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ComputerBasics
1. Desktop Computer Cases
2. Motherboards
3. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
4. Computer Memory(CPU)
5. Hard DriveDisk(HDD)
6. CD/DVD Drives
7. Video Cards
8. Sound Card
9. Monitors
10. Network Card
Computer Power Supply
•A power cable connects from the
power point to the power supply
where it supply's the motherboard and
other components with power.
•most common power supply - ATX
Power Supply.
•AT Power Supply, few years ago but
this has become less common.
•The computer power supply is placed
inside the computer case generally
near the top of the case
•sometimes necessary to buy a mini
power supply for some cases
• There are usually power ports on the
motherboard for the fans in the case
but if not it is possible to buy an
adapter that will convert power from
the 4-pin power cable to a fan power
cable.
Computer basics
Computer Motherboards
• A motherboard is the mother to all
the computer parts. In other words,
everything in a computer connects to
the motherboard.
•A typical motherboard has
attachment points for all the common
components in a computer. These are
the Power Supply, CPU (Central
Processing Unit), hard drive, RAM
(Random Access Memory), graphics
card, CD drive and other peripheral
devices such as sound cards, network
cards etc.
•In recent motherboards, the sound
cards and even the network cards are
built into the motherboard making it
unnecessary to purchase additional
cards.
Different Motherboard
Components
•CPU Socket
•CMOS
•BIOS
•Memory Slots
•Power Connectors
•IDE Connectors
•SATA Connectors
•CMOS Battery
•AGP Graphics Slot
•PCI-Express Graphics Slot
•PCI Slots
•Chipset
CPU Socket
• A CPU socket is a connector
built into the motherboard
where the CPU (central
processing unit) goes. Most
motherboards use the PGA
(Pin Grid Array) architecture
which means that there is a
grid of holes, in which a
particular CPU's pins will fit
into.
• Several of the recent LGA
(land grid array) motherboards
now have pins in the socket
while the CPU has contact pads
that match the pins.
Computer basics
CMOS
• Complementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor
• Memory which contains
BIOS information
• The CMOS battery
powers the CMOS
Memory so that all this
data won't be lost.
• Motherboard Battery
Computer Bios
• Basic Input/Output System.
• to identify and make sure that the major computer
components such as the,CPU, Hard Drive and Optical Drives
• The Bios contains code needed to run the keyboard,
screen, disk drives and other functions. It is typically stored
on the ROM (Read Only Memory) Bios, which means that if
the computer suffers a major catastrophe (such as a broken
CPU, or dead hard drive) then the Bios information remains
unharmed and the computer will still be able to function
after these components are replaced.
• The Bios is what makes the computer boot from the
operating system, it makes it initiate the
POST (Power On Self Test). The more recent computer bios'
are flash compatible. This means that they can be updated
to a more recent version.
BIOS Setup Utility
• The computer BIOS setup utility (also known as the
CMOS setup) is the place where you can change a few
basic computer hardware settings. The BIOS and CMOS
often get confused but there is quite a difference.
• The BIOS contains all the settings and the CMOS
memory is a piece of RAM that remembers all the info.
• In the case of many computers pressing delete or F10
in the booting process will bring you to the BIOS setup
utility. If these don't work, then your computer will
specify on startup such as (press ******* to enter
setup) or it will be mentioned in your manual. There is
no harm in looking at the setup, so find your key and
have a look (just make sure you don't save on exit).
Main Tab
When your in the setup, you can
change many options. You can change
the order of booting, which device do
you want the computer to boot to etc.
You can decide whether to disable
particular devices (such as onboard
sound or network cards). You can
change the date or time and you can
also reset the CMOS back to factory
settings. This will return the BIOS back
to default, which isn't the greatest
idea in the world unless you know
what your doing.
The settings in the BIOS depend on
each manufacturer. Here I will give
you a little run down on the Tabs and
what they could have in them.
Advance tab
In the advance tab you often find
information on the IDE configuration, the
Floppy Configuration, the Boot Settings
configuration. You can further investigate
by pressing enter over the IDE
configuration and then looking at the
items listed. It will have all your hard
drives and cd/dvd drives listed here. If
you have two hard drives connected then
two will show up here.
