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SRI-Rice, Dept. of Global Development, CALS, Cornell University
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SWI manual in Hindi - Bihar, India, by the NGO Pradan
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SWI manual in Hindi - Bihar, India
1.
2.
izLrkouk
2008 & 09 esa fo’o cSd ,oa fcgkj ljdkj }kjk laiksf"kr thfodk ifj;kstuk] iVuk ,oa vkRek ifj;kstuk] ukyUnk vUrxZr iznku ds ek/;e ls jch esa Jh fof/k xsg¡w ijh{k.k dh ;kstuk cukbZ A x;k ,oa ukyank ftyksa ds fofHkUu iz[k.Mks esa Jh fof/k /kku ds mit ls mRlkfgr fdlkuksa us Jh fof/k xsg¡w dks vius [ksrksa esa viuk;k A bl izf’k{k.k iqfLrdk esa bUgha fdlkuksa dss vuqHkoksa dk laf{kIr ladyu gS A Jh fof/k fo’ks"k dj NksVs ,oa xjhc fdlkuksa ds fy, fy, T;knk mi;qDr gS D;ksafd os cgqr de tehu esa
3.
Jh fof/k ls
xsgw¡ dh [ksrh D;k gS ;g xsgw¡ dh [ksrh djus dk ,d rjhdk gS ftlesa /kku dh Jh fof/k ds fl)karksas dk ikyu dj ds vf/kd mit izkIr fd;k tkrk gS tSls % • de cht nj % flQZ 10 fdyksxzke izfr ,dM++ • Ckht mipkj ,oa la’kks/ku • IkkS/kksa ds chp vf/kd nqjh ¼8 baZp drkj ls drkj ,oa 8 baZp ikS/kk ls ikS/kk½ • 2 ls 3 ckj [kjirokj dh fudklh ,oa ohMj ls dksM+kbZ Qly dh ns[kHkky lkekU; xsgw¡ dh Qly dh gh rjg dh tkrh gS A bl rjg xsg¡w dh Qly dh vPNh rjg ns[kHkky djds x;k ,oa ukyank ftys ds fdlkuksa us vkSlr 14 fDoaVy izfr ,dM+ mit ik;h gS tks mudh igys dh mit ls yxHkx nqxquh gS A fiNys lky yxHkx 280 fdlkuksa us bl fof/k dks x;k ,oa ukyank ftys esa viuk;k gS A
4.
Ckht ,oa cht
dk mipkj Ckht dk pquko % bl fof/k ds fy, fdlh [kkl cht dh t#jr ugha gS ] vkids bykds ds fy, tks mUur cht vuq’kaflr gS mlh dk iz;ksx djsa A vxj viuk cht iqjkuk gS rks u;k cht [kjhn ysa A Ckht dh ek=k % 10 fdyks izfr ,dM+ Ckht dk mipkj % 10 fdyks xsgw¡ ds cht ds mipkj ds fy, fuEufyf[kr lkeku dh t#jr gksxh 10 fdyks mUUkr fdLe ds xsgw¡ dk cht xeZ¼lqlqe ;k xquxquk½ ikuh 20 yhVj dsapqok [kkn ¼oehZdEiksLV½ 5 fdyks xqM+ 4 fdyks xkSeq= 4 yhVj xkSew= ,d vljnkj izd`frd [kkn gS ftlls osfHkLVhu ¼dkcsZUMkfte½ QQwanhuk’kd 20 xzke vadqfjr gksrs chtksa dks rqjar iks"k.k feyrk gS cht mipkj djds cht }kjk vkus okys jksxksa ls Qly dks cpk;k tk ldrk gS
5.
cht dk mipkj
dh fof/k 10 fdyks cht esa ls feêh] dadM+ ,oa [kjkc chtksa dks NkaV ysaA 20 yhVj ikuh ,d cZÙku esa xeZ djsa ¼60 fMxzh ls- ;kfu lqlqe gksus rd½ NkaVs gq, chtksa dks bl xeZ ikuh esa Mky nsa A Ikkuh ds mij rSj jgs chtksa dks Nkudj gVk nsa A vc bl ikuh esa 5 fdyks dsapqok [kkn] 4 fdyks xqM+ ,oa 4 yhVj xkSeq= feykdj 8 ?kaVs ds fy, NksM+ nsa A 8 ?kaVs ds ckn bl feJ.k dks ,d diM+s ls Nku ysa ftlls cht ,oa vU; feJ.k ?kksy ls vyx gks tk,] ?kksy ds ikuh dks Qsad nsaA Ckht ,oa vU; feJ.k esa osfHkLVhu ¼dkcZUMkfte½ QQwanhuk’kd 20 xzke feykdj 12 ?kaVs ds fy, vadqfjr gksus ds fy, xhyk cksjs esa cka/kdj NksM+ nsa blh vadqfjr cht dks cksus ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tk,xkA bl rjg cht mipkj cht dh c<+us dh ’kfDr dks c<+krk gS vkSj os rsth ls c<+rs gSa bls izkbfeax (priming) Hkh dgrs gSa A
6.
