The document discusses key concepts related to population including: 1. Population size, distribution, growth, and characteristics such as age, sex, literacy levels are important to study. 2. India's population in 2011 was 1.21 billion with states like Uttar Pradesh having the largest populations. 3. Components of population growth include birth rate, death rate, and migration. National policies aim to reduce population growth through education and family planning. 4. Population characteristics such as density, age composition, sex ratio, and literacy rates provide insights about development levels across states.

1. POPULATION

2. INTRODUCTION
• People are important to develop the economy and
society .They use the resources, themselves are the
resource for the society and country. Example :Coal
was a rock but until human understood it benefits,
applied technology on it is used for generating
electricity.
• Therefore their distribution, composition , growth
etc are important to be studied.
• Population thus studies the following three things
about people:
• 1. Population Size and Distribution: how many
people are there and where they are located?
• 2. Population Growth and processes of population
change: How has the population growth changed
through time
• 3. Characteristics or quality of population: What
are their age, sex-composition, literacy levels,
occupational structure etc.
• Therefore Population in India is calculated by the
governmental body called Census of India who
collects the population related data after every 10
years. First census of India was conducted on 1881

4. Population Distribution
Size of
population
2001
1.02 billion
16% of worlds
population
2011
1.21 billion
17.5 % of world
population

5. Distribution of Population
• It refers to way and the areas where the
population is spread on the Earth.
Distribution of
Population
Largest populated
state
Uttar Pradesh
Followed by
Maharashtra, Bihar,
West Bengal, Andhra
Pradesh
Least populated state Sikkim

7. Density of population
• It refers to number of persons living per
square kilometer. Its unit is persons per square
kilometer.
Density of
Population
2001
324 persons
per sq km
2011
382 persons
per sq km

8. Density of
population
State
Highest in
Bihar(1102
persons)
Lowest in
Arunachal Pradesh
(17 persons)
Union territory
Highest is Delhi
Lowest is Andaman
and Nicobar Islands
•Hilly areas with moderate to low rainfall, less fertile soils , difficult to make
infrastructure are thus having less density of population.
•Plains which have fertile soil, abundant rainfall, suitable climate have high density of
population

10. Population Growth/Growth of
Population
• It refers to change in the number of inhabitants of the
country within a specific period of time.
• It is calculated in two ways:
• 1.Absolute numbers
• 2. %change per year
• Absolute numbers: it refers to studying population in
absolute numbers or persons in a country or region. It is
calculated as subtracting the earlier population from the
base year.
• % change per year: it is studied in terms of persons per
cent per annum .Example: if we have 2 % increase in
population, it means 2 persons after every 100 persons
were added . It is also called as Annual Growth Rate.

11. Year Population in absolute numbers Population Growth
1951 361088090 13.3
1961 439234771 21.6
1971 548159652 24.8
1981 683329097 24.6
1991 846421039 23.8
2001 1028737436 21.5
2011 1210193422(1.21 billion) 17.6
Million is 106
Billion is 109 (one hundred Crore)

12. Population
Growth
State
High in Uttar
pradesh
Low in Sikkim
UT
High in Delhi
Low in
Lakshwadwep

14. Processes of Population
Growth/Change
• 1.Birth Rate: it refers to number of live births per thousand persons in a
year.
• 2.Death Rate: it refers to number of deaths per thousand of a population
in a year.
• 3. Migration: it refers to the movement of the people across regions,
within country and with other country. It is of two types:
• A) Internal Migration: migration that takes place within the country due
to various push or pull factors. This type of migration does not affect the
size of population but affects the distribution of population.
• B) International Migration: migration that takes place with other
countries due to various push or pull factors . This type of migration
changes the size, composition(male /female) and distribution of
population too.

