5. NULL HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis of ‘no difference’ is called null
hypothesis.
It is a statement of no change /difference/ It is a statement of no change /difference/
relationship.
It is denoted by H0.
6. ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis of ‘significant difference’ is
called alternative hypothesis.
It is a statement of significant change It is a statement of significant change
/difference/ relationship.
If this is accepted, the sample is not from the
population.
It is denoted by H1.
7. STEPS IN TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
Setting up of a hypothesis
Setting up of a suitable significance level
Determination of a test statistic Determination of a test statistic
Determination of critical region
Computing the value of test statistic
Making decision
9. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
The probability to which null hypothesis is
rejected when it is true. It is generally of 2
types:types:
1% level of significance
5% level of significance
10. TEST STATISTIC
Chi-square test – non-parametric test
(qualitative characters)
F-test or ANOVA - multiple factors
Z-test- large samples
t-test- small samples
11. CRITICALREGION
At a given level of significance α, the optimal critical region
for a two-tailed test consists of that α/2 per cent are in the
right hand tail of the distribution plus that α/2 per cent area in
the left hand tail of the distribution where that null hypothesisthe left hand tail of the distribution where that null hypothesis
is rejected.
12. VALUE OF TEST STATISTIC
If calculated value is less than the tabulated value
with n-1 degree of freedom at chosen level of
significance, null hypothesis is accepted. This means
that there is no significant difference between sample
mean and population mean.
If calculated value is more than the tabulated value
with n-1 degree of freedom at chosen level of
significance, null hypothesis is rejected. This means
that there is significant difference between sample
mean and population mean.
13.
14. TAKING THE DECISION
The hypothesis may be accepted or rejected depending upon
whether the value of the test statistic falls in the rejection or
acceptance region.
If the hypothesis is being tested at 5 per cent level of
significance, it would be rejected if the observed results have
a probability less than 5%.a probability less than 5%.
In such a case, the difference between the sample statistic and
the hypothesized population parameter is considered to be
significant.
On the other hand, if the hypothesis is accepted, the difference
between the sample statistic and the hypothesized population
parameter is not regarded as significant and can be attributed
to chance.
15.
16. REFERENCES
Research Methodology- Dr. Kirti Gupta
Research Methodology Methods and Techniques- C R
Kothari and Gaurav Garg
Research Methodology- Dr. Prasant Sarangi
Research Methodology Concepts and Cases- Deepak Chawla
and Neena Sondhi
Statistics in Psychology and Education- S.K. Mangal