Energy Auditing in College Campus

ENERGY AUDITING IN THE COLLEGE
CAMPUS
A Main Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
By
BINOY P B
(APAMEEE003)
SRUTHI C K
(APAMEEE004)
RADHIKA A
(APAMEEE014)
SANJUSH S
(APAMEEE017)
SUJINI M
(APAMEEE019)
Pursued in
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ARYANET INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PALAKKAD
PALAKKAD
(Affiliated to Calicut University)
APRIL 2016

PALAKKAD-678592, KERALA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is a bonafide record of the Main-Project entitled
“ENERGY AUDITING IN THE COLLEGE CAMPUS” submitted by Sanjush S to
Aryanet Institute of Technology Palakkad, in partial fulfilment for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering under
University of Calicut.
Guided by Staff in Charge Head of Department
External Guide:
Narendran Mannazhi Kavitha ChandB Dr. B Sitalekshmi Amma
Director Administrator Asst Professor Professor & Head
AIT Palakkad Dept of EEE Dept of EEE
Internal Guide:
Sreejith K
Asst Professor
Dept of EEE
SANJ
USH S
Digitally signed
by SANJUSH S
Date:
2017.01.17
11:18:12 +05'30'

Dept of EEE ENERGY AUDITING IN THE COLLEGE CAMPUS
AIT PALAKKAD i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We take this opportunity to thank our project guide Mr.Narendran Mannazhi, Director
Administrator, AIT Palakkad and Mr.Sreejith K, Assistant Professor, Dept of EEE for their
valuable guidance and encouragement which has been absolutely helpful in the successful
completion of this project.
We would also like to thank our Staff-in-charge, Ms.Kavitha Chand B, Assistant
Professor, Dept of EEE for her valuable suggestions and support throughout.
We wish to extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. B Sitalekshmi Amma, Professor and
Head of Department for her patience and encouragement.
We are indebted to Dr. M.R. Vikraman, Principal AIT Palakkad for his wholehearted
support for the completion of this project.
We are also grateful to our Parents, Faculty members, Friends and all our well-
wishers for their timely aid without which we wouldn’t be able to finish our project
successfully.
Last but not least; we would like to thank God Almighty for his blessings which made
us confident throughout the project.
PROJECT TEAM
BINOY P B
SRUTHI C K
RADHIKA A
SANJUSH S
SUJINI M

AIT PALAKKAD ii
ABSTRACT
An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy
conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the
system without negatively affecting the output(s).When the object of study is an occupied
building then reducing energy consumption while maintaining or improving human
comfort, health and safety are of primary concern. Beyond simply identifying the sources
of energy use, an energy audit seeks to prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to
least cost effective opportunities for energy savings.
Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of
energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to
identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete
functions. Energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy
management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation,
throughout the organization.
Through this project we can prioritize the energy uses according to the greatest to least
cost effective opportunities for energy savings in our college campus.

AIT PALAKKAD iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
ABBREVIATIONS / NOMENCLATURE ix
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Need for Energy Audit 2
1.3. Audit Methods 2
1.3.1. Preliminary Audit Methodology 2
1.3.2. Detailed Audit Methodology 3
2. INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE ENERGY AUDIT 4
2.1. Introduction 4
2.2. Electrical Measuring Instrument 4
2.3. Lux Meters 4
2.4. Power Factor Meter 5
2.5. Energy Meter 5
3. SUPPLY & CONSUMPTION DETAILS 7
3.1. Supply Details 7
3.2. Consumption Details 7

AIT PALAKKAD iv
4. LOAD DETAILS 9
4.1. Main Block 9
4.2. Seminar Hall Block 10
4.3. Canteen 11
4.4. Fluid Lab 11
4.5. Civil Workshop 12
4.6. Mechanical Lab 13
4.7. Pump Room 13
5. SANKEY DIAGRAM 14
6. ENERGY STARS AND LABELLING 15
6.1. Introduction 15
6.2. Energy Labels 15
6.3. Types of Labels 16
6.3.1. Endorsement labels 16
6.3.2. Comparative labels 17
6.3.3. Informative labels 17
6.4. Comparison of Energy Stars 18
6.5. Star Rating of Building 19
7. DESIGNS FOR ENERGY SAVINGS 20
7.1. Illumination 20
7.1.1. Lux 21
7.1.2. Lumens 21
7.1.3. Coefficient of Utilization 21
7.1.4. Maintenance factor 21
7.2. Calculation of Illumination on Seminar Hall 22
7.3. Replacing whole Tubes on the Campus by LED’s 24
7.4. Energy Savings by Automatic Controlled Fans 26

AIT PALAKKAD v
7.5. Energy Savings on Water Coolers 27
7.6. Energy Savings on Computers 28
7.7. Energy Savings on Photocopier 30
8. POWER FACTOR CALCULATION 31
8.1. Introduction 31
8.2. Disadvantages of Low Power Factor 32
8.2.1. Large Line Losses 32
8.2.2. Large kVA Rating and Size of Electrical Equipments 32
8.2.3. Greater Conductor Size and Cost 33
8.2.4. Poor Voltage Regulation and Large Voltage Drop 33
8.2.5. Low Efficiency 33
8.2.6. Penalty for Low Power factor 33
8.3. Causes of Low Power Factor 33
8.4. Methods for Power Factor Improvement 34
8.4.1. Static Capacitor 34
8.4.2. Synchronous Condenser 36
8.4.3. Phase Advancer 37
8.4.4. Power Factor Improvement in 1ϕ and 3ϕ Connections 38
8.5. Selection of Capacitors 38
9. TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION 40
9.1. Thermal Utilities 40
9.1.1. Boilers 40
9.1.2. Steam Systems 41
9.1.3. Furnaces 42
9.1.4. Insulation 42
9.1.5. Waste Heat Recovery 43
9.2. Electrical Utilities 43