15. Push
factors
Lack of
jobs/Poverty
Lack of good
Educational
institutions
Lack of health
care facility.
Natural Disasters
like Flood,
Earthquake
Civil war/Political
Instability
Infertile
land,Crop failure
etc
Pull
Factors.
Potential for
Employment
Good
Educational
Institutions
Good healthcare
facilities
Less prone to
natural disasters
Political Stability
Fertile land

16. Age Composition
• It refers to number of persons in different age
groups in a country.
• The population of India is studied in 3 age groups:
• 1.Children(below 15 years) : They are economically
unproductive and thus need to provided with food,
clothing, education and medical care.
• 2. Working Age(15-59 years): They are economically
productive and biologically reproductive. They
comprise the working population.
• 3. Aged(Above 59 years): They are economically
productive though they have retired. They may be
working voluntarily.

17. SEX-RATIO
• It is the ratio between number of
women and men in the population.
• In India, it is calculated with the help
of following formula:
• Female Population x 1000
• Male Population
• It can also be said as the ratio of
number of females per thousand
males.
• It is a social indiacator to measure the
extent and extent of equality between
males and females in a society at a
given point of time.

18. Census Years Sex Ratio( Females per 1000 males)
1901 972
1911 964
1921 955
1931 950
1941 945
1951 946
1961 941
1971 930
1981 934
1991 927
2001 933
2011 943

19. Sex Ratio
State
Highest in Kerala i.e.
1084 females per
thousand males
Lowest in Haryana i.e.
879 females per
thousand males
UT
Puducherry has the
highest sex ratio with
1037 females per
thousand males
Daman and Diu have
the lowest sex ratio
with 618 females per
thousand males.

21. Reasons for Low/Unfavourable Sex-Ratio are:
• 1.Preference of Male Child
• 2.Dowry deaths
• 3.Neglect of health, education of
females
• 4.Female Infanticide(killing girl
child inside the womb of
mother)
• 5.Female Foeticide(killing girl
child after she is born)
• 6.Domestic violence against
women
• 7.Lower socio-economic status
of women

22. LITERACY RATE
• According to Census of India, “ A person who is above 7 years age
and is able to read, write and understand any language is called as
Literate.”
• A person who is literate is able to contribute for the development of
the country and society.
• State with highest literacy rate is Kerala and lowest is Bihar.
•
Literacy Rate
2001
64.8%
Out of which
75% males and
54 % females
2011
74%
82% males and
65 %

23. OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
• It refers to how population is involved in different occupations. The
percentage of occupation that is economically active is index of the
development of the country.
• Various occupations done by people are:
• 1.Primary Activities: it is the economic activity which aims in
production of raw material like agriculture, forestry, fishing etc.
• 2.Secondary Activities: these are the economic activities which
helps in conversion of raw material into finished goods like
manufacturing industry ,building etc.
• 3.Teritiary Activities: these are these economic activities that help
in provision of good to people through better means of transport
and communication, trade etc.
• Developed nations like USA have high proportion of people in
secondary and tertiary sector and developing country like India
have high involvement in primary sector.64 % percent of people are
involved in agriculture, 13 and 20 % in secondary and tertiary
activities.

24. HEALTH
• It is the important component of population
composition.
• Death rate has decreased from 8.1 per 1000
people in 2001to 7.1 per 1000 people in 2011.
• This shows there is improvement in public health,
modern medical practices in diagnosis and
treatment of all diseases etc.
• Still people of India are not able to have their
basic calorie consumption, drinking water, basic
ammenities like food,shelter,clothing etc.

25. ADOLESCENTS POPULATION
• It refers to young population(10-19 years) in
the working age groups of 15-59 years.
• They are the important resource for the
future.
• These adolescents are facing various problems
like lack of nutrition .large number of
adolescents girls are anemic.
• These problems can be removed through
education among all.

26. NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY,2000
• This policy was combination of all efforts like The Family
Welfare Programme in 1952 etc for planning about future
population of India.
• It have following aims:
• 1.imparting free an compulsory education to all upto 14
years of age.
• 2.reducing infant mortality rate to 30 per 1000 live births
• 3.promoting delayed marriage for girls.
• 4.achieving universal immunsation of children against all
diseases.
• 5.making family welfare a people centered programme.

