahul Sharma Prof. Priyanka Dubey
(Project Guide) (Project incharge)
Approved by
_____________________
Dr. Soni Changlani
(Head of the Department)
Forwarded by
_______________________
Principal
(Lakshmi Narain College of Technology & Science, Bhopal)
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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
DECLARATION
We Jaya Menghani , Sandeep Ghosh , Dhananjay S. Yadav , Nirmal S.
Chouhan Students of Bachelor of Engineering , Branch Electronics &
Communication Engineering, LAKSHMI NARAIN COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,BHOPAL hereby declare that the work presented in
this project entitled “3-G CUM 2-G UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE” is the
outcome of our own work, is bonafide and correct to the best of our knowledge and
this work has been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented
does not infringe any patented work and has not been submitted to any other
University or anywhere else for the award of any degree or any professional diploma.
_________________ _________________
Jaya Menghani Sandeep Ghosh
Enrollment No. 0157EC091037 Enrollment No. 0157EC091075
__________________ __________________
Nirmal S. Chouhan Dhananjay S. Yadav
Enrollment No. 0157EC091053 Enrollment No. 0157EC091026
Date: ____ /____/____
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Department Of Electronics & Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This forgoing dissertation work is hereby approved as a creditable study of an
engineering subject carried out and presented in a manner satisfactorily to warranty its
acceptance as a prerequisite to degree for which it has submitted. It is understood by
this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement
made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approve the thesis only for
the purpose for which it has been submitted.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Every work started and carried out with systematic approach turns out to be
successful. Any accomplished requires the effort of many people and this work is no
different. This project was a struggle that was made much more difficult due to
numerous reasons; some of error correction was beyond our control. Sometimes we
were like rudderless boat without knowing what to do next. It was then the timely
guidance of that has seen us through all these odds. We would be very grateful to
them for their inspiration, encouragement and guidance in all phases of the endeavor.
It is our great pleasure to thank Prof. Soni Changlani, HOD of for his constant
encouragement and valuable advice during the course of our project. We would also
want to extend our thanks for his valuable guidance and help during development of
the project. We also wish to express our gratitude towards all other staff members for
their kind help.
Finally, we would thank Prof. Rahul Sharma who has tremendously contributed to
this project directly as well as indirectly; gratitude from the depths of our hearts is due
to him. Regardless of source we wish to express our gratitude to those who may
contribute to this work, even though anonymously.
CONTENTS
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TOPICS PAGE NO
A PHOTOGRAPH OF PROJECT 6
B ABSTRACT 8
C PROJECT SPECIFICATION 9
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 10
1.1 INTRODUCTION 10
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO ROBOT 11
CHAPTER 2: BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION 13
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 13
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 13
CHAPTER 3: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION 16
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 16
3.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 16
3.3 WORKING 18
3.4 SOURCE CODE 18
3.5 CIRCUIT LAYOUT 21
3.6 FLOWCHART 21
CHAPTER 4: 3-G AND 2-G TECHNOLOGY 22
4.1 2-G TECHNOLOGY 22
4.2 3-G TECHNOLOGY 25
4.3 COMPARISON OF 2-G AND 3-G TECHNOLOGY 28
CHAPTER 5: COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 30
5.1 COMPONENTS USED 30
5.2 SOFTWARE TOOLS 41
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CHAPTER 6: BREADBOARD AND PCB IMPLEMENTATION 44
6.1 BREADBOARD IMPLEMENTATION 44
6.2PHOTOGRAPH OF THE PROJECT 45
6.2 PCB IMPLEMENTATION AND LAYOUT 46
CHAPTER 7: APPLICATIONS 47
CHAPTER 8: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS 48
8.1 ADVANTAGES 48
8.3 LIMITATIONS 48
CHAPTER 9: FUTURE SCOPE 49
CHAPTER 10: PROJECT COST 50
CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION 51
CHAPTER 12: REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 52
LIST OF FIGURES
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FIGURE NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.
8

