GW100 SAP NetWeaver Gateway Introduction to OData

GW100 SAP NetWeaver Gateway
Introduction to OData
May, 2012

INTE
RNA
L

Objectives

At the end of this chapter, you will understand:
Ÿ  The architecture of the Atom and OData protocols
Ÿ  How SAP NetWeaver Gateway makes use of OData
Ÿ  How to issue read-only OData requests from your browser

©  2012 SAP AG. All rights reserved. 2

Agenda

u  Atom and OData – Building Towards a Business Interface
u  Gateway – OData for the Enterprise
u  Using Gateway – OData in Practice (Read Only)
u  The QUERY operation – retrieving all or part of a collection
u  The READ operation – retrieving a single entry from a collection
u  Understanding the XML returned by the QUERY and READ operations
u  Mapping OData properties to Atom elements


Agenda



What is the Open Data Protocol (OData)?

OData is a Microsoft developed extension to the
Atom Publishing and Atom Syndication standards,
which in turn, are based on XML and HTTP(S). SAP Annotations

It was designed to provide a standardised OData
implementation of a RESTful API. In doing so, it
offers database-like access to server-side Atom Publishing
resources. Hence, OData has been described as:
Atom Syndication
“ODBC for the Web”
It can be used freely without the need for a license XML or JSON
or contract.
HTTP(S)
OData is also extensible. This allows SAP to
supplement the data types used by OData with
extra information from the ABAP Data Dictionary.


What is Atom?

Atom is pair of standards
Atom Syndication Format SAP Annotations
-  An XML based description of the documents
supplied by a website OData
-  These descriptions are typically consumed by
content syndication websites Atom Publishing
-  In Atom terminology, a collection of documents
is known as a “Feed” Atom Syndication
-  A Feed is compose of zero or more “Entries”
XML
Atom Publishing Format
-  An HTTP based protocol that allows the HTTP
manipulation of Atom Syndication documents

Atom Syndication and Atom Publishing are only partially RESTful protocols.


What Does OData Add to Atom?

The Atom Publishing Format does not specify
how data should be encoded within a Feed;
SAP Annotations
therefore, it fails to be fully RESTful because
its messages are not self-describing. OData
OData extends Atom by providing a metadata
description of the message. Atom Publishing
OData provides definitions for:
Atom Syndication
-  Simple Types
-  Complex Types XML
-  Associations between entries
-  Navigation Paths between entries HTTP
-  Custom behaviour beyond the standard CRUD
operations


Output Formats Supported by OData

OData supports the use of either XML or JSON format messages.
{
"d":{

"__count":”2",

"results":[{

"__metadata":{

"uri":"http://ldcigkq.wdf.sap.corp:50080/sap/opu/odata/iwfnd/RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT/CarrierCollection('AA')",

"type":"RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT.Carrier",

"content_type":"text/html",

"media_src":"http://ldcigkq.wdf.sap.corp:50080/sap/opu/odata/iwfnd/RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT/CarrierCollection('AA')/$value",

"edit_media":"http://ldcigkq.wdf.sap.corp:50080/sap/opu/odata/iwfnd/RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT/CarrierCollection('AA')/$value"},

"carrid":"AA",

"CARRNAME":"American
Airlines",

"CURRCODE":"USD",

"URL":"http://www.aa.com",

"mimeType":"text/html",

"carrierFlights":{

"__deferred":{

"uri":"http://ldcigkq.wdf.sap.corp:50080/sap/opu/odata/iwfnd/RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT/CarrierCollection('AA')/carrierFlights"}}},

{"__metadata":{

"uri":"http://ldcigkq.wdf.sap.corp:50080/sap/opu/odata/iwfnd/RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT/CarrierCollection('JL')",

"type":"RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT.Carrier",

"content_type":"text/html",

"media_src":"http://ldcigkq.wdf.sap.corp:50080/sap/opu/odata/iwfnd/RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT/CarrierCollection('JL')/$value",

"edit_media":"http://ldcigkq.wdf.sap.corp:50080/sap/opu/odata/iwfnd/RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT/CarrierCollection('JL')/$value"},