27. ADOLESCENTS AND NPP 2000
• Various problems faced by the adolescents are to be
taken care in this.
• It has following aims:
• 1. Nutritional requirements of adolescents need to
fulfilled.
• 2.making measures to prevent child marriage.
• 3. education of adolescents about various sexually
transmitted disases(STD) like AIDS.
• 4.making contraceptives accessible and affordable.
• 5. encouraging about less birth to children.

28. QUESTIONS
• Q1. Discuss the major components of population growth or population change.
• A1. The major components of population growth are as follows:
• 1.Birth Rate: it refers to number of live births per thousand persons in a year.
• 2.Death Rate: it refers to number of deaths per thousand of a population in a year.
• 3. Migration: it refers to the movement of the people across regions, within
country and with other country. It is of two types Internal Migration and
International Migration.
• A) Internal Migration: migration that takes place within the country due to various
push or pull factors. This type of migration does not affect the size of population
but affects the distribution of population.
• B) International Migration: migration that takes place with other countries due to
various push or pull factors . This type of migration changes the size,
composition(male /female) and distribution of population too.
• Q2. What are the advantages of having a healthy population?
• A2. 1.Healthy population are the assets of the country. If the population is healthy
in an country they will work on their own and which in turn will decrease the
dependency ratio.
• 2. Healthy mind resides in the healthy body. If they are healthy they will be aware
about their talents, capabilties and help in the development of the country.

29. • Q3.Why is rate of population growth in India declining since 1981?
• A3. Population Growth refers to change in the population of an area
between two periods of time.
• Rate of population growth is declining because of following reasons:
• 1. Awareness among the people that more population will put pressure
on the resources(physical and human) and result in its depletion.
• 2. Introduction of policy like National Population Policy 2000.which aims
at stabilizing population by various techniques.
• 3. Making provisions for adolescents like educating them, providing
nutrition supplements etc to them by the government who are the
future of the country
• Q4. Define age structure?
• A4.It refers to number of persons in different age groups in a country.
• The population of India is studied in 3 age groups:
• 1.Children(below 15 years) : They are economically unproductive and
thus need to provided with food, clothing, education and medical care.
• 2. Working Age(15-59 years): They are economically productive and
biologically reproductive. They comprise the working population.
• 3. Aged(Above 59 years): They are economically productive though they
have retired. They may be working voluntarily.

30. • Q5. Distinguish between population growth and population
change.
• Q6. What is the relation between occupational structure and
development.
• A6 Occupational Structure refers to involvement of the people in
various activities like Primary, Secondary and Tertiary activities.
• 1Involvement of people in various activities have a relation with
development of the country:
• 2. If more people are involved in primary activities like agriculture
, it is a developing country like India.
• 3. if people are engaged more in secondary and tertiary activities,
it shows that it is a developed country like USA.
Population Growth Population Change
Population Growth refers to change
in the population of an area between
two specific periods of time.
Population Change refers to change
in the population of an area because
of various processes like Birth Rate,
Death Rate and Migration.

31. • Q7. What are the significant features of National Population Policy 2000
and about adolescents.
• A7. National Population Policy 2000 was combination of all efforts like
The Family Welfare Programme in 1952 etc for planning to
stabalise(control) future population of the country.
• It have following aims:
• 1.imparting free an compulsory education to all upto 14 years of age.
• 2.reducing infant mortality rate to 30 per 1000 live births
• 3.promoting delayed marriage for girls.
• 4.achieving universal immunsation of children against all diseases.
• 5.making family welfare a people centered programme
• National Population Policy for Adolescents have following aims:
• 1. Nutritional requirements of adolescents need to fulfilled.
• 2.making measures to prevent child marriage.
• 3. education of adolescents about various sexually transmitted
diseases(STD) like AIDS.
• 4.making contraceptives accessible and affordable.
• 5. encouraging about less birth to children.