1. ANIMAL
CLASSIFICATION

2. Animals
 are multicellular organisms that feed
on other organisms
 have a nervous system
 usually move around
 can be divided into:
1) INVERTEBRATES (have no backbone)
2) VERTEBRATES (have a backbone)

3. The invertebrate phyla:
1. Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
2. Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
3. Nematodes (Roundworms)
4. Annelids (Segmented worms)
5. Molluscs
6. Arthropods

4. 1) CNIDARIA or (COELENTERATA)
 simple sac-like body with a single opening
surrounded by tentacles armed with stinging
cells
mouth/anus tentacle

5. CNIDARIA or (COELENTERATA)
sea coral
anemone jelly fish
hydra

6. 2) FLATWORMS (PLATYHELMINTHES)
 body is elongated and flat
Tapeworm inside Tapeworm head with
intestines. hooks & suckers.

7. 3) NEMATODES (ROUNDWORMS)
 have a long thread-like body,
round in cross-section
 some live in the soil, but many Nematode in soil.
are plant or animal parasites
Nematodes damage
Nematodes inside a root.
potatoes.

8.  e.g. Ascaris & pin worms
(live in human gut)
Ascaris: 25-40 cm long.
Ascaris block intestines.
Pin worms

9. 4) ANNELIDS (segmented worms)
 long body divided by rings into a series of
segments
 have a digestive tract with a mouth and anus
earthworm
leech
ragworm

10.  move by bristles
ragworm

11. 5) MOLLUSCS
 body soft and
unsegmented, usually covered
by a shell
 most have:
 an external (e.g. snail, mussels)
or
 internal shell (squid)
 live in aquatic or moist environment

12. slug
snail
octopus
clam
squid
cuttlefish

13. 6) ARTHROPODS
 segmented animals with a hard exoskeleton
that is shed and replaced by a new one
when animal needs to grow
 moulting is the shedding of the exoskeleton

14. A new dragonfly emerged from
exoskeleton

15. By grabbing onto its exoskeleton, it pulls the
rest of its abdomen out

16. A new dragonfly. Totally free from its
exoskeleton

17. It begins to expand its wings,
abdomen and eyes

18. New mature dragonfly

19. ARTHROPODS
 have jointed
limbs (legs)
flea

20. ARTHROPODS
 four classes:-
1. Crustaceans
2. Arachnids
3. Insects
4. Myriapods

21. a) Crustaceans
 4 antennae
 2 compound eyes
 many pairs of legs
crab
lobster
shrimp

22. b) Arachnids
 no antennae
 no compound eyes
 2 body parts
 8 limbs
Six simple eyes
 e.g. spiders
harvestman
scorpion

23. c) Insects
 2 antennae
 2 compound eyes
 3 body parts
 6 legs
 e.g. butterfly, moth, flea
Vision through a
compound eye.

24. d) Myriapods
 2 antennae
 many legs
millipede
centipede

25. Characteristics of insects
1. Body consists of three parts – head, thorax
and abdomen.
2. Six limbs are attached to the thorax.

26. 3. One pair of antennae.
4. One pair of compound eyes.
5. Typically two pairs of wings.
6. Abdomen has nothing attached to it.

27. 7. Spiracles on the thorax and abdomen.

28. 7. Spiracles on the thorax and abdomen.
Spiracle leads to the
spiracle
tracheal system.

29. Functions of the exoskeleton
1. It is hard and so protects the insect from
damage attack of microbes.

30. Functions of the exoskeleton
2. It is covered by a waxy
layer and so makes the
insect waterproof. Thus
insects can live in dry
places.
3. It provides a place where muscles can be
attached.

31. Development of insects
 Metamorphosis:
 is when an animal changes
its form
 TWO types of
metamorphosis in insects:
Complete metamorphosis : 4 stages
Incomplete metamorphosis : 3 stages

32. Complete metamorphosis is when :
 an insect undergoes a complete change
 FOUR stages in life cycle: larva
larva pupa
 e.g. housefly
mosquito
egg adult
butterfly

33. The larva & adult feed on different types of
food. How is this an advantage to the insect?
Adult feeds on nectar.
Larva eats grass.
Avoid intraspecific competition.
Occupy different niches.

34. Incomplete metamorphosis is when:
 the insect develops gradually
 THREE stages in life cycle:
 e.g. grasshopper
beetles adult
egg
ladybirds
nymphs
Instars:
stages between moults

35. A nymph looks exactly like an adult but
has no wings
nymphs
adult

36. Why do you think that nymphs &
adults compete with each other?
Feed on the same
type of food and
occupy the same
niche.
Grasshopper nymphs.
Both have biting mouthparts.