AIT PALAKKAD vi
9.2.1. Electrical Distribution System 43
9.2.2. Motors 44
9.2.3. Drives 44
9.2.4. Fans 44
9.2.5. Blowers 45
9.2.6. Pumps 45
9.2.7. Compressors 46
9.2.8. Compressed Air 46
9.2.9. Chillers 47
9.2.10. HVAC (Heating / Ventilation / Air Conditioning) 48
9.2.11. Refrigeration 50
9.2.12. Lighting 51
9.2.13. DG Sets 52
10. RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS 53
11. CONCLUSIONS 56
REFERENCES 57

AIT PALAKKAD vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO
2.1 Lux Meter 4
2.2 Power Factor Meter 5
2.3 Constructional diagram of PF Meter 5
2.4 Energy Meter 6
2.5 Constructional diagram of Energy Meter 6
3.1 Yearly Consumption Graph 7
5.1 Sankey Diagram 14
6.1 Energy Labels 15
6.2 Endorsement Labels 16
6.3 Comparative Labels 17
6.4 Informative Labels 18
6.5 Star Ratings of Refrigerators 18
6.6 Star Ratings of AC’s 19
8.1 Power Triangle 31
8.2 a) Inductive Load 35
b) Capacitor parallel 35
8.3 Phasor Diagram 35
8.4 Capacitor bank in parallel with load (Delta connected) 38
8.5 Capacitor bank in parallel with load (Star connected) 38

AIT PALAKKAD viii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
4.1 Load Details of Main Block 9
4.2 Load Details of Seminar Hall Block 10
4.3 Load Details of Canteen 11
4.4 Load Details of Mechanical Lab 11
4.5 Load Details of Civil Workshop 12
4.6 Load Details of Fluid Lab 13
6.1 Star Ratings of Building 19
7.1 Lux Calculation 22
8.1 Multipliers to Determine Capacitor kVAR
requirements for power factor correction 39

AIT PALAKKAD ix
ABBREVIATIONS / NOMENCLATURE
The abbreviations should be listed in alphabetical order as shown below.
AC Air Conditioner
BAS Building Automation System
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp
DG Diesel Generator
ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code
EER Energy Efficiency Rating
EMF Electro Motive Force
EMS Energy Management System
EPI Energy Performance Intensity
HP Horse Power
HVAC Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning
KSEB Kerala State Electricity Board
KVA Kilo Volt Ampere
KVAR Kilo Volt Ampere Reactive
KW Kilo Watt
LAN Local Area Network
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
mm Millimetre
MW Mega Watt
PF Power Factor
SEB State Electricity Board
UF Utilisation Factor

AIT PALAKKAD x
Chemical nomenclature used in the report are shown below.
O2 Oxygen
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CO Carbon monoxide

AIT PALAKKAD 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Energy Audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flows for energy
conservation in a building or system to reduce the amount of energy input to the system
without negatively affecting the output.
As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is defined as “the
verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission of technical
report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost benefit analysis
and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.
It is an effective and concrete method to achieve rapid improvement in energy
efficiency in buildings and industrial process. First step in identifying opportunities to reduce
energy expense.Which is a Systematic procedure includes some steps. Energy auditing is also
called as Energy assessment, Energy survey etc…
The objectives are
 To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality
 To minimise environmental effects.
The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways to reduce energy
consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating costs. Energy Audit provides a
“bench-mark” for managing energy in the organization and also provides the basis for
planning a more effective use of energy throughout the organization.

AIT PALAKKAD 2
1.2 Need for Energy Audit
In an organization like Engineering College, one of the top operating expense is often
found to be electrical energy. In most assessments of the manageability of the cost or potential
cost savings in the above component, would invariably emerge as a top priority, and thus
energy Audit. Energy constitutes a strategic area for cost reduction. A well done energy
audit will always help owners to understand more about the ways energy is used in their
organizations, and help to identify areas where waste can occur and where scope for
improvement exists. The energy audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost
reduction, preventive maintenance, and quality control programs which are vital for
production and utility activities. Such an audit program will help to keep focus on variations
that occur in the energy costs, availability, and reliability of supply of energy, help decide on
the appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit for energy
conservation equipment, etc. In general, the energy audit is the translation of conservation
ideas and hopes into reality, by lending technically feasible solutions with economic and other
organizational considerations within a specified time frame. The primary objective of the
energy audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of product output or
to lower operating costs. The energy audit provides a benchmark, or reference point, for
managing and assessing energy use across the organization and provides the basis for
ensuring more effective use of energy.
1.3 Audit Methods
Thus Energy Audit can be classified into the following two types.
i) Preliminary Audit
ii) Detailed Audit
1.3.1 Preliminary Energy Audit Methodology
Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to:
 Establish energy consumption in the organization

AIT PALAKKAD 3
 Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
 Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily obtained data
1.3.2 Detailed Energy Audit Methodology
A comprehensive audit provides a detailed energy project implementation plan for a
facility, since it evaluates all major energy using systems.
This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It
considers the interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major
equipment, and includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.
In a comprehensive audit, one of the key elements is the energy balance. This is based on an
inventory of energy using systems, assumptions of current operating conditions and
calculations of energy use. This estimated use is then compared to utility bill charges.
Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.
Phase I - Pre Audit Phase
Phase II - Audit Phase
Phase III - Post Audit Phase

