FYBSc-Microbiology SIWS College Mumbai University

1. HISTORY, INTRODUCTION & SCOPE
OF MICROBIOLOGY
DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISM

2. USMB-101
FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY
Unit I
1.1History, Introduction & Scope of Microbiology
a. Discovery of Microorganisms
b. Conflict over spontaneous generation
c. Golden age of Microbiology-Koch Postulates,
Medical Microbiology, Immunology
d. Development of Industrial Microbiology and
Microbial Ecology
e. Scope and Relevance of Microbiology

3. f. Future of Microbiology
1.2 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Functions
a. Cell wall
b. Cell membrane
c. Components external to cell wall-capsule,
slime layer, S layer, flagella, pili, fimbriae
d. Cytoplasmic matrix- inclusion bodies,
magnetosome, ribosome, gas vesicle
e. Nucleoid, plasmid
f. Bacterial endospores and their function

10. FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
ANTONIE
VAN
LEEUWENHOEK

11. FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY
• DUTCH MERCHANT
• GREAT DICOVERIES
• EDUCATED BUT NOT GONE TO ANY UNIVERSITY
• LANGUAGE BARRIER
• 50 YEARS OF WORK

12. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE

17. THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON
• An organization preserving and publishing
scientific work
• Leeuwenhoek observations were shown to the
members
• He wrote all his observations in Dutch
• Translated in to English published in The
Proceedings

18. MATERIALS OBSERVED
• Seeds
• Embryos
• Teeth material
• RBCs
• Blood circulation
• Higher plants, animals and so on………..
Animalcules

19. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek’s
Observation

21. REFERENCES FOR UNIT I
General Microbiology by Stanier. Ingraham et al , 5th
edition

23. CONFLICT OVER SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION
• Greek belief- living things originated
from inanimate objects
• Aristotle(384-322BC)- Spontaneous
generation of animals from soil, plants
• Virgil(70-19BC)- propagation of bees
• Maggots from meat when exposed to
air

24. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)-
believer of biogenesis
Maggots from MEAT in presence
of air ???????

26. Francesco Redi

30. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS
John Needham- abiogenesis
air essential
60-70 years gap

33. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS
• FRANZ SCHULZE EXPERIMENT-used
strong acids and strong alkali to treat
air
• THEODOR SCHWAAN- used cotton
filter and passed air through it

34. FRANZ SCHULZE EXPERIMENT

35. THEODOR SCHWAAN

36. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS
Louis Pasteur

37. Louis Pasteur
Professor of Chemistry
University of Lille, France
Made a special flask- Goose necked flask
or Swan necked flask

38. Louis Pasteur’s Experiment

41. TYNDALL’S EXPERIMENT-1820-1893
DUST CARRIES GERMS(MICROORGANISMS)

42. Other Contribution of Pasteur
Wine/ Beer industry
Problems-bad wine- ropy, bitter etc.
Loss of money
Pasteur studied- methods and
processes of wine production
Objective- to produce good product

44. Pasteur’s observations
Wine/beer production – microbiological process
Raw materials- fruits and grains
Process- fermentation
Good wines-one type of M.O. predominated
Bad wine- other types were also present
Solutions-
Select good MO
Heating of finished product to destroy undesirable
MO

47. • Heating should not hurt the flavour
• Holding temperature and time-62.8 degree
(145 deg faren)centigrade for an hour
PASTEURIZATION
Widely used in fermentation industry and Dairy

48. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
• Fracastoro of Verona-diseases due to invisible
organisms
• Transmitted from one person to other
• Von Planciz 1762-Different germs for different
diseases

49. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
• Oliver Wendell Holmes(1809-1894)- Physician- a
disease of childbirth(puerperal fever), very
contagious, many deaths after childbirth
• THE CONTAGIOUSNESS OF PUERPERAL
FEVER (1842)
• Ignaz Phillip (Hungry)-use of antiseptics during
obstetrical practice
• Death rate decreased due to infections during child
birth
• The Cause, Concept & Prophylaxis of Childbed
Fever in 1861- a book
• Joseph Lister (England)- importance of antisepsis

50. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
• Pasteur’ role- found the parasite of a silkworm
disease, Pebrine after a long struggle
• Solution- use of healthy disease free caterpillars
for breeding stock
• Anthrax a disease of cattles- grew mo in the flasks
from the blood sample of died animals

51. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
Father of Medical Microbiology
• Robert Koch(1843-1910)
• Germany- Anthrax problem

52. Discovered tuberculosis bacteria

53. KOCH’S
POSTULATES

54. KOCH’S POSTULATES

55. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PURE
CULTURES
• Pure Culture
• Joseph Lister- Dilution Technique (1878)
• Sample – milk

56. Koch’s laboratory procedures

57. • Koch- liquid medium
Solid medium (gelatin, agar)

60. COLONIES

61. Development of Medical
Microbiology

62. PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION
Virulence
Attenuation
Antibodies

64. Chicken Cholera Experiment

65. PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION
• Edward Jenner- used cow pox vaccine to
protect people from small pox(1798)
• Attenuated cultures- VACCINE
• Vacca, a latin word- cow

67. PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION
• Pasteur prepared vaccine against anthrax
• Was told to study about human diseases
• Prepared vaccine for rabies

69. Honours for Pasteur and Koch
1888

71. Discovery of other diseases
Edwin Kleb 1883 & Frederick
Loeffler-1884
Diphtheria- Corynebacterium
diphtheriae
Toxin production- demonstrated

72. Discovery of other diseases
Von Behring & Kitasato
discovered tetanus
Toxin (lock jaw), Clostridium
tetani
Antitoxin
Serum therapy- Behring (nobel
prize

73. Phagocytosis
Metchnikoff - leucocytes

74. Defense in the body
• Cells- phagocytosis
• Soluble substances in blood- Paul Ehrlich
• Paul Ehrlich- chemotherapy- antibiotic
(606th substance)-to treat syphilis (contained
arsenic)- first chemotherapeutic substance)
Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900

75. Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900
date disease Causative agent discoverer
1876 anthrax Bacillus anthracis Koch
1880 typhoid Salmonella typhi Eberth
1880 Malaria Plasmodium Laveran
1882 tuberculosis Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Koch
1885 tetanus Clostridium tetani Nicolaier
1894 plague Yersinia pestis Kitasato and
Yersin
1898 dysentry Shigella dysenteriae Shiga
1905 syphilis Treponema pallidum Schaudin
1906 Whooping
cough
Bordella pertussis Bordet , Gengou

77. Development of
Agricultural, Industrial,
and Food Microbiology

78. Application of discoveries of Pasteur &
Koch
• Soil microbiology-
Sergei Winogradsky- nitrogen fixing bacteria
Symbiotic relations between leguminous plants and
clover, alfa-alfa

79. Importance of Pure Culture
• Dutch microbiologist Willeum Beijerinck (1901)-
free living nitrogen bacterium
• Azotobacter – very useful for soil fertlity
• Hansen-industrial fermentation- yeast and
bacteria for vinegar production
• Adametz from Austria –cheese production
• Conn &Weigmann from Germany- starter culture
for butter production

80. Development of Plant Pathology
• Burril – fire blight in pears
• Mayer- mottling disease of tobacco plant
• Iwanowsky- viruses
• Hashimoto (farmer)- insects can transfer
• Wendell- Tobacco Mosaic Virus- isolated (Nobel
Prize- 1946)

83. REFERENCES
1. Prescott, Hurley, Klein, Microbiology 7th ed.
2. Kathleen Park Talaro & Arthur Talaro.
Foundations in Microbiology, International
ed.2002