"carrid":"JL",

"CARRNAME":"Japan
Airlines",

"CURRCODE":"JPY",

"URL":"http://www.jal.co.jp","mimeType":"text/html",

"carrierFlights":{

"__deferred":{

"uri":"http://ldcigkq.wdf.sap.corp:50080/sap/opu/odata/iwfnd/RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT/CarrierCollection('JL')/carrierFlights"}}}

],

"__next":"http://ldcigkq.wdf.sap.corp:50080/sap/opu/odata/iwfnd/RMTSAMPLEFLIGHT/CarrierCollection?$skiptoken=11"}

}


OData Service Documents – The Starting Point

An OData Service Document is a high level description of the server-side
resources that are available for manipulation. It is retrieved using a URL.
For example, issuing the URL http://odata.netflix.com returns:


OData Service Documents – General Structure

The service tag defines a particular OData Service.
<service>

This tag defines the starting point for service consumption.
1

The workspace tag contains a list of all server-side
<workspace>

resources that are available for manipulation.

1 0..n

A collection tag identifies an
<title>
<collection>

individual server-side resource.

1

<title>

The <collection> tag will give you access to a server-side resource that can be
manipulated in some way. This could be a single table (hence “ODBC for the
Web”) or a set of business objects such as Sales Orders or Service Orders or
Customers etc.


An Example of an OData Service Document – 1/2

<service
xml:base="http://odata.netflix.com/v2/Catalog/”

xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2007/app”>

<workspace>

<title>Default</title>

<collection
href="Genres">

<title>Genres</title>

</collection>

<collection
href="Titles">

<title>Titles</title>
The service tag defines

</collection>

<collection
href="TitleAudioFormats">
an OData Service.

<title>TitleAudioFormats</title>

</collection>
The parameters define

<collection
href="TitleAwards">

<title>TitleAwards</title>
the base URL for the

</collection>
service and which

<collection
href="People">

<title>People</title>
namespaces will be used

</collection>

<collection
href="TitleScreenFormats">

to define the content

<title>TitleScreenFormats</title>

</collection>

<collection
href="Languages">

<title>Languages</title>

</collection>

</workspace>

</service>

This example is taken from Netflix’s online catalogue available at
http://odata.netflix.com/v2/Catalog/


An Example of an OData Service Document – 2/2

<service


<workspace>


<collection
href="Genres">


The collection tag defines the relative

</collection>
URL and title of an individual collection

<collection
href="Titles">

<title>Titles</title>

</collection>

<collection
href="TitleAudioFormats">

<title>TitleAudioFormats</title>

</collection>

<collection
href="TitleAwards">
The workspace tag defines which collections

<title>TitleAwards</title>

</collection>

are provided by this OData Service

<collection
href="People">

<title>People</title>

</collection>

<collection
href="TitleScreenFormats">

<title>TitleScreenFormats</title>

</collection>

<collection
href="Languages">

<title>Languages</title>

</collection>

</workspace>

</service>

This example is taken from Netflix’s online catalogue available at
http://odata.netflix.com/v2/Catalog/


Accessing an OData Collection – Construct the URL

Using the base URL defined in the service document’s <service> tag, we can
now construct the correct URL to access any collection listed in the workspace:

<service


<workspace>


<collection
href="Genres">


</collection>

...
snip
...

</workspace>

</service>

http://odata.netflix.com/v2/Catalog/Genres

When this URL is now issued, we will receive the contents of the “Genres”
collection.


Accessing an OData Collection – A Structured Response

In ABAP, this Corresponds to a row
data would <feed>
in an ABAP table
be in a table

1 1 1 1 0..n

<title>
<id>
<updated>
<link>
<entry>

1 1 1 1..n 1 0..1

<title>
<id>
<updated>
<link>
<category>
<content>

1..n

<properties>

Corresponds to a column
in an ABAP table


Understanding OData XML – 1/4

<?xml
version="1.0"
encoding="iso-‐8859-‐1"
standalone="yes"?>

<feed
xml:base="http://odata.netflix.com/v2/Catalog/"

xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/2007/08/dataservices”

xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/2007/08/dataservices/metadata"

xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">

<title
type="text">Genres</title>

<id>http://odata.netflix.com/v2/Catalog/Genres/</id>

<updated>2011-‐10-‐17T15:25:10Z</updated>

<link
rel="self"
title="Genres"
href="Genres"
/>

<entry>

<id>http://odata.netflix.com/v2/Catalog/Genres('Action%20%26%20Adventure')</id>

<title
type="text">Action
&
Adventure</title>

The <feed> element

<author>

<name
/>
defines a collection of

</author>

<link
rel="edit"
title="Genre"
href="Genres('Action%20%26%20Adventure')"
/>

zero or more <entry>

<link
rel="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/2007/08/dataservices/related/Titles”
elements

type="application/atom+xml;type=feed”

title="Titles"
href="Genres('Action%20%26%20Adventure')/Titles"
/>

<category
term="Netflix.Catalog.v2.Genre”

scheme="http://schemas.microsoft.com/ado/2007/08/dataservices/scheme"
/>

<content
type="application/xml">

<m:properties>

<d:Name>Action
&
Adventure</d:Name>

</m:properties>

</content>

</entry>

</feed>

This example is taken from http://odata.netflix.com/v2/Catalog/Genres



<?xml
version="1.0"
standalone="yes"?>

<feed




<title



<link
rel="self"
title="Genres"
href="Genres"
/>

<entry>


<title
type="text">Action
&
Adventure</title>


<author>

<name
/>

</author>

<link
rel="edit"
title="Genre"
/>
The <entry> element

<link


contains the data for one

title="Titles"
/>
member of the feed’s

<category

/>
collection

<content

<m:properties>

<d:Name>Action
&
Adventure</d:Name>

</m:properties>

</content>

</entry>

</feed>




<?xml
version="1.0"
standalone="yes"?>

<feed




<title



<link
rel="self"
title="Genres"
href="Genres"
/>

<entry>


<title
type="text">Action
&
Adventure</title>


<author>

<name
/>

</author>

<link
rel="edit"
title="Genre"
/>

<link


title="Titles"
/>

<category

/>

<content

<m:properties>

The <content> element contains

<d:Name>Action
&
Adventure</d:Name>

</m:properties>
the actual business data

</content>

</entry>

</feed>




<?xml
version="1.0"
standalone="yes"?>

<feed




<title



<link
rel="self"
title="Genres"
href="Genres"
/>

<entry>


<title
type="text">Action
&
Adventure</title>


<author>

<name
/>

</author>

<link
rel="edit"
title="Genre"
/>

<link
The <link> elements point


title="Titles"
/>
to related business data

<category

/>

<content

<m:properties>

<d:Name>Action
&
Adventure</d:Name>

</m:properties>

</content>

</entry>

</feed>



Agenda



Obtaining OData Metadata

In order to consume an OData service, you should retrieve the metadata that
describes that service. This is done by adding the suffix $metadata to the Service
Document URL. (OData metadata is only available in XML format, not JSON)
E.G. http://odata.netflix.com/v2/Catalog/$metadata
This will now return an Entity Data Model (edmx) XML description of the service:
(There is currently no standard for representing EDMs in JSON; therefore, the metadata description of an OData service is only
available in XML format)

<edmx:Edmx
Version="1.0">

<edmx:DataServices
m:DataServiceVersion="1.0">

<Schema
Namespace="Netflix.Catalog.v2">

<EntityType
Name="Genre">

<Key>

<PropertyRef
Name="Name"/>

</Key>

<Property
Name="Name"
Type="Edm.String"
Nullable="false"
MaxLength="128"
Unicode="true”

FixedLength="false"
m:FC_TargetPath="SyndicationTitle"
m:FC_ContentKind="text"
m:FC_KeepInContent="True"/>

<NavigationProperty
Name="Titles"
Relationship="Netflix.Catalog.v2.Genre_Titles”

FromRole="Genre_Titles_Source"
ToRole="Genre_Titles_Target"/>

</EntityType>

<EntityType
Name="Title"
m:HasStream="true">

<Key>

<PropertyRef
Name="Id"/>

</Key>

...
snip
...