AIT PALAKKAD 4
CHAPTER 2
INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE ENERGY AUDIT
2.1 Introduction
The requirement for an energy audit such as identification and quantification of energy
necessitates various measurements; these measurements require the use of instruments. These
instruments must be portable, durable, easy to operate and relatively inexpensive. The
parameters generally monitored during the energy audit may include the following: Basic
Electrical Parameters in AC & DC systems – Voltage (V), Current (I), Power factor, Active
power (kW), Energy consumption (kWh), Harmonics, etc.
2.2 Electrical Measuring Instruments
These are instruments for measuring major electrical parameters such as, kW, PF,
Hertz, amps and volts. In addition some of these instruments also measure harmonics. These
instruments are applied on line, i.e., on running motors without stopping the motor.
Instantaneous measurements can be taken with hand held meters.
2.3 Lux Meters
Illumination levels are measured with a lux meter. It consists of a photo cell which
senses the light output, converts to electrical impulses which are calibrated as lux.
Fig 2.1: Lux meters

AIT PALAKKAD 5
2.4 Power Factor Meter
A power factor meter is a type of electrodynamometer movement when it is made with
two movable coils set at right angles to each other. The method of connection of this type of
power factor meter, in a 3 phase circuit. The two stationary coils, S and S1, are connected in
series in Phase B. Coils M and M1 are mounted on a common shaft, which is free to move
without restraint or control springs. These coils are connected with their series resistors from
Phase B to Phase A and from Phase B to Phase C. At a power factor of unity, one potential
coil current leads and one lags the current in Phase B by 30°; thus, the coils are balanced in
the position shown in Figure 2.2. A change in power factor will cause the current of one
potential coil to become more in phase and the other potential coil to be more out of phase
with the current in Phase B, so that the moving element and pointer take a new position of
balance to show the new power factor.
Fig 2.2 Power factor meter Fig 2.3 Constructional diagram of PF meter
2.5 Energy Meters
An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, or energy meter is a device that
measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically
powered device.
Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises to measure electric
energy delivered to their customers for billing purposes. They are typically calibrated in
billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour [kWh]. They are usually read
once each billing period.

AIT PALAKKAD 6
When energy savings during certain periods are desired, some meters may measure
demand, the maximum use of power in some interval. "Time of day" metering allows electric
rates to be changed during a day, to record usage during peak high-cost periods and off-peak,
lower-cost, periods. Also, in some areas meters have relays for demand response load
shedding during peak load periods.
Fig 2.4 Energy meter Fig 2.5 Constructional Diagram of
Energy Meter

AIT PALAKKAD 7
CHAPTER 3
SUPPLY & CONSUMPTION DETAILS
3.1 Supply Details
In our college campus we have 11KV supply from Kerala State Electricity Board and
we Step-down the 11KV to 415V with the help of a Step-down transformer. Also we have a
415V Diesel Generator in the case of any interruption to the KSEB supply or power failure
occurs, Diesel Generator is used. In the control room we have capacitor compensation of
100kVr is used for improving power factor, also we have relays, breakers, fuses etc are used
for protections.
3.2 Consumption Details
Fig 3.1 Yearly Consumption Graph
The above graph shows the previous year (2015) energy consumption in KWh. The
average power factor is 0.92, average consumption for 2015 is 4000 KWh per month, average
energy cost per month will be Rs 25600/- and maximum demand is 26.58 KVA for a month.
3955
4368 4553
4107
3445 3422
3636 3771 3773
4338
5130 5162
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
KWh
Months
Consumption

AIT PALAKKAD 8
From the graph we known that at the month of December more energy is consumed it is
because of the construction and painting works going on. At the month of July energy
consumption is very low it is because of the exams and semester leave for students so less
amount of power is consumed at month of July.
Energy charges as per Kerala State Electricity Board as follows:-
Normal time : ₹ 6.20 per KWh
Peak time : ₹ 9.30 per KWh
Off peak : ₹ 4.650 per KWh

AIT PALAKKAD 9
CHAPTER 4
LOAD DETAILS
Load calculation of the campus is done by dividing the whole campus into seven blocks as
follows:
1) Main block
2) Seminar hall block
3) Canteen
4) Fluid lab
5) Civil workshop
6) Mechanical lab
7) Pump room
4.1 Main Block
The below table shows the number of equipments and its total load connected on the
main block of the campus.
Table 4.1 Load details of Main block
Equipments Rating of
equipments (W)
Number of
equipments
Connected load (W)
Light 36 440 1584
Fan 60 406 2436
Projector 165 3 4950
Computer 150 25 3750
Exhaust Fan 50 8 400

AIT PALAKKAD 10
Photostat machine 900 2 1800
Power socket 1000 21 21000
Ordinary socket 100 242 24200
Water cooler 200 2 400
TOTAL LOAD= 46.88KW
4.2 Seminar Hall Block
seminar hall block of the campus.
Table 4.2 Load details of Seminar hall block
equipments (W)
Number of
equipments
Connected load (W)
Light 36 183 6588
Fan 60 145 8700
Computer 150 150 22500
Projector 165 1 165
Ordinary sockets 100 106 10600
Machine load in Electrical lab 64400
Machine load in Mechanical lab 23570
TOTAL LOAD= 136.7KW