Figure 1 Breadboard Implementation 6
Figure 2 Unmanned robot 6
Figure 3 Robot with complete hardware setup 7
Figure 4 Robot 12
Figure 5 Block diagram 13
Figure 6 Circuit diagram 16
Figure 7 Circuit layout 21
Figure 8 Flow chart 21
Figure 9 Working of 2-G 24
Figure 10 Working of 3-G 28
Figure 11 DTMF Decoder IC 30
Figure 12 DTMF Keypad 31
Figure 13 Breadboard implementation of IC CM8870 31
Figure 14 Inverter IC 32
Figure 15 Input and Output Buffer IC 33
Figure 16 Pin diagram of Microprocessor AT89S52 33
Figure 17 Block diagram of microprocessor 35
Figure 18 Reset circuit of Microprocessor 37
Figure 19 LED’S 38
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Figure 20 Relay construction 40
Figure 21 Relay Design 40
Figure 22 Open KEIL 41
Figure 23 Make a new project 42
Figure 24 Select the microcontroller 42
Figure 25 Write a program 42
Figure 26 Compile 43
Figure 27 Simulate 43
Figure 28 Building connection 44
Figure 29 Connecting components 44
Figure 30 Building a circuit of breadboard 45
Figure 31 Breadboard Implementation 45
Figure 32 PCB Implementation 46
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.
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Table 1 DTMF data output 14
Table 2 DTMF keypad 15
Table 3 Action of robot 16
Table 4 Output of DTMF decoder IC 32
A. PHOTOGRAPH OF THE PROJECT
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Fig 1: Breadboard Implementation
Fig 2: Unmanned Robot
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Fig 3: Robot With Complete Hardware Setup
B. ABSTRACT
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Conventionally, wireless-controlled robots use RF circuits, which have the drawbacks
of limited working range, limited frequency range and limited control. Use of a mobile
phone for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides the advantages
of robust control, working range as large as the coverage area of the service provider,
no interference with other controllers and up to twelve controls.
Although the appearance and capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the
features of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The control
of robot involves three distinct phases: reception, processing and action. . It provides
the advantages of robust control, working range as large as the coverage area of the
service provider, no interference with other controllers and up to twelve controls
Generally, the preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot, processing is done by the
on-board microcontroller or processor, and the task (action) is performed using
motors or with some other actuators. Along with various types of motions, this robot
detects mines as well as gives a complete visualization of the surroundings where it is
present.
C. PROJECT SPECIFICATION
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The microcontroller used in this project is capable of withstanding 500 ma current
and 12 V. The input and output buffer IC’s are used to avoid any damage to the
controller IC and loads respectively.
The relay driver specifications are 32 V and200 ma per switch.
DTMF decoder IC have specifications of maximum power supply voltage of 6V,
voltage on any pin is -0.3 V to +0.3 V.
CHAPTER -1
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
3G CUM 2G OPERATED UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE is a manually
controlled robotic vehicle which is capable of receiving a set of command instructions
in the form of dual tone multiple frequencies and performs the necessary actions.
The special feature in the physical design of the robot is that it can work at each type
of terrain like hills, rough terrain, at destructed planes etc.
We will be using a dedicated modem/mobile at the receiver module i.e. with the robot
itself and send the commands using DTMF as per the required actions.
The mobile unit which is dedicated at the robot is interfaced with an intellectual
device called microcontroller so that it takes the responsibility of reading the received
commands in the form of DTMF from the mobile unit and perform the
corresponding predefined tasks such as move front or back, left or right.
The 3G technology is used here for live image feedback from robot to the receiving
point with showing the position of robot with the help of google map service
provided by the cell phone operator on the cell phone connected to the robot. The
microcontroller is also interfaced with few dc motors in order to move the robot in
different directions.
The major building blocks of this project are:
• Regulated power supply
• GSM modem
• Microcontroller
• Robot
• RS232
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO ROROT
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WHAT IS A ROBOT?
Well it is a system that contains sensors, control systems, manipulators, power
supplies and software all working together to perform a task. Designing, building,
programming and testing a robots is a combination of physics, mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, structural engineering, mathematics and
computing. In some cases biology, medicine, chemistry might also be involved. A
study of robotics means that students are actively engaged with all of these disciplines
in a deeply problem-posing problem solving environment.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROBOT ARE:
• Sensing: First of all your robot would have to be able to sense its
surroundings. It would do this in ways that are not dissimilar to the way that
you sense your surroundings. Giving your robot: light sensors (eyes), touch and
pressure sensors (hands), taste sensors (tongue), chemical sensors (nose) and
hearing and sonar sensors (ears) will give your robot awareness of its
environment.
• Movement: A robot needs to be able to move around its environment.
Whether rolling on wheels, walking on legs or propelling by thrusters a robot
needs to be able to move. To count as a robot either the whole robot moves,
like the Sojourner or just parts of the robot moves, like the Canada Arm.
• Energy: A robot needs to be able to power itself. A robot might be solar
powered, electrically powered, battery powered. The way your robot gets its
energy will depend on what your robot needs to do.
• Intelligence: A robot needs some kind of "smarts." This is where
programming enters the pictures. A programmer is the person who gives the
robot its 'smarts.' The robot will have to have some way to receive the program
so that it knows what it is to do.
COMPOSITION OF ROBOT:
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Robots are generally implementing agencies, drives, test equipment and control
system. Implementing agency, the robot body, the buttocks generally use the space for
open-chain linkage, which Pairs often referred to as joint, joint number of degrees of
freedom robot shall normally. According to joint configuration types and the different
forms of movement co-ordinates, the robot can be divided into rectangular actuator
type, cylindrical coordinate type , Polar Type and other types of joint coordinate type.
For anthropomorphic considerations, often the relevant parts of the robot body are
there. Drive device is driven actuator movement organizations, in accordance with the
directives issued by the signal control system, by means of dynamic elements to the
robot action. It is the input signal, the output is the line, angular displacement. Drive
the robot is mainly used in electric devices such as Stepping motor, Servo Motor etc.
There are also hydraulic and pneumatic actuators.
FUNCTIONS OF A ROBOT:
• They are capable of interacting with the environment.
• They can be used for military purposes.
• They are capable of carrying loads on them.
• They can be used as a toy robot.
• They can be used to detect mines.
Fig 4: Robot
CHAPTER-2
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2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 5: Block Diagram
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
In this project, the robot is controlled by a mobile phone that makes a call to the
mobile phone attached to the robot. In the course of a call, if any button is pressed, a
tone corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call.
This tone is called ‘dual-tone multiple-frequency’ (DTMF) tone. The robot perceives
this DTMF tone with the help of the phone stacked in the robot.
The received tone is processed by the ATmega16 microcontroller with the help of
DTMF decoder MT8870. The decoder decodes the DTMF tone into its equivalent
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binary digit and this binary number is sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller
is preprogrammed to take a decision for any given input and outputs its decision to
motor drivers in order to drive the motors for forward or backward motion or a turn.
The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the robot acts as a
remote. So this simple robotic project does not require the construction of receiver
and transmitter units.
DTMF signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice-frequency
band to the call switching centre. The version of DTMF used for telephone tone
dialing is known as ‘Touch-Tone’. DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of