This is a great place to check if your hard
drive is being recognized. If the new hard
drive or cd/dvd drive is not recognized in
here, then your operating system will
definetely not find it. If your hard drive is
recognized here but not by windows then
there is some problem with your
operating system, but not your computer.
You can zoom in even more by pressing
enter and have a look at a specific hard
drive in detail. You can see its exact size,
the vendor and the mode and other
specifications.
Power Tab
• The power tab is self-explanatory. It just gives
you power options that you can change. I
would recommend leaving these as they are.
Boot tab
The boot tab of the BIOS setup gives
you all the options for when you boot
up. You can order the preference in
booting. You can choose whether you
want to boot from the Floppy Drive,
CD drive, or hard drive and in what
order. This is probably the most
changed setting in the BIOS setup. I
would also leave as they are unless
you need to specifically boot from
another location.
In more recent computers you can
change it to boot via a network, or
through USB. Check out
this page on the boot process for more
information on what a computer does
when it starts.
Security Tab
• In this tab you can change all the passwords,
or assign passwords to the BIOS. This can be a
risky thing to do because you could forget
your password, but if you do there is a way of
fixing it. Follow this tutorial to learn how.
Exit tab
The Exit tab is more completed then
you would expect. There are a number
of options here. You can exit saving
your changes, you can exit discarding
changes, you can load optimal defaults
and also the failsage defaults. I
wouldn't recommend going back to
these defaults as they will change
everything, unless you know what
your doing.
Boot Process
• The boot process is something that happens every time you turn your computer
on. You don't really see it, because it happens so fast. You press the power button
come back a few minutes later and Windows XP, or Windows Vista, or whatever
Operating System you use is all loaded.
1. The first step your computer does when you press the power button, is to turn the
Computer Power Supply on. Once a 'Power Good' signal is sent to the
motherboard, the CPU then (understanding that the power supply is stable) looks
for the ROM bios.
2. The CPU looks to the ROM bios for the first instruction, and the first instruction is
to run the POST (Power-On-Self-Test).
3. The POST first checks the bios and then tests the CMOS RAM. If there is no
problems with this then POST continues to check the CPU, hardware devices such
as the Video Card, the secondary storage devices such as the Hard Drive, Floppy
Drives, Zip Drive orCD/DVD Drives.
4. If there are any errors found then an error message is displayed on screen or a
number of beeps are heard. These beeps are known as POST beep codes. The
reason the computer sometimes uses beep codes instead of displaying an error
message is because the video card has not yet been initiated or there may be an
error with the card.
5. Next the bios finds the video card and runs the video card's bios. This usually is the
first thing that modern machines display on the screen. After that the computer
looks at the other devices and runs their bios' if they have one
6. The bios then displays the system configuration.
7. During the display more tests are conducted including the test that shows your
computer testing the memory. If there are any problems found from now on they
will be displayed in a text message on the screen.
8. After that the bios searches for something that it can boot from. This can be set in
the CMOS under boot sequence. It can be set to the A: Drive (Floppy) C: (Hard
Drive, Primary Partition) D: (CD/DVD Drive) or others such as the USB drive or
network card (depending on the bios).
9. Once the target boot device has been selected the bios will search for the Master
Boot Record (MBR). If it is searching for a hard drive it looks at cylinder 0, head 0,
sector 1.
10. Once a valid volume boot sector is found the bios has done its job and hands over
control to the Operating System that completes the booting process. It will also
conduct a few hardware tests.
11. If no valid boot record is found the computer will display an error such as the
following:
Non-System Disk or disk error
Replace and press any key when ready
12. If a valid boot record is found but it cannot read the Master Boot Record then the
computer will display a message such as:
Disk boot failure, insert system disk and press enter
Power On Self Test (POST)
• The Power On Self Test happens each time you turn your computer
on. It sounds complicated and thats because it kind of is. Your
computer does so much when its turned on and this is just part of
that.
• The POST is an automated test that is controlled by the Bios. It
happens during the boot process. The first step of the POST, which
is operated by the Bios, is to verify the Bios code.