AIT PALAKKAD 11
4.3 Canteen
canteen of the campus.
Table 4.3 Load details of canteen
equipments (W)
Number of
equipments
Connected load (W)
Light 36 25 900
Fan 60 20 1200
Refrigerator 400 2 800
Freezer 900 1 900
Grinder 1500 1 1500
Mixer 750 1 750
TOTAL LOAD=6.05KW
4.4 Mechanical Lab
mechanical lab of the campus.
Table 4.4 Load details of mechanical lab
equipments (W)
Number of
equipments
Connected load (W)
Light 36 19 684
Fan 60 6 360

AIT PALAKKAD 12
Total machine load 5340
TOTAL LOAD= 7.88KW
4.5 Civil Workshop
civil workshop of the campus.
Table 4.5 Load details of Civil Workshop
equipments (W)
Number of
equipments
Connected load (W)
Light 36 48 1728
Fan 60 14 840
Power sockets 1000 6 6000
Total Machine load 8541
TOTAL LOAD= 19.4089KW

AIT PALAKKAD 13
4.6 Fluid Lab
fluid lab of the campus.
Table 4.6 Load details of Fluid lab
equipments (W)
Number of
equipments
Connected load (W)
Light 36 35 1260
Fan 60 11 660
Total Machine load 14730
TOTAL LOAD= 19.75KW
4.7 Pump Room
In the campus we have an 5HP i.e. 3.7285KW, 400V,3 phase , delta connected
induction motor connected with an compressor is available for water pumping.
Total connected load to the campus is 240.39 KW

AIT PALAKKAD 14
CHAPTER 5
SANKEY DIAGRAM
The Sankey diagram shows the load distribution in the whole college campus which is
divided by blocks. Each arrow represents each blocks and the width of the arrow shows the
amount of connected load in each blocks.
Fig 5.1 Sankey Diagram

AIT PALAKKAD 15
CHAPTER 6
ENERGY STARS AND LABELLING
6.1 Introduction
In the year 2006, India launched a comprehensive energy labelling program for
appliances under the framework of the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. It was spearheaded
by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, and Government of India.
6.2 Energy Labels
Energy labels are informative labels affixed to manufactured domestic appliances that
enable consumers to compare the energy efficiency of the products. The labels carry
information on energy consumption, energy efficiency, energy cost, or combinations thereof
and help the consumers to make informed purchases that are most energy efficient.
Different countries have different labels depending on what they would like to
highlight. The following are energy labels of a few countries.
Fig 6.1 Energy labels

AIT PALAKKAD 16
Through these labels consumers become alert to energy use and costs of appliances
and equipment. It also enables the direct comparison of energy use or efficiency among
different models.
6.3 Types of Labels
Energy labels are classified into following types.
1. Endorsement labels
2. Comparative labels
3. Informative labels
6.3.1 Endorsement labels
When a product meets certain specified criteria it is given a “seal of approval” or
endorsed by the approving authority. This seal of approval is the endorsement label. The
purpose of endorsement labelling is to indicate clearly to the consumer that the labelled
product saves energy compared to other similar products in the category. The following are
some endorsement labels of some countries:
Fig 6.2 Endorsement labels
The Indian endorsement label - BEE STAR Version 1- is similar to the ENERGY
STAR version 5.2 of the USA. The ENERGY STAR is an international standard for
endorsement of energy efficient products. It was first created as a US government program
during the early 1990s, since then Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Taiwan and the
European Union have also adopted the program. Devices carrying the Energy Star label, such
as computer products and peripherals, kitchen appliances, buildings and other products,
generally use 20%–30% less energy than required by federal standards.

AIT PALAKKAD 17
In India this label is used for notebook computers/ laptops as the laptop computer
market is growing at a very fast pace. The desktop computers would be added to the
programme in due course.
6.3.2 Comparative Labels
These labels allow consumers to compare energy use among all available models in
order to make an informed choice. These labels could be either on discrete categories of
performance or on a continuous scale. The rankings are by scales, stars, shaded bars, and so
on.
Fig 6.3 Comparative labels
6.3.3 Informative labels:
These labels provide information on energy consumption, energy efficiency rating and
operating cost. It does not give any comparison to other models in the market. Usually
common customers find it a little difficult to understand and so it is very rarely used in
products.

AIT PALAKKAD 18
Fig 6.4 Informative labels
6.4 Comparison of Energy Stars
Energy consumption, Cost and Savings varies according to star ratings.
Fig 6.5 Star Ratings of Refrigerators

AIT PALAKKAD 19
Fig 6.6 Star Ratings of AC‟s
6.5 Star Rating of Building
The Star Rating Program for buildings is based on actual performance of the building
in terms of specific energy usage (kWh/sq.m/year). In our campus yearly consumption is
approx 49660KWh, having a build up area of 15000sq.m.
EPI= 49660KWh/15000sq.m/1year = 3.31, as per ECBC standards shown in the table give
below our campus is labelled as 5 star building.
Table 6.1Star Rating of Building
EPI (KWh/sq.m/year) Star Label
80-70 1 Star
70-60 2 Star
60-50 3 Star
50-40 4 Star
Below 40 5 Star

AIT PALAKKAD 20
CHAPTER 7
DESIGN FOR ENERGY SAVINGS
7.1 Illumination
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic
effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as
well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Day lighting (using windows, skylights, or
light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This
can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of
energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the
appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting is
usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can
also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.
To find number of light fittings „N‟
N =
E ∗ A
O ∗ CU ∗ MF
N: No of Light Fittings Needed
E: Required Illumination (lux)
A: Working Area (m2
)
O: Luminous Flux Produced Per Lamp (Lumens)
CU: Coefficient of Utilization
MF: Maintenance Factor