SAP Extensions To OData Metadata

The standard OData metadata is not able to fully describe all the information held
in the ABAP Data Dictionary; therefore, the Gateway server will send extra
metadata values identified by the sap: namespace prefix.
<EntityType
Name="Booking"
sap:content-‐version="1">

<Key>

<PropertyRef
Name="AirlineId"/>

<PropertyRef
Name="ConnectionNo"/>

<PropertyRef
Name="FlightDate"/>

<PropertyRef
Name="BookingId"/>

</Key>

<Property
Name="AirlineId”

Type="Edm.String”

Nullable="false"
MaxLength="3”

sap:label="Airline"
sap:filterable="false"/>

<Property
Name="ConnectionNo"
Type="Edm.String"

Nullable="false"
MaxLength="4”

sap:label="Flight
Number"

<Property
Name="FlightDate"

Type="Edm.DateTime"
Nullable="false"
Precision="10”

sap:label="Date"

<Property
Name="BookingId"

Type="Edm.String"

Nullable="false"
MaxLength="8”

sap:label="Booking
number"

<Property
Name="CustomerNo"

Type="Edm.String”

MaxLength="8”

sap:label="Customer
Number"

<Property
Name="CustomerName”
Type="Edm.String"

MaxLength="25”

sap:label="Passenger
Name"
sap:filterable="false"
m:FC_TargetPath="SyndicationAuthorName”
/>

<Property
Name="Price"

Type="Edm.Decimal"

Precision="20"
Scale="2”

sap:label="Airfare"

<Property
Name="CurrencyCode"
Type="Edm.String"

MaxLength="5”

sap:label="Airline
Currency"
sap:filterable="false"
sap:semantics="currency-‐code"/>

<Property
Name="BookingDate”

Type="Edm.DateTime"
Precision="10”

sap:label="Booking
date"
sap:filterable="false”/>

...
snip
...


Agenda



Entity Data Model – Overview

In the following examples and exercises, we will be using the data model shown
below:

More information will be given about the details of this data model in later chapters.


Retrieving a Collection – ReadEntitySet Operation 1/3

To start with, we will cover the simplest two operations that can be performed using
OData: ReadEntitySet and ReadEntity (also referred to as QUERY and READ).
ReadEntitySet (QUERY) : Returns 0..n entries from a collection
ReadEntity (READ) : Returns 0..1 entries from a collection
Both operations are read-only and therefore use the HTTP GET method.

REST Operation HTTP Method
Create a resource POST
Retrieve one or more resources GET
Update a resource PUT
Delete a resource DELETE



To start running a Gateway Service, you must know the service’s base URL. This
value is generated when the Gateway Service is first created.
The URL for an entire collection is formed by taking the URL found in the Gateway
Service’s xml:base parameter and appending to it the value of the href parameter
for the required collection.

<app:service
xml:base="http://mysapgateway.com/sap/opu/odata/sap/FlightInformation/">

together with

<app:collection
href="Airports"
sap:content-‐version="1">

Gives http://mysapgateway.com/sap/opu/odata/sap/FlightInformation/Airports

Since we need to use the HTTP GET method, this URL can be issued directly from
the browser’s address line.



Issuing this URL from the browser’s address line will cause the Gateway server to
return an OData XML message containing the requested collection.


Retrieving a Partial Collection – Filtering

If a collection has a high number of entries, then you can filter the <feed> contents
by using the $filter query string parameter:

Assuming a base URL of http://mysapgateway.com/sap/opu/odata/sap/FlightInformation/

Then appending Airports?$filter=IATACode
eq
'FRA' will filter out all airports
except Frankfurt.

IMPORTANT!
1.  You must implement the ABAP coding that responds to this parameter
2.  A space character (or %20) must be included on either side of the operator in
the $filter condition.
3.  If the property value being filtered is non-numeric, then it must be enclosed
within single quotes.

For more information on $filter, see:
http://www.odata.org/developers/protocols/uri-‐conventions#FilterSystemQueryOptions

Please note, SAP NetWeaver Gateway does not support all $filter options


Retrieving a Partial Collection – Paging

If a collection has a high number of entries, then you can use the $top and $skip
parameters together to implement paging.

Individually, Airports?$top=5 would reduce the <feed> down to the first 5 entries.

And Airports?$skip=5 would omit the first 5 entries from the <feed>.

Paging is achieved by setting $top to the number of entries per page, and then
incrementing $skip by this number every time the next page is required.

Assuming 10 entries per page, then to:
View the first page : Airports?$top=10

View the second page : Airports?$skip=10&$top=10

View the third page : Airports?$skip=20&$top=10

etc.