• After it has completed that, the POST then continues to check all
the computer hardware. If there are no errors the POST will
proceed very quickly. However if any errors are found, these will be
displayed via an error message, or if the video hasn't been turned
on, or if there is some error in it, then the computer will make a
number of beeps. These are known as the POST beep codes.
• The computer may make one or two beeps on startup anyway,
however these are normal. It is only when the beep continues and
your computer does not start up correctly. Then you may have
problems.
Master Boot Record (MBR)
• The Master Boot Record (MBR) is a small program that starts when the
computer is booting, in order to find the operating system (eg. Windows
XP). This complicated process (called the Boot Proces) starts with the
POST (Power On Self Test) and ends when the Bios searches for the MBR
on the Hard Drive, which is generally located in the first sector, first head,
first cylinder (cylinder 0, head 0, sector 1).
• The bios will search for the MBR in a few places such as the hard drive,
floppy drive, cd/dvd and USB and the order of what is searched can be
changed in the CMOS.
• Once the bios has found the Master Boot Record then the compter
transfers control over to the MBR, which then proceeds to load the
operating system. You can create the MBR with Windows/Dos with the
command FDISK/MBR.
• The Master Boot Record was specifically targeted by viruses early on. A
virus in your MBR was fatal to the computer and involved a lot of work for
the user to fix the MBR.
• Don't worry though, most MBR viruses infect the computer via a CD or
Floppy Disk.
IDE Cables and
Connectors
•The connector to which you will insert
an IDE cable (supplied with
motherboard) IDE cables connect
devices such as hard disks, CD Drives
and DVD Drives.
• current 4 standards of IDE devices
are ATA 33/66/100 and 133.
• the numbers specify the amount of
data in Mb/s in a max burst situation.
Serial ATA Connector(11)
• more commonly seen as S-ATA.
• to connect HDD much faster than if
connected via IDE
• S-ATA hard disks are fast becoming
the norm for hard drive technology
PCI Slots
•The Peripheral Component Interconn
ect slots, commonly known as the PCI
slots, refers to a computer bus. The
computer bus is used by the computer
to connect to peripheral add-on
devices, such as a pci video card,
network cards, sound cards, tv tuners,
firewire cards, graphics cards and
many other types of extension cards.
• PCI expansion slot was introduced by
Intel, but can be found in both PC's
and Macs.
•PCI was then succeeded by the PCI-E
or (PCI Express slot), but PCI is still
found in most computers because
many expansion devices don't need
PCI-E capabilities.
• also possible to get a PCI card that
had more PCI expansion slots on it.
•Better buy bigger case for some more
USB ports, wireless card, TV tunner
Computer Sound Card
•A computer sound card is an
additional card that is often included
in the motherboard. This computer
component is not compulsory but it is
useful to have as most programs use a
sound card.
•translates signals into sounds that can
be played back through speakers.
•motherboards have a sound card built
in
•A pc sound card is placed into the PCI
slots of a motherboard.
•The largest port is the Midi/Game
port, which is used for connecting a
joystick or gaming controller to. The
other three ports look similar and are
generally green, pink and blue.
The pink port is for a microphone which can record sound to the computer. The green port is line out and
this is where the speakers are connected to produce sound from the computer. The blue port is line in
and this is for connecting a CD-player or cassette tape to the computer.
Sound Card Manufactures:
1. Realtek
Network Card
•a network card is a piece of computer
hardware, that is designed to allow
computers to communicate over a
network.
Types of Network Cards
There are also different types of network cards.
1.wireless network cards,
2.usb network adapters,
3.typical network cards
4.and more.
Benefits of wireless network
1.Setup
2.Security
3.Cheaper
4.Speed
Types of Network Cards
There are also different types of network cards.
1.wireless network cards,
2.usb network adapters,
3.typical network cards
4.and more.
Benefits of wireless network
1.Setup
2.Security
3.Cheaper
4.Speed
Eg: Wi fi, Wi max, Bluetooth, Infra Red
AGP Graphics Slot
•‘Accelerated Graphics Port
• specific point to point video card
interface that is used to connect the
card to your computer’s processor and
memory.
• It is most commonly used for video
games
• first released in the late 1990's
Computer Video Card
• very important component in a computer
•Without this we can’t any information on
moniter.