[ksr dh rS;kjh [ksr
dh rS;kjh lkekU; xsgw¡ dh [ksrh dh rjg gh djrs gSaA xkscj [kkn 20 fDoaVy ;k dsapqok [kkn 4 fDoaVy izfr ,dM+ esa iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A dEiksLV [kkn dh mfpr ek=k ds fcuk flQZ jklk;fud [kkn dk iz;ksx djrs jgus ls [ksr dh mit {kerk ?kVrh tkrh gS A vxj [ksr esa Ik;kZIr ueh ugh gS rks cqokb ds igys ,d ckj iysok djuk pkfg, A vafre tqrkbZ ds igys 27 fdyks Mh , ih vkSj 13-5 fdyks iksVk’k [kkn izfr ,dM+ [ksr esa NhaVdj vPNh rjg gy ls feêh esa feyk nsa
7.
Jh fof/k ls
xsgw¡ dh cqvkbZ cqvkbZ ds le; [ksr esa vadqj.k ds fy, Ik;kZIr ueh gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd vadqfjr cht yxk, tk jgs gSa ] vxj Ik;kZIr ueh ugh gksxh rks vadqj lw[k tk;saxsaA Ckhtksa dks drkj esa 8 bZap dh nqjh esa yxk;k tkrk gSA blds fy, ,d irys dqnkyh ls 8 bZap dh nwjh ij 1 ls 1-5 bZap xgjh ukyh cukrs gSa vkSj blesa 8 b±p dh nwjh ij 2 cht Mkyrs gSa vkSj mlds ckn feêh ls <d nsrs gSaA ,d lIrkg ds ckn ftl txg cht ugha vadqjrs gSa ogk¡ u;k cht yxk nsrs gSaA
8.
[ksrksa dh ns[kHkky cqvkbZ
ds 15 fnuksa ds ckn ,d flapkbZ nsuk t#jh gS D;ksafd blds ckn ls ikS/kksa esa ubZ tM+sa vkuh ’kq# gksrh gS A vxj tehu esa ueh u gks rks ikS/kk ubZ tM+sa ugh cuk,xk vkSj c<+okj #d tk,xhA flapkbZ ds ckn 40 fdyks ;qfj;k ,oa 4 fDoaVy oehZdEiksLV dks feykdj NhaV nsa A flapkbZ ds 2 & 3 fnu ckn irys dqnky ;k ohMj ls feêh dks <hyk djsa [kkFk gh [kj irokj Hkh fudky nsaA ;g djuk vfr vko’;d gSa ugh rks flapkbZ vkSj [kkn nsus ds ckn [ksr esa [kj irokj Hkj tk;saxsaA bl rjg dksM+kbZ djus ls xsgw¡ ds ikS/ks dh tM+ks dks yack gksus esa enn feyrh gS vkSj os feêh ls T;knk iks"k.k ,oa ueh izkIr djrs gSA
9.
[ksr dh ns[kHkky
cqvkbZ ds 25 fnu ds ckn cqvkbZ ds 25 fnuksa ds ckn nwljh flapkbZ nsuk pkfg,] D;ksafd blds ckn ls ikS/kksa esa u, dYys rsth ls vkus ’kq# gksrs gS vkSj u, dYys cukus ds fy, ikS/kksa dks vf/kd ueh ,oa iks"k.k dh t#jr gksxhA flapkbZ ds 2&3 fnu ckn irys dqnky ;k ohMj ls feêh dks <hyk djsa lkFk gh [kj irokj Hkh fudky nsa A ;g djuk vfrvko’;d gSa ugh rks flapkbZ nsus ds ckn [ksr esa [kj irokj Hkj tk;saxsaA lkekU; fof/k ls mxk;k x;k 25 fnu dk xsagw dk ikS/kk
10.