For more information on $top, and $skip, see:
http://www.odata.org/developers/protocols/uri-‐conventions#TopSystemQueryOption and
following.


Agenda



Retrieving a Single Entry – ReadEntity Operation 1/2

Below is one entry from the Airports collection in the FlightInformation
service.
Notice that each <entry> element contains one or more <link> elements.
<entry>

...
snip
...

<link
href="Airports('FCO')"
...
snip
.../>

<link
href="Airports('FCO')/AirportsTo”
...
snip
...
/>

<link
href="Airports('FCO')/DepartingFlights”
...
snip
...
/>

<title>ROME
-‐
FCO</title>


</entry>

The href parameter of the first <link> element contains a self-reference to the
current <entry>


Retrieving a Single Entry – ReadEntity Operation 2/2

The first <link> element is always a self-reference. It contains the relative URL
for reading the current entry from the collection.
<link
href="Airports('FCO')"
...
snip
.../>

IMPORTANT: The conventional query string syntax is not used here!
Instead, the collection name is immediately followed by a comma separated list of
name/value pairs, all enclosed within parentheses. This is known as the “Key
Predicate”.

CollectionName

This non-standard URL syntax is needed so that the OData server can distinguish
a READ operation (0..1 entries) from a QUERY operation (0..n entries)


Agenda



XML Returned by ReadEntitySet and ReadEntity – 1/2

A ReadEntitySet operation will return zero or more entries; therefore, the OData
XML will always be contained within an <feed> element – even if the filter options
result in only one entry being returned.

Zero or more
<entry>
elements

It is perfectly valid for a ReadEntitySet operation to return zero <entry> elements.


XML Returned by ReadEntitySet and ReadEntity – 2/2

A ReadEntity operation will return zero or one entry. Therefore the OData XML will
never be contained within an <feed> element.
Instead, a single <entry> element will be returned.


Agenda



Standard ATOM Elements – 1/2

Within an <entry> element, there is always an <content> element. This element
contains zero or more OData properties.
However, since OData is based on Atom, there are elements outside the
<content> element that are also significant.


Standard ATOM Elements – 2/2

These Atom elements are:
<author>, (which may itself contain <email>, <name> and <uri>), <published>,
<rights>, <summary>, and <title>.
For example:
<author>

<name>Siegfried
Mechler</name>

</author>

<title
type="text">

Booking
for
Siegfried
Mechler
on
flight
AA0017
on
20111207

</title>

It is possible to map OData properties into these standard Atom elements. This is
useful if you wish to display an OData message using an Atom Feed parser such
as a browser.


Mapping OData Properties to ATOM Elements – 1/2

If the coding in your Gateway Service does not explicitly map any OData properties
to the standard Atom elements, then the Gateway runtime will automatically
populate the <title> field with a default value.

Default value for the
<title> element


Mapping OData Properties to ATOM Elements – 2/2

When writing the coding for a Gateway Service, you can map an OData property to
an Atom element. Here the <title> element has been supplied with data from an
OData property.

The value from an OData
property has now been mapped
to the <title> element


Summary

You should now be able to
Ÿ  The architecture of the Atom and OData protocols
Ÿ  How SAP NetWeaver Gateway makes use of OData
Ÿ  How to issue read-only OData requests from your browser


APPENDIX

u  Differences Between Atom and OData Terminology
u  Displaying Atom XML in a Browser


APPENDIX



Atom and OData Terminology

OData has defined some terminology that differs from the Atom terminology, but in
fact refers to the same things.

Atom OData
Feed Collection / EntitySet
Entry Entity

The terms Entity and EntitySet will appear when using the ABAP OData API but
are interchangeable with the Atom terms Entry and Collection.


APPENDIX



Displaying Atom XML in your Browser

You may find that your browser does not display Atom XML in a formatted manner.
This is due to the MIME type used by the Gateway server.

The Gateway server returns XML
with a MIME type of
application/atom+xml

Most modern browsers will interpret
this as an Atom feed and format the
results in the manner shown here.
If you want to see the indented XML,
then you add the query string
parameter sap-‐ds-‐debug=true.
This causes the Gateway server to
format the XML and present it as an
HTML page.


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GW100 SAP NetWeaver Gateway Introduction to OData

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GW100 SAP NetWeaver Gateway Introduction to OData