•it transfers video signals through a cable to your
monitor
•video card can either be built into the
motherboard or be a separate card that is placed
in either the AGP or PCI-Express Slots.
•The computer graphics cards major job in a
computer is to convert graphic patterns into
signals for the monitor's screen.
•2D and 3D effects
• several ways the computer
graphics card transfers the
signal to the monitor.
1. VGA (Video Graphics Array)
port -most common way
2. DVI (Digital Video
Interactive) port
• Some graphic card allows to
connect two monitors
• S-Video (TV Out)
Measuring the Video Card
1. MB (Megabyte)
2. similar to RAM but smaller,
3. E.g., 16MB, 32MB, 64MB,
• type of memory it has
(DDR, DDR2, DDR3 or
DDR4) and by its chipset.
List of graphics card manufacturers:
1.Galaxy NVIDIA Geforce 8400 GS 512 MB DDR3
2.Galaxy NVIDIA GeForce 210 1 GB DDR3
3. Sapphire AMD/ATI Radeon HD 5450 1 GB
DDR3
4.Asus NVIDIA GeForce EN210 1 GB DDR3
5.Sapphire AMD/ATI Radeon HD 6450 1 GB
DDR3
Computer Network Cables
• When connecting computer network cards to eachother
or even to a hub/switch or router, you need network
cables.
Types of Computer Network Cables
Cat 3 - typically used for voice cabling and the slower
10Mb Ethernet. These were a popular cabling format in
the 1990s.
Cat 5 - used for the 10/100Mb Ethernet networks and
also used for voice cabling, token ring and ATM. Cat 5
cables were superceded by the superior Cat 5e cabling.
Cat 5E - an improved version of Cat5 cabling that
prevents cross-talk and is rated at a much higher
350Mhz. Cat5e cables are also used for the 10/100Mb
networks and the 1000Mb (or Gigabit Ethernet)
networks.
Cat 6 - used for the 10/100/1000Mb networks. Similar to the 
Cat5e cables but with larger gauge wires. People incorrectly 
assume that getting Cat 6 cables will automatically increase 
your network speeds to Gigabit (1000Mb) speeds. However, this 
is only possible if everything in your network (cards, switch and 
cables are all Gigabit certified). 
Cat 7 - also known as class F, this fully-shielded cable is 
relatively new and isn't used as much at the moment. Cat 7 
cables support frequencies of up to 600Mhz. Read more on Cat 
7 cables. 
Basically two types of ethernet cables
1.Straight Through Cables
2.Crossover Cables
Straight Through Cables
• both ends of the cables will be identical.
•used for connecting a PC to a hub/switch or for 
connecting a router to a switch. 
•hub/switch performs the crossover for you
Crossover Cables
• both ends of the cables will be different.
•Used connecting one PC directly with another 
PC
Computer CPU/Processors:
• brain  of the computer.
• Central Processing Unit
•placed in the cpu socket.
•it forms an electrical interface with 
the motherboard.
• have millions of transistors 
•Intel released the first CPU processor 
Specifications of processors :
• Socket Type: LGA 775
• Architecture: 32-bit, 64-bit
• Number of Cores
• Number of Threads
• Speed:3 GHz, 1.80 MHz
List of processors manufacturers:
• AMD
• Cyrix
• Intel(Pentium, i3,i5,i7)
DIMM (Double Inline
Memory Module) slots:
• Most used Memory slots.
• four standards of DIMM's 
1.DR (Single Data Rate), 
2.DDR (Double Data Rate),
3. DDR2 
4.DDR3.
•DDR RAM will only go into a 
motherboard supporting DDR.
•DDR RAM (name) 400mhz (speed of 
the RAM) 256mb (RAM size).
•sizes are, 16mb, 32mb,64mb, 128mb, 
512mb, 1Gb and 2Gb.
Computer RAM
• random access memory
• volatile data storage device.
  When the computer is turned off all 
the data stored on the computer 
memory is lost.
•  byte of data can be accessed directly 
by the computer instead of it 
searching
•It is placed at DIMM slot at 
motherboard.
RAM Measurement:
• ns (nanoseconds) which equals one billionth of a second.