AIT PALAKKAD 21
7.1.1Lux
The lux is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance, measuring luminous
flux per unit area. It is equal to one lumen per square metre. In photometry, this is used as a
measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through a
surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at
each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a standardized model
of human visual brightness perception.
7.1.2 Lumens
The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total
quantity of visible light emitted by a source. Luminous flux differs from power (radiant flux)
in that radiant flux includes all electromagnetic waves emitted, while luminous flux is
weighted according to a model of the human eye‟s sensitivity to various wavelengths. Lumens
are related to lux in that one lux is one lumen per square meter.
The lumen is defined in relation to the candela as
1 lm = 1 cd⋅sr.
7.1.3 Coefficient of Utilization
It is the ratio of the lumens actually received by a particular surface to the total lumens
emitted by a luminous source. It is an indication of the effect of the lighting equipment and
the interior combined in producing horizontal illuminance. For example UF of 0.3 means that
the lumen reaching horizontal plane is 30% of the lumens of the lamp operated bare under
standard conditions. The value of this factor varies widely and depends on the following
factors: Type of lighting system, whether direct, indirect etc, the type and mounting height of
fittings, the colour and surface of walls and ceiling to some extent the shape and dimensions
of the room.
7.1.4 Maintenance factor
It is the ratio of illuminance halfway through a cleaning cycle, to what the illuminance
would be if the installation was clean. This factor allows for the fact that the effective candle
power of all lamps or luminous sources deteriorates due to blackening and/ or accumulation

AIT PALAKKAD 22
of dust or dirt on the globes and reflectors etc. Similarly walls and ceilings also do not reflect
as much light as when they are clean.
7.2 Calculation of Illumination on Seminar hall
From the seminar hall we have calculated the available illumination in lux with the
help of a lux meter which is shown in the below table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Lux calculation
When lights are OFF and windows are closed 20 lux
When all lights are ON and windows are closed 90 lux
When all lights are ON and windows are opened 150 lux
When all lights are OFF and windows are opened 95 lux
As per the BIS standards for School/College required lux for seminar halls are 150-200.
We have 16 tube lights each having 36 watts and lumens of 2100
Length of seminar hall=26.6m
Breadth of seminar hall= 9.8m
Area of seminar hall=260.68sq.m
a) In case of Tube lights
Cost : 400 per tube set (including tube) & 50rs per tube
Wattage : 42watt
Lumens : 2100
Life : 4000hrs
So, required no of tube lights (36w) for seminar hall having area of 260.68sq.m is
N = (150*260.68)/(2100*0.6*1) = 30 no‟s

AIT PALAKKAD 23
Required no of fittings: 30nos
Seminar hall is used 100hrs/month.
For 100hrs/month tube will withstand for minimum of 3 years, so we have to replace whole
tubes for every 3 years.
Total light load = 1260watts.
Consumption = 126KWhr per month.
For 126KWhr monthly charge will be Rs 780.
Annual energy consumption charge= Rs 9360.
Replacement cost = Rs 3000 per 3 years
Installation cost= 30*400= Rs 12000
So for 1st
year approximately Rs 21,360 while using tube lights.
For 2nd
year Rs 21,360+Rs 9360= Rs 30,720 (i.e. previous year cost + this year consumption)
For 3rd
year Rs 30720 + Rs 9360 + Rs 3000= Rs 43,080 (i.e. previous year cost + this year
consumption + replacement cost)
b) In case of LED
Cost : 500Rs per led bulb
Wattage : 18watt
Lumens : 1800
Life : 50000hrs
So, required number of led lights (18W) for seminar hall having area of 260.68sq.m is
N = (150*260.68)/ (1800*0.6*1) = 34 nos.
Required number of fittings: 34 nos.
Seminar hall is used 100hrs/month.

AIT PALAKKAD 24
Total light load = 612watts
Consumption = 61.2 KWh per month
For 61.2KWhr monthly charges will be Rs 380 approximately.
Annual consumption charge will be Rs 4560
Installation cost = 500*34 = Rs 17000
So for 1st
year approximately Rs 21560.
For 2nd
year total cost = Rs 21560 + Rs 4560 = Rs 26,120.
For 3rd
year total cost= Rs 26120+Rs 4560= Rs 30680.
As compared with tube lights initial cost of LED`s are high.
However by replacing tube lights with LED`s we can reduce the monthly consumption by
half.
We will get back profits after 1 year & 1 month.
7.3 Replacing whole Tubes on the Campus by LED’s
a) In case of fluorescent tubes
Total number of tube lights : 750
Wattage : 42watt
Lumens : 2100
Cost : 400 per Tube set (including tube) & 50 per tube light
Life : 4000hrs
Usage :5hrs a day for 5 days in a week
Total load : 42*750= 31.5KW
Monthly consumption= 3150KWh

