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Power Grid and development in India
1.
2. ST. THOMAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
NEED OF FORMATION OF NATIONAL POWER GRID
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING , 2ND YEAR , GROUP NO. - 02
SANDIPAN CHAKRABORTY – O6 SOUMESH CHAKRABORTY – 07
ARITRA CHATTERJEE – O8 RANOTROSH CHOWDHURY – 09
TRATHAGATA ROY CHOWDHURY – 10
3. INTRODUCTION
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering
electricity from suppliers to consumers. It consists of generating
stations that produce electrical power, high-voltage transmission
lines that carry power from distant sources to demand canters,
sometimes across international boundaries.
The job of the grid operator is to give operating instructions to
the engineers in the field and ensure moment-to-moment power
balance in the interconnected power system.
4. The country is geographically divided in five regions - Northern,
Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern.
The northern grid spans through nine states, namely
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu
Kashmir and Chandigarh.
Eastern regions like West Bengal, Bihar,
Jharkhand, Odisha and Sikkim.
Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Madhya –
Pradesh, Goa are connected by Western grid.
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur,
Mizoram and Tripura are connected by north eastern grid.
Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and
Pondicherry are connected by Southern grid.
5. The first four out these five regional grids are operating in a
synchronous mode .
The Southern Region is interconnected with the rest of India
grid through asynchronous links .This implies that quantum and
direction of power between Southern Grid and rest of India grid
can be manually controlled.
• Each of the five regions has a Regional
Load Despatch Centre (RLDC) .
To ensure integrated operation of the
power system in the concerned region
the RLDCs for North, East, West, South
and Northeast regions are located at
Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore and
Shillong respectively.
6. National control
centre(1)
Regional control
centre(5)
State control
centre(34)
Every state has a State Load Despatch
Centre (SLDC), which is the apex body to
ensure integrated operation of the power
system in the state.
As per the Electricity Act 2003, the Regional
Load Despatch Centre monitor grid operations,
exercise supervision and control over the inter-
state transmission system .
7. Objective of power grid
• Principle concerning national grid is total import equals to total
export.
∑import=∑export
• When supply is more than demand , power is wasted &
this excessive power is transferred to another zone
where shortage of power leads to power cuts.
• Restoring power in quickest possible time
in the event of any natural disasters like
super cyclone, flood etc. through
deployment of Emergency Restoration
Systems.
8. • Exercise supervision and control over the Inter-State
transmission system.
• To facilitate private sector participation in transmission system
through Independent Private Transmission Company / Joint
Ventures.
• Geographically widely spread Indian Grid can facilitate
interconnections with Neighbouring countries like India-Nepal,
India-Bhutan, India-Bangladesh.
9. DEVELOPMENT OF POWER GRID
• HVDC is the future of power grids. AC will be replaced by high
voltage DC which has less loss compared to AC.
• Flexible AC Transmission Systems, or FACTS provides a
variety of benefits for increasing transmission efficiency .FACTS
devices stabilize voltage, industry experience has shown
FACTS devices to enhance transmission capacity by 20-40%.
• So-called high temperature superconducting (HTS) cables now
under development, which can carry three to five times the
power of conventional cables. The losses in HTS cables are
also significantly lower than the losses in conventional lines.
• Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) have many
promising capabilities, one of which is line thermal
monitoring.
10. • Some other ways-
Distributed generation/Micro grids.
Underground distribution lines.
Intelligent grid design (smart grids
via automation)
Fluctuations in grid frequency should be reduced &
maintained in ranges 49.5-50.5 .
48.0
48.5
49.0
49.5
50.0
50.5
51.0
51.5
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01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
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23
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM 2002 & 2003
14. • CONVENIENCE
Very large power
stations can be built
at the most
convenient
locations, for
example nuclear
power stations can
be built in areas
where few people
live, often at the
coast where cooling
water is easily
available.
NTPC's Indira Gandhi Super 1,500 MW
Thermal Power Project in Haryana.
15. • Less pollution
Pollution can be kept
away from cities and large
power stations can be built,
which are more efficient.