• measured in MHz (megahertz) , GHz (gigahertz)in SDRAM
Types of RAM
1.Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 
2.Static RAM (SRAM)
Dynamic RAM
•more common 
•Low cost
•needs to refreshed thousands of times per second.
Static RAM 
•does not need to be refreshed
•Faster
•High cost
List of RAM manufacturers:
1. Kingston
2. Corsair
3. Transcend
Firewire header(1)
•also known as IEEE 1394
•It is basically a high performance serial bus for digital 
and audio equipment to exchange data. 
•But, it is preceded by USB.
•Much fast than USB.
USB Ports(12)
• To connect USB enabled devices such as Pendrive etc..
•  USB 1.1, slower than USB 2.0.
Specifications of Motherboard
• Form Factor:
•Arrangement of components to reduce heat.
•E.g. ATX(Advanced Technology eXtended), BTX (Balanced Technology Extended) and more.   
• Socket Type:
•Place where CPU/Processors is placed.
•E.g. LGA(land grid array), PGA (pin grid array) and more.
•Compatible Processors:
E.g. Intel Core i7, Intel Core i5
•Memory Configuration:
•32 GB DDR3 Dual Channel 
•DIMM Memory Frequency:
•E.g. 1333 MHz
•PCI Slots
•Chipset
•E.g. AMD , Intel(Best), Cyrix 
•PCIe x1 Slots, Generation:2, 2.0
•PCIe x16 Slots, Generation:1, 2.0
Chipset
• A motherboard chipset controls all the data that 
flows through the data channels (buses) of the 
motherboard. The primary function of the 
motherboard chipset is to direct this data to the 
correct area's of the motherboard, and therefore the 
correct components.
•Different chipsets contain different features and 
components.
Categories of Chipset
1.North Bridge (with heatsink)(4)
2.South Bridge(10)
North Bridge (with heatsink)
•  number of integrated circuits to provide specific 
functions.
• Such as modem. 
South Bridge
•  It handles things like the PCI bus, onboard 
Network and sound chips as well as the IDE and S-
ATA buses.
List of Motherboard manufacturers:
1.Intel
2.Asus
3.Gigabyte
4.MSI
5.Sapphire
6.ASRock
Computer Hard Drive
• where computer data is stored
• Secondary memory
•when the computer is turned off the 
information will still be there.
•uses circular platters to store data.
•The head of this arm reads data even 
when the disk is running at 7200rpms 
(a common hard drive speed).
•now do up to 15,000rpms available
Hard Drive Connectors
1.IDE Ribbon Cable
2. SCSI Cable
3.SATA Cable
•Hard drive capacities vary between 1Gb (or less) to 2Tb (maybe even bigger).
Hard Drive Manufacturers
• Western Digital
• Seagate
• Samsung
• Iomega
• Hitachi
CD RW Drives
• CD RW drives and other drives such 
as CD ROMs, DVD ROMs and DVD RWs 
have become a crucial component of a 
computer.
•CD drives are outdated replaced by 
DVD RW Drives
• CD ROM - Compact Disc  
 Read Only Memory
CD Drive Cables
1.IDE Ribbon Cable
2.SATA (Serial ATA) Cable
•SATA cables is that they are smaller and the 
transfer rate is higher.
•      CD drive there is usually some numbers 
with a x symbol after it. This stands for times, 
for example common speeds are 4x, 8x, 16x, 
18x, 24x, 32x, 40x and 52x. CD RW drives 
have speeds like 24x-10x-40x or 52x-32x-52x.
Choosing a CD Drive
• having a DVD drive and a DVD Burner 
•SATA (serial ata) DVD drive
CD Drive Manufacturers
1.LG(Best)
2.ASUS
DESKTOP COMPUTER CASES:
•Home to all the computer 
components
•Include HDD, CD drive, 
floppy drive and PSU.
•Computer 
chassis/Cabinet/Box/Towe
r/ Enclosure/Housing/Base 
unit/Case.
•Keep space for cooling 
include cooler.
Choosing a Computer Case
• 1. What's your budget
• 2. What's your needs
• Number of HDD spaces, USB ports,CD drives
• two fans at least
• 3. Computer Case Style
• black or white case, a fancy or plain case
• four types of computer case form factors
• Based on motherboards form factor. ATX (most commonly used today), BTX, LPX,
NLX, backplane systems, and the outdated AT form factor.