AIT PALAKKAD 25
SEB‟s charge Rs 6.20 (approx) per Unit
Charge for monthly consumption is Rs 19,530
For a year, energy charges will be Rs 23,4360.
For every 3 years we have to replace all tube lights because of its life so its cost Rs 37500
Installation cost = 750*400= Rs 300,000.
So for 1st
year total cost = Rs 534,360.
So for 2nd
year total cost = Rs 534360 + Rs 234360
=Rs 768720 (i.e., previous year cost + this year‟s consumption cost)
So for 3rd
year total cost= Rs 768720+Rs 234360+Rs 37500 = Rs 1,01,0580 (i.e. previous
year cost + this year consumption cost+ replacement cost)
b) By using LED’s
Wattage : 18watts
Lumens : 1800
Cost : 500Rs per led bulb
Life : 50000hrs
Usage : 100hrs per month
Total load : 18*750= 13.5KW
Monthly consumption= 1350KWh
Charge for monthly consumption= Rs 8370 (Rs 6.2 per unit)
Annual consumption charge= Rs 100440
Installation cost: 500*750= Rs 375,000.
For the 1st
year total cost= Rs 475,440.
For 2nd
year total cost= Rs 475,440+ Rs 100440 = Rs 575,880

AIT PALAKKAD 26
For 3rd
year total cost= Rs 575,880+Rs 100440= Rs 676,320.
So by replacing tube lights with LED‟s we can reduce the monthly consumption by half.
We will get back profits after Approx 8 Months.
7.4 Energy Savings by Automatic Controlled Fans
a) Energy savings by controlled fans and conventionally controlled fans
= 60w x operating hours (per day per fan)
= 60W x 10 hours/day
= 600Wh/day/fan
Energy cost per day per fan= 0.6 x 6.20= Rs3.72/-
Cost of Energy consumption for 602 fans per day = Rs3.72x602
= Rs2240/-
Annual Cost of Energy consumption by regulator controlled fans
= Rs 2240 *288 days
= Rs 645120 ----- (1)
b) Automatic Controlled Fans Can Be Operating Based On User Requirement May Reduce
the Operating Time
We found that fans are running if it is not required also, so by automatic controlled fans we
can conserve 3hrs a day.
Let us operate the fans on need basis as remote control is available, it will reduce the
operating hours (Assume that the wattage is same) = 60W x 7 hr
= 420 Wh/day
= 0.42 kWh/day
= 0.42 x 6.2

AIT PALAKKAD 27
= RS 2.6/day
Annual Energy consumption by automatic controlled fan = 2.6x602x288
= Rs. 450777------------ (2)
Cost saving (1)-(2) = Rs 19,4343
Total cost of additional unit automatic operating switch = Rs.400 x602
= Rs240800
Payback period = 24,0800/19,4343
= Approx 1 year 2 month
7.5 Energy Saving on Water Cooler
Energy Saving By Replacing Water Cooler Operating Switch with Solar Operating Switch
a) Water Cooler: It uses temperature switch work on heater Uses the switch working on
temperature
Calculation:
If 1000 W Cooker consumes Electrical Power as long as the power is on then Energy
consumed for full day in the conventional type water cooler:
Energy consumption = Power rating of water cooler x operating hours
=1000 x 24= 24000 Wh = 24 kWh
Energy cost per day =24 x 6.2 =Rs150/-
Annual Energy cost = 150x365days =Rs 54750/------------ (1)
b) Replaced by Solar Switch Operating Cooler.
It uses a automated operating on solar radiations based on day hot condition

AIT PALAKKAD 28
If operating up to the sun hot with charging facility for 4 more hours during night between 8
A.M to 8 P.M = 12 hours.
If 1000 W Cooler consumes electrical power by solar operating automated switch then Energy
consumed for only day in the solar operating automated switch:
=1000 W x 12hrs = 12000 Wh = 12 kWh
Energy cost per day =12 x 6.2 =Rs75/-
Annual Energy cost =75x365days = Rs 27375 /---------- (2)
Cost saving due to energy saving (1)-(2) = 27375/-
Additional cost for providing solar switch = Rs3000/-
Payback period for providing solar switch = 3000/75 = 40days
7.6 Energy Savings on Computers
i) Energy Saving By Replacing Desktop LCD Monitor With Laptop
Computer with desktop LCD monitor
Each LCD monitor consumes of 150 Watt
Total number of computers is
Total Power consumption =175 x 150 =26250watts =26.25 kW
Total Energy consumption per day =26.25 x 8hours =210 kWh
Energy Cost/day =210 x 6.20 = Rs1302/-
Total Annual Energy Cost =Rs1302x288days =Rs374976----- (1)
LAPTOP power consumption =40 W
Power consumption by replacing all desktop LCD monitor with laptop
= 175computers x 40 watts each

AIT PALAKKAD 29
=7000 w =7000/1000 = 7kw
Energy consumption /day with 8 hours operating =7 x 8 = 56 kWh
Energy cost /day = 56 x 6.20 =Rs350/-
Energy cost per month =350 x 24 =Rs8400/-
Annual energy cost = 8400x12 = Rs 100800/---------- (2)
Cost Saving (1-2) = Rs374976-100800 =Rs 274176/------ (3)
Cost Of Computer =Rs 20000/- to 23000/-
Cost Of Laptop = Rs 30000/-to 40000/-
Extra Cost Of Replacement =Rs 7000/
System Replacing All = Rs 7000 X 175 =Rs 1225000/------ (4)
Payback period (4/3) = 4.4 year, i.e. 52 months
ii) Additional Energy Save by Keep on All Systems Only When It Is Used or Avoid Using the
System in Sleepy Mode
Keep all the system in sleep mode during non operating hours.
Let systems are used effectively for 6 hours a day.
The duration of average sleeping mode=2 hours/system
Thus the power consumed by systems during sleeping mode
=175 x 2 hrs (LCD monitor desktop) =350 hrs
Energy consumed by sleeping mode computer/day=52500Wh
Energy in kWh/day =52500/1000 =52.4 kWh
Cost /day =52.5 X6.20 =Rs325/-
Cost of Energy consumption/month =Rs325 x 24 day =Rs7800/-
Annual cost of energy = Rs7800/-x12months =Rs93600/-