Power can be diverted to
where it is needed, if there is
high demand or a breakdown.
Surplus power can be used to
pump water up into reservoirs
to be used to generate
hydroelectric power when
there is a peak in demand.
16. • If a power station needs to be turned off for any reason the
consumers (houses and businesses) can continue to
receive electricity from other power stations.
17. • Efficiency
any extra electricity in the system can be used to pump
water up hill to be used later to generate electricity in a
hydroelectric power station.
18. • Other advantages
I. A single power station failure does not cut off any
users.
II. National grid system can cope better with peak
consumption hours occurring at different times at
different locations in the area that the system
covers.
III. Electricity can be used from any power station to
meet demand in any part of the
country.
19. DISADVANTAGES
• Some power is wasted heating the cables. Overhead
power cables and their supporting towers are an
eyesore in some places. If underground cables have to
be used, they are much more expensive. Smaller local
electricity generating projects, such as wind turbines
and/or panels of solar cells, are unreliable compared to
a national grid fed by major fixed power generating
stations.
• Expensive, demands a lot of investment which is
difficult for economically backward country such as
India .
20. • Loads are primarily inductive (motors,
large!) and will cause huge line drops,
necessitating power factor correction
devices (expensive).
• Remote village links will drag down the
steady-state stability of the entire grid
because of poor voltage profile (may
cause frequent outage disturbances).
21. SMART GRID
The electrical grid is expected to evolve to a new grid paradigm—
smart grid, an enhancement of the 20th century electrical grid.
• Function
1. The traditional electrical grids are generally used to carry power
from a few central generators to a large number of users or customers.
In contrast, the new emerging smart grid uses two-way flows of
electricity and information to create an automated and distributed
advanced energy delivery network.
2. uses digital technology
31. EFFECT:
•Transportation system were disrupted as railway trains were
suspended.
•Coal miners were stranded in mines as the blackout cut of
electricity to elevators.
•Air-conditioning was suspended, damaging the live hood of
citizens.
•Hospitals and factories had to operate emergency power
system.
•Exerted social & economical impacts
37. STEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT
• States shall take all necessary steps for strengthening and
upgrading the State Load Despatch Centres and training of
system operators.
There should be manpower capacity building by way of
training and certification.
• In a meeting taken by Secretary (Power) on 31.7.2012 at
NLDC, it was decided that transfer capability of inter-regional
links and other critical
links would be reviewed in consultation with CEA and CTU
and implemented within 24 hours.
38. • Accordingly, assessment of Transfer capability
based on SIL limits of the lines instead of
stability limit evaluated from St Clair’s curve or
thermal limit depending on the line length has
been implemented and has been uploaded on
the website of NLDC.
• 765 kV Bina-Gwalior-Agra-II (charged at 400
kV), was under shutdown at the time of
disturbance. The line has since been restored
on 7.8.2012.
39.
40.
41. CONCLUSION
• Modern economies are dependent on reliable and
secure electricity services. Electricity makes an
essential contribution to economic performance,
international competitiveness and community
prosperity.
• There is a clear shortage in terms of generation and
thus is not being able to meet the growing demand
from the expanding Indian industry. Development of
additional power plants must also be started.
• Ensuring communication to Load Despatch Centres
from various transmission elements and generating
stations and an extensive review and audit of the
Protection Systems, would be a good step towards
strengthening the power sector.
42. • Investment in technology that will reduce transmission
losses.
Use of alternate sources of power generation must be
encouraged.
• Establishment and operation of Regional and National
Power Grids to facilitate transfer of power within and across
the regions with Reliability, Security and Economy, on
sound commercial principles. Investment in technology that
will reduce transmission losses.
• Use of alternate sources of power generation must be
encouraged.
• Establishment and operation of Regional and National
Power Grids to facilitate transfer of power within and across
the regions with Reliability, Security and Economy, on
sound commercial principles.
• Evolved most effective Disaster Management System &
Emergency Restoration System to minimize the impact of
natural calamities.