Full Tower
Full-tower cases are
generally big with a height
that is about or more than
30 inches (more than 76
cm). The number of
internal drive bays inside
these cases can be
between 6 and 10.
Mid Tower
Another case that might be a step
down, would be classified as a mid
tower case. Mid-tower cases are the
most widely used computer cases. Mid
Tower cases are about 18 to 24 (45 to
60 cm) inches high and they usually
contain 2 to 4 internal drive bays and a
similar number of external bays (for
CD/DVD readers and similar).
Mini Tower
Mini-tower usually have up to 2 or
sometimes 3 internal drive bays. Mini-
cases normally stand at a height of 12
to 18 inches (30 to 45 cm).
Expandability is a problem with these
cases.
Slim Line Case
Slim line cases are simply tower cases
turned on their sideways. They can
hold a monitor on top of the case.
Small Form Factor (SFF)
Case
Small form factor or SFF cases are
custom cases that are designed to
minimize the spatial volume of a
desktop computer. SFFs are available
in a variety of sizes and shapes,
including shoe boxes, cubes, and book-
sized PCs.
Thermaltake Soprano
Specifications:
Form Factor: ATX Mid-Tower
Compatible Motherboards: ATX
Bezel Type: Swing Out
Side Panel Type: Clear, Vented
Material: Steel
External 5.25" Drive Bays: 4
External 3.5" Drive Bays: 2
Internal 3.5" Drive Bays: 5
Expansion Slots: 7
Front USB Ports: 2
Front Audio Ports: 2
120mm Fan Ports: 2
120mm Fans Included: 1
Depth: 19.75"
Width: 8"
Height: 17.5"
List of computer case manufacturers:
• Antec
• Coolermaster
• Thermaltake
• Silverstone
• Lian Li
• Aerocool
Computer Monitor
• viewing display of a computer.
•types of monitors
1.CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
2.LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
•connects to the computer's video
card
•RAM/HDD  Info  Processor 
Video Card  Monitor
•does not store information
• computer can run without a monitor
•CRT monitor connected by VGA(Video
Graphics Array) port.
•LCD monitor connected either
through the S-VGA port or the DVI
(Digital Video Interface) Port.
• A pc monitor is measured in inches.
Specifications of Monitor
GENERAL
Display
Resolution
HD
DISPLAY FEATURES
Number of Colors
Pixel Pitch
List of Monitor Manufactures:
1.LG
2.Samsung(Best)
3.Wipro
4.Dell
Best Keyboard/Mouse
Manufactures
1. Microsoft
2. Logitech (At Budget)
Types:
1. PS/2 Keyboard/ Mouse
2. USB Keyboard/ Mouse
Best Speaker
Manufactures
• Bowers & Wilkins MM-1
• Audyssey
• Logitech
• Bose
• harman/kardon SoundSticks III
•Klipsch ProMedia 2.1
• Orb Audio Mini-T Amp and Speakers
• Creative Inspire S2
• Edifier PrismaBT
• UCube by UltraLink
•JBL
• 5.1  5 Satellites, 1 Subwoofer
•5.0  5 Satellites, 0 Subwoofer
Web Cams
Specifications
GENERAL
•Connectivity such as USB 2.0
•Built In Microphone
VIDEO AND IMAGE
•Still Image Sensor Resolution:
1.3 megapixelIs
•HD
•Sensor Type: VGA
•Video Capture Resolution:640 x 480
•Digital Zoom:4 X
•Has Night Vision: 4 LED
Best Web Cam Manufactures
•Logitech
Printers
Based on function:
1.Single function: Only print
2.Multi function: Print, Scan,
Copier(XEROX), FAX
Based on type:
1.Inkjet printers
• use liquid ink sprayed through
microscopic nozzles onto the
paper
• Less paper minute
• Low cost(i.e. Multifunction)
• Less Quality
2. Laser printers
• use a toner cartridge (filled
with fine powder) and a heated
fuser.
• More paper minute
• High cost(i.e. Multi function)
• More Quality
Best Printers Manufactures:
•HP
•Samsung

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