two separate tones) to each key so that it can easily be identified by the electronic
circuit.
The signal generated by the DTMF encoder is a direct algebraic summation, in real
time, of the amplitudes of two sine (cosine)waves of different frequencies, i.e.,
pressing ‘5’ will send a tone made by adding 1336 Hz and 770 Hz to the other end of
the line. The tones and assignments in a DTMF system are shown in Table 3.
Table 1: DTMF Data Output
Frequencies
Transmitted
120
9
133
6
147
7
1633
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697 1 2 3 A
770 4 5 6 B
852 7 8 9 C
941 * 0 # D
Table 2: DTMF Keypad
CHAPTER-3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION
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3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig 6: Circuit Diagram
3.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
Figure shows the circuit diagram of the microcontroller-based mobile phone robot.
The important components of this robot are a DTMF decoder, microcontroller and
motor driver (or relays)..
LOOP 1
If pressed 2
Robot moves forward
If pressed 1 Robot moves left
If pressed 4 Robot moves right
If pressed 8
LOOP 2
Robot stops
If pressed 1 Robot moves backward
If pressed 2 Robot moves left
If pressed 4 Robot moves right
If pressed 8 Robot stops
Table 3: Actions of Robot
The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need for pre-filtering. When the
input signal given at pin 2 (IN-) in single-ended input configuration is recognized to
be effective, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to Q1
(pin 11) through Q4 (pin 14) outputs.
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Table 2 shows the DTMF data output table of CM8870. Q1 through Q4 outputs of
the DTMF decoder (IC1) are connected to port pins PA0 through PA3 of ATmega16
microcontroller (IC2) after inversion by N1 through N4, respectively.
The ATmega16 is a low-power, 8-bit, CMOS microcontroller based on the AVR
enhanced RISC architecture. It provides the following features: 16 kB of in-system
programmable Flash program memory with read-while-write capabilities, 512 bytes of
EEPROM, 1kB SRAM, 32 general-purpose input/output (I/O) lines and 32 general-
purpose working registers.
All the 32 registers re directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit, allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock
cycle. The resulting architecture is more code-efficient. Outputs from port pins PD0
through PD3 and PD7 of the microcontroller are fed to inputs IN1 through IN4 and
enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293D, respectively, to drive two geared
DC motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset.
The microcontroller output is not sufficient to drive the DC motors, so current
drivers are required for motor rotation. The L293D is a quad, high-current, half-H
driver designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600 mA at voltages
from 4.5V to 36V. It makes it easier to drive the DC motors. The L293D consists of
four drivers. Pin IN1 through IN4 and OUT1 through OUT4 are input and output
pins, respectively, of driver 1 through driver 4. Drivers 1 and 2, and drivers 3 and 4
are enabled by enable pin 1 (EN1) and pin 9 (EN2), respectively. When enable input
EN1 (pin 1) is high, drivers 1 and 2 are enabled and the outputs corresponding to
their inputs are active. Similarly, enable input EN2 (pin 9) enables drive
3.3 WORKING
In order to control the robot, you need to make a call to the cell phone attached to
the robot (through head phone) from any phone, which sends DTMF tunes on
pressing the numeric buttons. The cell phone in the robot is kept in ‘auto answer’ (If
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the mobile does not have the auto answering facility, receive the call by ‘OK’ key on
the rover-connected mobile and then made it in hands-free mode) mode.
So after a ring, the cell phone accepts the call. Now you may press any button on your
mobile to perform actions as listed in Table 4. The DTMF tones thus produced are
received by the cell phone in the robot. These tones are fed to the circuit by the
headset of cell phone. The MT8870 (or CM 8870) decodes the received tone and
sends the equivalent binary number to the microcontroller after inverting them.
According to the program in the microcontroller, the robot starts moving. When you
press key ‘2’ (binary equivalent 00000010) on your mobile phone, the microcontroller
outputs ‘10001001’ binary equivalent. Port pins PD0, PD3 and PD7 are high. The
high output at PD7 of the microcontroller drives the motor driver (L293D). Port pins
PD0 and PD3 drive motors M1 and M2 in forward direction (as per Table 4).
Similarly, motors M1 and M2 move for left turn, right turn, backward motion and
stop condition as per Table 4.
Camera installed on the robot helps in continuous monitoring of the area where robot
is present as well as it can detect mines whose presence is indicated by a buzzer and
glow of an LED.
3.4 SOURCE CODE
PROGRAMME
with press of key output on leds goes high to low inputs are low
ORG 0000H
MOV P0,#0FFH
MOV P1,#0FFH
MAIN:
JNB P1.0,one
JNB P1.1,two
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JNB P1.2,three
JNB P1.3,four
SJMP MAIN
one:
CLR P0.0
JNB P1.0,one
SETB P0.0
SJMP MAIN
two:
CLR P0.1
JNB P1.1,two
SETB P0.1
SJMP MAIN
three:
CLR P0.2
JNB P1.2,three
SETB P0.2
SJMP MAIN
four:
CLR P0.3
JNB P1.3,four
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SETB P0.3
SJMP MAIN
DELAY: ;.5 sec delay
MOV TMOD,#10H ;Timer 1 Mode 1H
MOV R0,#100
AGAIN: MOV TL1,#0B0H ; for 50ms 3cb0H is to be put
MOV TH1,#03CH ;label can not be repeated in different sub routine
SETB TR1
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK ;stay until timer rolls over
CLR TR1
CLR TF1
DJNZ R0,AGAIN ;If R3 not zero then reload timer
RET
; .END
3.5 CIRCUIT LAYOUT
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Fig 7: Layout
3.6 FLOWCHART
Fig 8: Flowchart
CHAPTER-4
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3-G AND 2-G TECHNOLOGY
4.1 2-G TECHNOLOGY:
Introduction:
2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled
the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages,
picture messages and MMS (multimedia messages). 2G is more efficient. 2G
technology holds sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text
messages are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data
in such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or
code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into
time slots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex
physical channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iden, iS-136. CDMA
technology is IS-95.
GSM has its origin from the Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM (Global system
for mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile
technologies. Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used
in more than 212 countries in the world. GSM technology was the first one to help
establish international roaming.
This enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many
different countries of the world’s is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies
which were used to transfer analogue signals.
GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS) to any
mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a message to
anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to both
the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time.
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Benefits of 2-G technology:
Digital signals require consume less battery power, so it helps mobile batteries to last
long. Digital coding improves the voice clarity and reduces noise in the line. Digital
signals are considered environment friendly. The use of digital data service assists
mobile network operators to introduce short message service over the cellular phones.
Digital encryption has provided secrecy and safety to the data and voice calls. The use
of 2G technology requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there
is no network coverage in any specific area, digital signals would be weak.
How 2G (FDMA) Works:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) enables the calls to use different
frequency by splitting it into small cells. Each call uses different frequency.
The phenomenon is same as in radio where different channels broadcast on separate
frequency. So every radio station has been assigned different frequency according to
the specific band available. FDMA is best in case of analog transmission but also
support digital transmission. No doubt it is accommodating to the digital signals yet
with poor service.
How 2G (TDMA) Works:
Different technologies are categorized in second generation’s TDMA standard
according to the different time zones indifferent countries in the world. These
technologies are:
• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) nearly used in the whole
world.
• IDEN (Integrated Digital Enhanced Network) is introduced by Motorola used
in US and Canada.
• IS-136 (Interim Standard-136) also known as D-AMPS (Digital Advanced
Mobile Phone System) prevail in South and North America.
29

• PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) is used in Japan.
TDMA is a narrow band of 30 KHz wide and 6.7 millisecond long. It is divided into
three slots of time.
TDMA supports both frequency bands IS-54 and IS-136. GSM (TDMA) is a different
standard and provide basis for IDEN and PCS. Being an international standard, it
covers many countries of the world. There is only the need for changing the SIM and
you can get connected no need to buy a new phone. Having two different bands
• 900-1800 MHz band covers Europe and Asia
• 850-1900 MHz band covers United State
Fig 9: Working Of 2-G
4.2 3-G TECHNOLOGY:
Introduction:
30

3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA. 3G (Third Generation
Technology) technologies make use of value added services like mobile television,
GPS (global positioning system) and video conferencing. The basic feature of 3G
Technology (Third Generation Technology) is fast data transfer rates.
Technologies used in 3-G:
There are many 3-G technologies as W-CDMA, GSM EDGE, UMTS, DECT,
WiMax and CDMA 2000.Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution or EDGE is
termed to as a backward digital technology, because it can operate with older devices.
EDGE allows for faster data transfer than existing GSM.EDGE was introduced by
AT& T in 2003.
EDGE has increased the GSM coverage up to three times more. EDGE is a 3G
Technology (Third Generation Technology); therefore it can be used for packet
switched systems. Universal mobile telecommunications systems .UMTS conforms to
ITU IMT 2000 standard. It is complex network and allows for covering radio access,
core network and USIM (subscriber identity module). It is a relatively expensive
technology for the network operators because it requires new and separate
infrastructure for its coverage.
The GSM is the base of this technology. CDMA is also referred to as IMT-MC. this
technology is close to 2G technology GSM because it is also backward compatible.
Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) is another 3G Technology
(Third Generation Technology).
DETC was developed by European telecommunications standards institute; however
it is now widely popular in the other countries of the world as well. It runs over a
frequency of 1900 MHz.
WiMax is a 3G Technology (Third Generation Technology) and it is referred to as
worldwide interoperability for microwave access. It is a wireless technology. It
transmits variety of wireless signals. It can be operated on the multi point and point
modes. it is portable technology.
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This technology is based on the wireless internet access. Name of the WiMax was
developed in 2001 by WiMax forum. This technology removes the need for wires and
is capable enough to provide 10mbits/sec. it can connect you to hotspot.
How 3G (CDMA 2000) Works:
Code Division Multiple Access 2000 is approved by 3GPP2 Organization. CDMA
200 hybrid with IS-95 B provides an unlimited access to IMT-200 Band as well as
CDMA 200 1x and ideal conditions for the highest data transfer rate. The CDMA
2000 1x evolves into CDMA 200 1x EV. This CDMA 200 1x EV IS put into service
in two different forms:
• CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO- 1X Evolution data only able to use 1.25 MHz
• CDMA 2000 1x EV-DV- 1x Evolution Data and Voice also use 1.25 MHz
All these versions are supposed to attain the highest speed for greater efficiency of the
mobile phones.
How 3G (W-CDMA / UMTS) Works:
3G mobile technology has been marked by the CDMA accomplishment. ETSI Alpha
group develop this technology on radio access method. W-CDMA offers challenges in
shapes of versatility and complexity of its design.
Its multifaceted single algorithm made the complete system more difficult hence the
receiver becomes a more complex device. It provides friendly environment to the
multi-users with greater simulation and broader interface able to transfer data with
time variations.
UMTS network group is experimenting on this new technology to maintain previous
2G module features and the added features as well in 3G.
How 3G (TD-SCDMA) Works:
Developed by China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group TD-SCDMA is
approved by the ITU. This technology is based on time synchronization with CDMA.
This time division is based on duplex approach where uplink and downlink traffic
32