[ksr dh ns[kHkky
cqvkbZ ds 40 fnu cqvkbZ ds 35 ls 40 fnuksa ds ckn flapkbZ ds ckn rhljh nsuk pkfg,] blds ckn ls ikS/ks rsth ls cM+s gksrs gS lkFk gh u, dYys Hkh vkrs jgrs gSa A blds fy, ikS/kksa dks vf/kd ueh ,oa iks"k.k dh t#jr gksxh A blfy, flapkbZ ds rqjar ckn 15 fdyks ;qfj;k ,oa 13 fdyks iksVk’k [kkn izfr ,dM+ tehu ds fglkc ls fNM+dko djsa A flapkbZ ds 2 & 3 fnu ckn irys dqnky ;k ohMj ls feêh dks <hyk djsa [kkFk gh [kj irokj Hkh fudky nsa A blls feêh <hyh gksxh] tM+ksa dks gok feysxh vkSj ikS/ks rsth ls c<+saxsa A lkekU; fof/k ls mxk;k x;k 40 fnu dk xsgw dk ikS/kk a
11.
Jh fof/k ls
mxk;k x;k Xksg¡w dh Qly esa vxyh xsgw¡ flapkbZ 60] 80 ,oa 100 fnuksa ds varj ij dh tkrh gS A ;g le; feêh ds izdkj ,oa ekSle ij fuHkZj djrk gS A lkekU; fof/k ls mxk;k /;ku nsus dh ckr ;g x;k xsgw¡ gS fd Qwy vkus ds le; ,oa nkuk esa nw/k Hkjus ds le; ikuh dh deh ugha gksuh pkfg, ugha rks mit esa dkQh deh gksrh gS A Qwy vkuk ,oa nkuk esa nw/k Hkjus dk le; ,d egzRoiw.Zk voLFkk gS bl le; ikuh dh deh fcYdqy ugha gksuh pkfg, A
12.
Jh fof/k ls
xsgq¡ dh mit 2009&10 esa x;k ,oa ukyank ftys ds 15808 fdlkuksa us Jh fof/k ls xsagw dh [ksrh dh bu fdlkuksa dh vkSlr mit 18-21 fDoaVy izfr ,dM+ gqbZ] tcfd ikjaifjd fof?k ls bUgh fdlkuksa dks 8 fDoaVy izfr ,dM+ dh vkSlr mit izkIr gqbZA Jh fof/k ls izkIr vf/kdre mit 41 fDoaVy izfr ,dM+ gqbZ tcfd ijaijkxr fof/k ls vf/kdre mit 11 fDoaVy izfr ,dM+ Fkh A ;s vkadM+s lcwr gSa fd Jh fof/k xsgw¡ dh [ksrh ds fy, Hkh ,d mUur i)fr gSA
13.
Ikzekf.kr fd;k tkrk
gS fd Jherh ekyrh nsoh ifr Jh f’ko ckyd fcUn xk¡o djheiqj] iz[kaM] jktxhj ftyk ukyUnk us vius [ksr esa thfodk ifj;kstuk]iVuk ,oa vkRek] ukyank varxZr iznku] x;k dh ns[kjs[k esa Jh fof/k ls jch 2008 esa PBW 343 fdLe dh xsg¡q dh [ksrh djds 7-96 Vu izfr gsDVs;j dh mit izkIr dh A Jh nsoukFk izlkn MkW0 ,e- lh- fnokdj duh; IkkS/kk laj{k.k inkf/kdkjh funs’kd] pkoy fodkl funs’kky; Ukkyank d`f"k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj iVuk
14.
Ikzekf.kr fd;k tkrk
gS fd Jherh nq[kuh nsoh ifr Jh fcgkjh ikloku xk¡o ’ks[kokjk] iz[kaM cks/kx;k] ftyk x;k us vius [ksr esa ftfodk ifj;kstuk]iVuk varxZr iznku] x;k dh ns[kjs[k esa Jh fof/k ls jch 2008 esa PBW 343 fdLe dh xsagq dh [ksrh djds 5-43 Vu izfr gsDVs;j dh mit izkIr dh A ykyth izlkn pkS/kjh ifj;kstuk funs’kd] vkRek] x;k
15.
Ikzekf.kr fd;k tkrk
gS fd Jherh ekyk nsoh ifr Jh t;jke ikloku xkao ’ks[kokjk] iz[kaM cks/kx;k] ftyk x;k us vius [ksr esa ftfodk ifj;kstuk]iVuk varxZr iznku] x;k dh ns[kjs[k esa Jh fof/k ls jch 2008 esa PBW 343 fdLe dh xsagq dh [ksrh djds 6-92 Vu izfr gsDVs;j dh mit izkIr dh A MkW0 vkj0 ih- ’kekZ Jh lquhy dqekj fo"k; oLrq fo’ks"kK funs’kd] d`f"k foKku dsUnz ftyk xzkeh.k fodkl vfHkdj.k ekuiqj] x;k x;k
16.