37. Ecdysis or Moulting
 is the removal of the exoskeleton from time
to time
 happens to let the insect to grow
 happens in the:
 larva
 nymph stage
BUT not in the adult

38. The Vertebrates have:
 a vertebral column extending to form a tail
 an internal skeleton, usually
made of bone
 five classes:
1. Fish
2. Amphibians A shift from
3. Reptiles an aquatic to
4. Birds a terrestrial
5. Mammals habitat.

39. FISH
 e.g. trout, carp, salmon

40. FISH
 breathe by gills
 move by fins & tail
Gills
Streamlined body – to
reduce friction.

41. Scales cover
 body is covered by scales body.
 skeleton is made of:
 bone or
 cartilage [e.g. ray]
ray

42. Learn to draw: A FISH

43. AMPHIBIANS
toad
frog
newt salamander

44. AMPHIBIANS
 semi-terrestrial, eggs are laid in water
 have a damp skin through which they can
breathe
 lungs are small and
inefficient

45. Question: MAY, 2011
Give a biological explanation for each of the
following statements.
Frogs have a moist skin. (5)

46. REPTILES
 terrestrial ( live on land)
 eggs:
 laid on land
 are protected by a soft shell
 have a dry, waterproof, scaly
skin
 e.g. lizard, crocodile, turtle, snake

47. BIRDS
 feathers cover the body
 eggs have a hard shell
 have wings to fly
 a toothless beak to feed

48. BIRDS
Sparrow

49. Question: SEP, 2004
Give biological explanations for each of the
statements:
Birds have hollow bones. (2)
To be light and so can fly.

50. Question: MAY, 2009
Give the biological explanation of each of the
following statements.
Birds are well adapted to move through the air.
(5)

51. Question: MAY, 2009
1. Have wings to fly.
2. Skeleton is lightweight due to hollow
bones.
3. Have a beak instead of teeth to be
lightweight.
4. Feathers cover the streamlined body to
reduce air resistance.
5. Tail helps to steer and brake.

52. Question: SEP, 2012
Hawks are bird species commonly
found in desert biomes. Explain why
some of the largest feathers are
attached to the wing. (2)
Large feathers are needed to
provide a large surface area to
flap the wings to provide lift.

53. MAMMALS
 have hair
 young ones:
 usually develop inside the mother

54.  are fed on milk
produced by the
mammary glands

55. MAMMALS have:
 sweat glands
 whiskers
 an outer ear
 a diaphragm

56. Three subgroups of mammals:-
1. Egg-laying mammals
platypus
spiny ant-eater

57. 2. Pouch mammals
(marsupials)
Young kangaroo
suckling milk.

58. 3. Placental mammals
e.g. humans, monkey

59. The vertebrate classes can be:-
1. POIKILOTHERMIC (cold-blooded)
- cannot regulate their body temperature
- fish, reptiles & amphibians
2. HOMEOTHERMIC (warm-blooded)
- can regulate their body temperature
- birds & mammals
[NEVER USE cold and warm blooded in your
answers].

60. Which animal is the homeotherm?
Mouse

61. Fish, reptiles & amphibians are:
 get heat from their surroundings
Convection
Radiation
Conduction

62. Birds & mammals are:
 get heat from inside their body by:
 respiration
 muscle contraction

63. Question: MAY, 2010
Which property of birds
allows them to incubate
eggs? (2)
Have feathers that
makes them keep a
constant body
temperature.
They are
homeothermic.

64. Advantages of being endotherms:
animal is active all the time and all year
round:
 so can escape predators
 search for food more efficiently
immune
system works
well

65. Question: SEP, 2006
Give ONE structural difference to distinguish
between:
a) an insect and an arachnid (1)
Insect: 3 body parts/ 6 legs/ compound eyes
Arachnid: 2 body parts/ 8 legs / no compound eyes
b) a fish and a reptile (1)
Fish: moves by fins / has gills to breathe
Reptile: moves by legs / lungs to breathe

66. Question: SEP, 2007
Give THREE characteristics of EACH of the
following groups of organisms:
a) annelids; (3)
 long body divided by rings into a series of
segments
 have a digestive tract with a mouth and
anus
 move by bristles

67. Question: SEP, 2007
Give THREE characteristics of EACH of the
following groups of organisms:
b) arthropods. (3)
 segmented animals
 body is covered by an exoskeleton which is
shed by moulting
 have jointed limbs

68. THE END