transmit in different time slots. This synchronization gives flexibility to the spectrum
for uplink and downlink transmission depending on symmetrical or asymmetrical
information. Asymmetrical information comprises e-mail and internet applications
while call system comes under symmetrical information.
During asymmetrical applications downlink is given preference over uplink.
Preference is given to uplink during telephony. This technology provides 144 kbps
connectivity speed which is the highest one in the present era. It is offering wireless
broadband facility an entertainment opportunity of downloading music and videos,
games with 3D effects and conference calls with video facility.
Based on the services, feature plans and areas with the 3G coverage there are many
carriers who are providing it. It is still not fully accessible in all the countries so
limitations hinder the availability. The real 3G technology can be enjoyed with a new
mobile phone set and the 3G service pack. All the three technologies mentioned
above are working in 3G at their best. Now everyone is looking forward with
expected amazement for the 4G standard as they have for sure belief on the further
advancement in the field of telecommunication already reaches the peak of cellular
technology.
Drivers of 3-G:
• Consumer demand for more robust wireless data services: Declining voice
revenues have pushed carriers to consider alternative revenue generating
opportunities, and they are responding by offering more data services made
possible by 3G technology. Mobile video, music downloads, e-mail, messaging,
location-based services and Internet surfing are just a sample of the many
new applications users will have access to.
• Upgrading infrastructure investment: The faster 3G networks are deployed, the
faster 3G adoption rates will rise. Upgrading legacy networks to accommodate
3G technology is very costly.
• 3G spectrum licensing fees: Spectrum is the specific frequency used by carriers
to transmit data wirelessly. To own and run a proprietary network, a wireless
carrier has to rent the frequencies from the government. Recently, mobile
33

operators have had to pay phenomenal rents in auctions for 3G spectrum
licenses. High license acquisition costs are limiting the number of carriers that
can participate in 3G.
Fig 10: Working Of 3-G
4.3 COMPARISON OF 2-G AND 3-G TECHNOLOGY:
The difference between the two is:
Term:
2G is the second generation, while 3G is the third generation of mobile networks.
History:
Looking in their history, 2G technology was first launched in the nation of Finland in
1991, while 3G was first used in Japan in 2001.
Function:
Comparing 3G and 2G technology, while the function of 2G networks is primarily
34

the transmission of voice information, the 3G technology offers the additional benefit
of data transfer.
Implication:
Among other differences between 3G and 2G technologies, a higher level of security
is offered by the 3G technology over the 2G networks. According to a UK-based
technology firm, 3G networks permit authentication measures when communicating
with other devices.
Features:
Due to the advanced 3G technology, many additional features are available here
unlike 2G, when comparing 2G and 3G technology. These features include mobile
TV, video transfers and GPS systems.
Frequencies:
When we compare 3G and 2G technology, we find that 2G technology uses a wide
array of frequencies in both higher and lower ranges, under which the transmission of
the digital signals depends on conditions, such as weather. A drawback of 3G is that it
simply is not available in certain regions.
CHAPTER-5
COMPONENTS AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1 COMPONENTS LIST
• Mobile phones
35

• IC CM8870 :
Fig 11: DTMF Decoder IC
When you press the buttons on the keypad, a connection is made that generates two
tones at the same time. A “Row” tone and a “Column” tone. These two tones help in
identifying that the key you pressed to any equipment you are controlling. If the
keypad is on your phone, the telephone company’s “Central Office” equipment
knows what numbers you are dialing by these tones, and will switch your call
accordingly. If you are using a DTMF keypad to remotely control equipment, the
tones can identify what unit you want to control, as well as which unique function you
want it to perform.
36