AIT PALAKKAD 30
Rs 93600 will be loss in a year when we put computers on sleep mode
As we use the laptop based on the charged facility as well as practice to use only when
required by default the energy cost same will be added to the laptop facility.
7.7 Energy Saving on Photocopier
Energy saving by operating the photocopier machine only when required or avoiding using
machine in the sleepy mode
Which consume the energy as follows.
Power Consumption of Xerox M/C in Non Operating Mode = 1x100W
Energy Saving for Approximate Sleepy Mode Hours For 2hours In A Day =100W x 2hr/day
= 200Wh/Day
Energy in kWh = 200/1000 = 0.2kWh/day
Energy for a Month = 0.2kWh x 24days =4.8kWh =4.8
Units Monthly Energy Cost =4.8x 6.20 =Rs29.76/-
Annual Energy Cost Saving = Rs29.76x12 =Rs 357.92/-

AIT PALAKKAD 31
CHAPTER 8
POWER FACTOR CALCULATION
8.1 Introduction
In all industrial electrical distribution systems, the major loads are resistive and
inductive. Resistive loads are incandescent lighting and resistance heating. In case of pure
resistive loads, the voltage (V), current (I), resistance (R) relations are linearly related, i.e.
V = I x R and Power (kW) = V x I
Typical inductive loads are A.C. Motors, induction furnaces, transformers and ballast
type lighting. Inductive loads require two kinds of power: a) active (or working) power to
perform the work and b) reactive power to create and maintain electro-magnetic fields.
Active power is measured in kW (Kilo Watts). Reactive power is measured in KVAR (Kilo
Volt-Amperes Reactive). The vector sum of the active power and reactive power make up the
total (or apparent) power used. This is the power generated by the SEBs for the user to
perform a given amount of work. Total Power is measured in KVA (Kilo Volts-Amperes)
(See Figure 8.1).
Fig 8.1 Power triangle
The active power (shaft power required or true power required) in kW and the reactive
power required (KVAR) are 90° apart vertically in a pure inductive circuit i.e., reactive power

AIT PALAKKAD 32
KVAR lagging the active KW. The vector sum of the two is called the apparent power or
KVA, as illustrated above and the KVA reflects the actual electrical load on distribution
system. The ratio of KW to KVA is called the power factor, which is always less than or
equal to unity. Theoretically, when electric utilities supply power, if all loads have unity
power factor, maximum power can be transferred for the same distribution system capacity.
However, as the loads are inductive in nature, with the power factor ranging from 0.2 to 0.9,
the electrical distribution network is stressed for capacity at low power factors.
With help of a power factor meter we have calculated the power factor of a 5HP pump
used in campus and we have noticed that the power factor is 0.79 lag due to the inductive
load. Hence the pf is low due to low pf current will increase.
8.2 Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
Now, In case of Low Power Factor, Current will be increased, and this high current
will cause to the following disadvantages.
8.2.1 Large Line Losses (Copper Losses):
We know that Line Losses is directly proportional to the squire of Current “I2
”
Power Loss = I2
xR i.e., the larger the current, the greater the line losses i.e. I>>Line
Losses
In other words,
Power Loss = I2
xR = 1/CosФ2
….. Refer to Equation “I ∝ 1/CosФ”….… (1)
Thus, if Power factor = 0.8, then losses on this power factor =1/CosФ2
= 1/ 0.82
= 1.56
times will be greater than losses on Unity power factor.
8.2.2 Large kVA Rating and Size of Electrical Equipments:
As we know that almost all Electrical Machinery (Transformer, Alternator, Switchgears
etc) rated in kVA. But, it is clear from the following formula that Power factor is inversely
proportional to the kVA i.e.
CosФ = kW / kVA
Therefore, The Lower the Power factor, the larger the kVA rating of Machines also, the
larger the kVA rating of Machines, The larger the Size of Machines and The Larger the
size of Machines, The Larger the Cost of machines.

AIT PALAKKAD 33
8.2.3 Greater Conductor Size and Cost:
In case of low power factor, current will be increased, thus, to transmit this high
current, we need the larger size of conductor. Also, the cost of large size of conductor will
be increased.
8.2.4 Poor Voltage Regulation and Large Voltage Drop:
Voltage Drop = V = IZ.
Now in case of Low Power factor, Current will be increased. So the Larger the
current, the Larger the Voltage Drop.
Also Voltage Regulation = V.R = (VNo Load – VFull Load)/ VFull Load
In case of Low Power Factor (lagging Power factor) there would be large voltage
drop which cause low voltage regulation. Therefore, keeping Voltage drop in the
particular limit, we need to install Extra regulation equipments i.e. Voltage regulators.
8.2.5 Low Efficiency:
In case of low Power Factor, there would be large voltage drop and large line
losses and this will cause the system or equipments efficiency too low. For instant, due to
low power factor, there would be large line losses; therefore, alternator needs high
excitation, thus, generation efficiency would be low.
8.2.6 Penalty for Low Power factor:
Electrical Power supply Company imposes a penalty of power factor below 0.95
lagging in Electric power bill. So you must improve Pf above 0.95.
8.3 Causes of Low Power Factor
The main cause of low Power factor is Inductive Load. As in pure inductive circuit,
Current lags 90° from Voltage, this large difference of phase angle between current and
voltage causes zero power factors. Basically, all those circuit having Capacitance and
inductance (except resonance circuit (or Tune Circuit) where inductive reactance = capacitive
reactance (XL = Xc), so the circuit becomes a resistive circuit), power factor would be exist
over there because Capacitance and inductance causes in difference of phase angle (θ)
between current and voltage.