Jh fof/k ls
[ksrh djus ij vf/kd mit D;kas gksrh gS Økmu tM+sa Lksfeuy tM+sa bls le>us ds fy, gesa igys xsgw¡ ds ikS/ks dh tM+ks dks tkuuk gksxk • vadqj.k ds ckn xsg¡w ds ikS/ks esa lsfeuy tM+sa fudyrh gSa tks ikuh ,oa Hkkstu dh ryk’k esa feêh esa uhps dh vksj rsth ls c<+rh gSa] vxj feêh l[r gS rks os T;knk uhps rd ugha tk ikrh gSa • 20 fnu ds ckn feêh dh lrg ds Bhd uhps Økmu tM+sa fudyrh gSa tks ikuh ,oa Hkkstu dh ryk’k esa pkjksa rjQ QSyrh gSa A vxj feêh l[r gS rks os T;knk QSsy ugha ldrh gSa vkSj uUgs ikS/ks dks Ik;kZIr Hkkstu ,oa ikuh ugha feyrk gS A tM+ks ij Lk[r feêh ds izHkko dks cksalkbZ IkzHkko (Bonsai Effect*) dgrs gSa A • dHkh dHkh feêh ds uhps fifFk;e QQan w (Pithium)ds vkdze.k ls Hkh tM+sa [kjkc gks tkrh gSa * http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/lockers/Gruver_J/PDF%20files/soil%20conditions%20and%20plant%20growth.pdf *Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 14(6) 643 - 656 Full text doi:10.1071/PP9870643 © CSIRO 1987
17.
Ikjaijkxr fof/k
Jh fof/k Jh fof/k esa feêh dks ckj&ckj <hyk djus ls tM+sa T;knk c<+rh gSa vkSj ikS/ks dks ’kq# ls gh Ik;kZIr iks"k.k ,oa ueh izkIr gksrh gS lkFk gh [kjirokj Hkh de gks tkrs gSa cht mipkj ds dkj.k TkM+ esa yxus okys jksx dh jksdFkke gks tkrh gSA xkSeq= uotkr ikS/ks ds fy, izkd`frd [kkn dk dke djrk gSA 8 bZap dh nwjh ij cksus ls izR;sd ikS/ks ds fy, Ik;kZIr txg feyrh gS ftlls muesa vkil esa iks"k.k]ueh ,oa izdk’k ds fy, izfr;ksfxrk ugha gksrh gS A
18.
Jh fof/k ls
[ksrh djus ij fdruk [kpZ vkrk gS ,d ,dM+ tehu esa Jh fof/k ,oa ijaijkxr fof/k ds [kpZ dh rqyuk bl rjg gS % fooj.k Ekk=k nj [kpZ ¼#½ Ikjaijkxr fof/k Jh fof/k Ikjaijkxr fof/k Jh fof/k Ckht 50 fdyks 10 fdyks # 15@fdyks 750 150 Ckht mipkj 0 165 Mh , ih 27 fdyks 27 fdyks # 12@fdyks 324 324 iksVk’k 27 fdyks 27 fdyks # 6@fdyks 162 162 ;qfj;k 55 fdyks 55 fdyks # 6@fdyks 330 330 oehZdEiksLV 400 fdyks # 4@fdyks 0 1600 cqvkbZ 1 etnqj 1 etnqj ,oa :100@etnqj 50 200 elhu flapkbZ 5 flapkbZ 5 flapkbZ # 200@flapkbZ 1000 1000 dksMkbZ + 0 etnwj fnol 2 etnwj fnol # 120@etnwj fnol 0 340 ,oa elhu dqy uxn [kpZ 2616 4271 dqy mit ¼fDoaVy½ 8 18-21 dqy vkenuh [kpZ dkVdj ¼#½ 6984 17581 • bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd ikjaifjd fof/k ls xsg¡w mitkus dk [kpZ 327 #i;s izfr fDoaVy gS tcfd Jh fof/k dk [kpZ
19.
Jh fof/k ikyu
djus ds fy, vko’;d ckrsa Jh fof/k fo’ks"k dj NksVs ,oa xjhc fdlkuksa ds fy, fy, T;knk mi;qDr gS D;ksafd os cgqr de tehu esa [ksrh djrs gSa vkSj mUgs T;knk vukt dh t#jr gksrh gS A Jh fof/k viukdj os vius ifjokj dh t#jr iqjh djus ds lkFk dqN cspdj vkenuh Hkh dj ldrs gSa A vius [ksrksa esa os [kqn Je djds [kpZ Hkh cpk ldrs gSa A
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