Fig 12: DTMF Keypad
When you press the digit 1 on the keypad, you generate the tones 1209 Hz and 697
Hz. Pressing the digit 2 will generate the tones 1336 Hz and 697 Hz. Sure, the tone
697 is the same for both digits, but it take two tones to make a digit and the decoding
equipment knows the difference between the 1209 Hz that would complete the digit
1, and a 1336 Hz that completes a digit 2.
Fig 13: Breadboard Implementation of IC CM8870
37

Table4: Output of DTMF Decoder IC
Thus each key in the keypad gives different 4 bit binary number in the output (pin no
14, 13, 12, 11).This binary number is processed by the microcontroller to give specific
output to the motor.
• IC 74LS04:
Fig 14: Inverter IC
38

• IC SN74HC245N:
Fig 15: Input and output buffer IC
• IC AT89S52:
Fig 16: Pin diagram of Microcontroller
Definition:
39

It is defined as highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a
controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and
timers. Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these
components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task -- to control a
particular system. As a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts
down on production costs.
Microcontrollers are sometimes called embedded microcontrollers, which means that
they are part of an embedded system – i.e one part of a larger device or system.
Description:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured
using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the
industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the
program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer.
By combining a versatile 8-bitCPU with in-system programmable Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port,
on-chip oscillator , and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt
system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupter
hardware reset.
40

Fig 17: Blok diagram of Microcontroller
Pin description:
ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6
of the oscillator frequency, for external timing or clocking purposes, even when there
are no accesses to external memory. (However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each
access to external Data Memory.) This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during EPROM programming.
PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program Memory. When
the device is executing out of external Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice
each machine cycle (except that two PSEN activations are skipped during accesses to
external Data Memory). PSEN is not activated when the device is executing out of
internal Program Memory.
EA/VPP: When EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program Memory
(unless the Program Counter exceeds 0FFFH in the 80C51). Holding EA low, forces
the CPU to execute out of external memory regardless of the Program Counter value.
In the 80C31, EA must be externally wired low. In the EPROM devices, this pin also
receives the programming supply voltage (VPP) during EPROM programming.
41

XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier.
XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional port. As an open drain output port,
it can sink eight LS TTL loads. Port 0 pins that have 1s written to them float, and in
that state will function as high impedance inputs. Port 0 is also the multiplexed low-
order address and data bus during accesses to external memory. In this application it
uses strong internal pull ups when emitting 1s. Port 0 emits code bytes during
program verification. In this application, external pull ups are required.
Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. Port 1 pins that
have 1s written to them are pulled high by the internal pull ups, and in that state can
be used as inputs. As inputs, port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current because of the internal pull ups.
Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the
high-order address byte during accesses to external memory that use 16-bit addresses.
In this application, it uses the strong internal pull ups when emitting 1s.
Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. It also serves
the functions of various special features of the 80C51 Family as follows:
P3.0 RxD (serial input port)
P3.1 TxD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
VCC: Supply voltage
42

VSS: Circuit ground potential.
Fig 18: Reset circuit of microcontroller
Difference between microprocessor and microcontroller:
Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside them i.e. only the processing
powers such as Intel’s Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc. These microprocessors
don’t have RAM, ROM, and other peripheral on the chip. A system designer has to
add them externally to make them functional. Application of microprocessor includes
Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc.
But this is not the case with Microcontrollers. Microcontroller has a CPU, in addition
with a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all embedded on a single
chip. At times it is also termed as a mini computer or a computer on a single chip.
Today different manufacturers produce microcontrollers with a wide range of features
available in different versions. Some manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI,
Philips, Motorola etc.
Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks. Specific means applications
where the relationship of input and output is defined. Depending on the input, some
processing needs to be done and output is delivered. For example, keyboards, mouse,
washing machine, digicam, pendrive, remote, microwave, cars, bikes, telephone,
mobiles, watches, etc.
43

Since the applications are very specific, they need small resources like RAM, ROM,
I/O ports etc and hence can be embedded on a single chip.
This in turn reduces the size and the cost. Microprocessor find applications where
tasks are unspecific like developing software, games, websites, photo editing, creating
documents etc. In such cases the relationship between input and output is not
defined. They need high amount of resources like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc.
The clock speed of the Microprocessor is quite high as compared to the
microcontroller. Whereas the microcontrollers operate from a few MHz to 30 to 50
MHz, today’s microprocessor operate above 1GHz as they perform complex tasks.
Comparing microcontroller and microprocessor in terms of cost is not justified.
Undoubtedly a microcontroller is far cheaper than a microprocessor. However
microcontroller cannot be used in place of microprocessor and using a
microprocessor is not advised in place of a microcontroller as it makes the application
quite costly. Microprocessor cannot be used stand alone. They need other peripherals
like RAM, ROM, buffer, I/O ports etc and hence a system designed around a
microprocessor is quite costly.
• Led’s:
Fig 19: LED’s
As its name implies it is a diode, which emits light when forward biased. Charge
carrier recombination takes place when electrons from the N-side cross the junction
and recombine with the holes on the P side. Electrons are in the higher conduction
band on the N side whereas holes are in the lower valence band on the P side.
44

During recombination, some of the energy is given up in the form of heat and light.
In the case of semiconductor materials like Gallium arsenide (GaAs), Gallium
phosphide (GaP) and Gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) a greater percentage of
energy is released during recombination and is given out in the form of light. LED
emits no light when junction is reverse biased.
• Capacitors
• Resistors
• Batteries
• BC5478 (NPN transistors)
• Buzzer
• Camera
• Frame
• Motors
• P-N junction diodes
• Relays:
Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically.
Relays consist of a n electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching
mechanism is carried out with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other
operating principles for its working.
But they differ according to their applications. Most of the devices have the
application of relays. In this circuit a 12V magnetic relay is used. In magnetic relay,
insulated copper wire coil is used to magnetize and attract the plunger .The plunger is
normally connected to N/C terminal. A spring is connected to attract the plunger
upper side. When output is received by relay, the plunger is attracted and the bulb
glows.
There are only four main parts in a relay. They are
• Electromagnet
45

• Movable Armature
• Switch point contacts
• Spring
Fig 20: Relay Construction
It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an iron core. A path of
very low reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for the movable armature and
also the switch point contacts. The movable armature is connected to the yoke which
is mechanically connected to the switch point contacts. These parts are safely held
with the help of a spring. The spring is used so as to produce an air gap in the circuit
when the relay becomes de-energized.
How relay works?
Fig 21: Relay Design
The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is surrounded by
a control coil.
46

As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control switch
and through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control
coil, the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus
the upper contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the
contacts causing a short circuit for the power to the load.
On the other hand, if the relay was already de-energized when the contacts were
closed, then the contact move oppositely and make an open circuit. As soon as the
coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to its initial
position.
This force will be almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force. This force is
mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also gravity. Relays are
mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the other is
high voltage. For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce the
noise of the whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to
reduce a phenomenon called arcing.
5.2 SOFTWARE TOOLS
• DipTrace: used for making layout of PCB.
• Keil uVision 3: used for compilation of codes written in assembly language and
convert them to HEX file which is finally burned into the microcontroller IC
using uc flash USB
Fig 22: Open Keil
47

Fig 23: Make a new project
Fig 24: Select the microcontroller
Fig 25: Write the program
48

Fig 26: Compile
Fig 27: Simulate
49

CHAPTER-6
BREADBOARD AND PCB IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 BREADBOARD IMPLEMENTATION
The three steps for implementing a breadboard are:
Step 1 The Breadboard Connections
Fig 28: Building Connections
Breadboards consist of tiny "holes" in which the leads of the component connect
into. Make sure that if you are using wire, use wire links, not the stranded wire,
because it will crumple in the holes and damage your breadboard. The top and
bottom rows (the rows indicated by the blue) and are usually the (+) and (-) power
supply holes and these move horizontally across the breadboard, while the holes for
the components move vertically. Each wire forms a node. A node is a point in a
circuit where two components are connected. Connections between different
components are formed by putting their legs in a common node. On the bread board,
a node is the row of holes that are connected by the strip of metal underneath.
The long top and bottom row of holes are usually used for power supply connections.
Step 2 Connecting the ComponentsThe rest of the circuit is built by placing
components and connecting them together with jumper wires.
Fig 29: Connecting Components
50

Step 3 Building a Circuit on the Breadboard
Fig 30: Building a Circuit on the Breadboard
The circuit schematic, and the layout on the breadboard will turn out entirely
different. Anyone using a breadboard must focus on the connections rather than their
place on the schematic. When you use switches or potentiometers, you must use
single-core plastic-coated wire of 0.6mm diameter (the standard size). Stranded wire is
not suitable because it will crumple when pushed into a hole and it may damage the
board if strands break off. The rest of the circuit is built by placing components and
connecting them together with jumper wires.
6.2 PHOTOGRAPH OF BREADBOARD
Fig 31: Breadboard Implementation
51

6.3 PCB IMPLEMENTATION
It includes:
PCB Layout: The PCB layout is a mirrored positive one - black on white. Mirrored as
viewed from the silk screen top (component) side.
PCB Preparation: The PCB layout paper is drenched with sunflower-seed oil.
Sunflower-seed oil is common available from your local grocery or wall market.
Superfluous oil should be removed carefully with tissue paper. The sunflower-seed oil
is used to make the white part of the layout paper transparent for light.
PCB UV Exposure: The protective plastic layer is removed. The PCB with the layout
is now covered with an appropriate sized windowpane and placed on a piece of plain
polished tile or marble. The tile or marble absorbs the heat coming from the UV bulb,
which is significant. Three to four minutes 300W bulb UV exposure from a distance
of 30-40 cm will do the photo process. Take care when finished and removing the
PCB, it gets hot.
PCB Development: The PCB is developed with a 1% solution of sodium hydroxide
NaOH. You can make this solvent by adding 10 gram of sodium hydroxide pellets to
1 liter of water and mix it until everything is dissolved
PCB Etching: The developed PCB is etched with a 220 g/l solution of ammonium
peroxydisulfate (NH4)2S2O8, 220 gram added to 1 liter of water and move it until
everything is dissolved. Finally, drilling and soldering is done.
Fig 32: PCB Implementation
CHAPTER-7
52

APPLICATIONS
• Fire Mishaps: In the event of a fire accident it is better to send the robot, than
to send a human inside the affected area to, either search and rescue a person
or for surveillance purposes. The arm can also be equipped with a fire
extinguisher to put off the fire.
• Bomb Detection: In the likely event of a bomb alert, this robotic arm can
safely go, detect and diffuse the bomb instead of a human being risking his life.
• In Bio Hazardous Areas: In areas where the probability of a chemical
accident is more, like in a laboratory or in a factory, the robotic arm can be
equipped with certain chemicals to stop the adverse diffusion/reaction of the
chemicals. Cleaning bio hazardous debris is also one important activity in
which the robotic arm can play a significant role.
• In Space Explorations as Land Rover: Recent Chandryaan moon mission
employs such robotic arms (a complete version of the robot), to survey the
geographical and chemical composition of the surface of the Moon. NASA also
has used such robots in its survey of Mars. The collected samples from the
surface are then transported back to the space shuttle, from where other
chemical tests are conducted, and results relayed back to Earth.
• In Coal Mines: In coal mines it is quite natural that Methane gas leaks occurs.
The robot can be equipped with a Methane gas sensor and warn the presence
of said gas, without exposing humans to the danger.
• For military purposes, locomotion, navigation etc.
CHAPTER 8:
53

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
8.1 ADVANTAGES
• Wireless control.
• Surveillance System.
• Vehicle Navigation with use of 3G technology.
• Takes in use of the mobile technology which is almost available everywhere.
• This wireless device has no boundation of range and can be controlled as far as
network of cell phone.
8.2 LIMITATIONS
• Cell phone bill.
• Mobile batteries drain out early so charging problem.
• Cost of project if Cell phone cost included.
• Not flexible with all cell phones as only a particular, cell phone whose earpiece
is attached can only be used.
CHAPTER 9
54

FUTURE SCOPE
• IR Sensors: IR sensors can be used to automatically detect & avoid obstacles if
the robot goes beyond line of sight. This avoids damage to the vehicle if we are
maneuvering it from a distant place.
• Password Protection: Project can be modified in order to password protect the
robot so that it can be operated only if correct password is entered. Either cell
phone should be password protected or necessary modification should be
made in the assembly language code. This introduces conditioned access
&increases security to a great extent.
• Alarm Phone Dialer: By replacing DTMF Decoder IC CM8870 by a DTMF
Transceiver IC’ CM 8880, DTMF tones can be generated from the robot. So, a
project called Alarm Phone Dialer can be built which will generate necessary
alarms for something that is desired to be monitored (usually by triggering a
relay).
CHAPTER-10
55

PROJECT COST
It was approximately Rs 6000.
COMPONENTS COST(in Rs) QUANTITY
Frame
Motors
Camera
Resistors
Capacitors
IC CM8870
IC 74LS04
Mobile Phone
Batteries
IC SN74HC245N
IC AT89S52
LED’s
Relay’s
IC BC 5478
Buzzer
Wheels
PCB
300
200
1500
20
80
100
80
500
120
200
150
50
150
150
10
100
200
1
2
1
10
10
1
1
1
5
2
1
6
4
5
1
4
3
CHAPTER-11
56

CONCLUSION
The designing of Project has been an exhilarating and enriching experience.
Here during the designing of Project I came to know about all the
processes of designing of PCB related to Project, various machines,
maintaining and designing of projects tempo to achieve best knowledge and
keeping high knowledge of the project designing. I also tried to study about
various projects prepared to achieve best experience about projects. To have
knowledge of project designing and maintenance of the same in such a big quantum
has been highly enriching to me. To sum up, I had come across all the processes
related to the electronics Project designing and finally designed a robot which can be
operated through mobile phones.
CHAPTER-12
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
57

Books:
• Microprocessor Architecture by Ramesh S. Gaonkar .
• Communication System by Tob & Shilling.
• Microcontroller by K. J. Ayala.
• Integrated Electronics by Millman & Hawlkiwas.
Websites:
• http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.a
sp?sno=481&title%20=
%20Cellphone+operated+land+rover&id=4675&article_type=2&b_type=new
&ss=%20277013
• http://projectsworld.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/cell-phone-operated-land-
rover-landrover
• http://www.docstoc.com/docs/142515898/Mobile-controlled-robot-OR-Cell-
phone-Operated-Land-rover-Robot
• https://www.google.co.in/search?
q=mobile+operated+land+rover&client=firefox-
a&hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=SldoUb2CMcrirAfghI
DACQ&ved=0CDQQsAQ&biw=1138&bih=479
• http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/cellphone-operated-land-
rover-robot
• http://123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/036/49627200-Mobile-
Operated-Land-Rover.pdf
• http://lighttruth.com/2013/03/09/mobile-operated-land-rover-using-dtmf/
• http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-cell-phone-operated-land-rover-full-report
58

• http://projectsbysuraj.blogspot.in/2012/07/mobile-control-robot-cell-
phone.html
• http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/aSGuest135003-1419026-
presentation-1
• http://www.way2project.in/projects/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/Cellphone
_Land-Rover.pdf
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/29733079/Cell-Phone-Operated-Robot-Report-
With-Ckt-Diagram
• http://allaboutelectronics.hpage.in/cellphone-operated-land-ROVER
• http://theelectronicsproject.blogspot.in/2012/11/cell-phone-operated-land-
rover.html
59

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