AIT PALAKKAD 34
Following are the causes of low Power factor:
 Single phase and three phase induction Motors(Usually, Induction motor works at poor
power factor i.e. at:
Full load, Pf = 0.8 -0.9
Small load, Pf = 0.2 -0.3
No Load, Pf may come to Zero (0).
 Varying Load in Power System (As we know that load on power system is varying.
During low load period, supply voltage is increased which increase the magnetizing
current which cause the decreased power factor)
 Industrial heating furnaces
 Electrical discharge lamps (High intensity discharge lighting), Arc lamps (operate at
very low power factor).
 Transformers
 Harmonic Currents
8.4 Methods for Power Factor Improvement
The following devices and equipment are used for Power Factor Improvement.
1. Static Capacitor
2. Synchronous Condenser
3. Phase Advancer
8.4.1 Static Capacitor
We know that most of the industries and power system loads are inductive that take
lagging current which decrease the system power factor. For Power factor improvement
purpose, Static capacitors are connected in parallel with those devices which work on low
power factor.
These static capacitors provide leading current which neutralize (totally or
approximately) the lagging inductive component of load current (i.e. leading component
neutralize or eliminate the lagging component of load current) thus power factor of the load
circuit is improved.

AIT PALAKKAD 35
These capacitors are installed in Vicinity of large inductive load e.g. Induction motors
and transformers etc, and improve the load circuit power factor to improve the system or
devises efficiency.
Fig 8.2 a) Inductive load b) Capacitor parallel Fig 8.3 Phasor diagram
Suppose, here is a single phase inductive load which is taking lagging current (IL) and
the load power factor is Cosφ as shown in fig 8.2a.
In fig 8.2b, a Capacitor (C) has been connected in parallel with load. Now a current
(Ic) is flowing through Capacitor which lead 90° from the supply voltage ( Note that
Capacitor provides leading Current i.e., In a pure capacitive circuit, Current leading 90° from
the supply Voltage, in other words, Voltage are 90° lagging from Current). The load current
is (IL). The Vectors combination of (IL) and (Ic) is (I) which is lagging from voltage at φ2 as
shown in fig 8.3.
It can be seen from fig 3 that angle of φ2 < φ1 i.e. angle of φ2 is less than from angle of
φ2. Therefore Cosφ2 is less than from Cosφ1 (Cosφ2 > Cosφ1). Hence the load power factor is
improved by capacitor.
Also note that after the power factor improvement, the circuit current would be less
than from the low power factor circuit current. Also, before and after the power factor
improvement, the active component of current would be same in that circuit because capacitor
eliminates only the re-active component of current. Also, the Active power (in Watts) would
be same after and before power factor improvement.

AIT PALAKKAD 36
8.4.1.1Advantages:
 Capacitor bank offers several advantages over other methods of power factor
improvement.
 Losses are low in static capacitors
 There is no moving part, therefore need low maintenance
 It can work in normal conditions (i.e. ordinary atmospheric conditions)
 Do not require a foundation for installation
 They are lightweight so it is can be easy to installed
8.4.1.2 Disadvantages:
 The age of static capacitor bank is less (8 – 10 years)
 With changing load, we have to ON or OFF the capacitor bank, which causes
switching surges on the system
 If the rated voltage increases, then it causes damage it.
 Once the capacitors spoiled, then repairing is costly.
8.4.2 Synchronous Condenser
When a Synchronous motor operates at No-Load and over-exited then it‟s called a
synchronous Condenser. Whenever a Synchronous motor is over-exited then it provides
leading current and works like a capacitor.
When a synchronous condenser is connected across supply voltage (in parallel) then it
draws leading current and partially eliminates the re-active component and this way, power
factor is improved. Generally, synchronous condenser is used to improve the power factor in
large industries.
8.4.2.1 Advantages
 Long life (almost 25 years)
 High Reliability
 Step-less adjustment of power factor.
 No generation of harmonics of maintenance
 The faults can be removed easily

AIT PALAKKAD 37
 It‟s not affected by harmonics.
 Require Low maintenance (only periodic bearing greasing is necessary)
8.4.2.2 Disadvantages:
 It is expensive (maintenance cost is also high) and therefore mostly used by large
power users.
 An auxiliary device has to be used for this operation because synchronous motor has
no self starting torque
 It produces noise
8.4.3 Phase Advancer
Phase advancer is a simple AC exciter which is connected on the main shaft of the
motor and operates with the motor‟s rotor circuit for power factor improvement. Phase
advancer is used to improve the power factor of induction motor in industries.
As the stator windings of induction motor takes lagging current 90° out of phase with
Voltage, therefore the power factor of induction motor is low. If the exciting ampere-turns are
excited by external AC source, then there would be no effect of exciting current on stator
windings. Therefore the power factor of induction motor will be improved. This process is
done by Phase advancer.
8.4.3.1 Advantages
 Lagging kVAR (Reactive component of Power or reactive power) drawn by the motor
is sufficiently reduced because the exciting ampere turns are supplied at slip frequency
(fs).
 The phase advancer can be easily used where the use of synchronous motors is
Unacceptable.
8.4.3.2 Disadvantage
 Using Phase advancer is not economical for motors below 200 H.P. (about 150kW).

AIT PALAKKAD 38
8.4.4 Power Factor Improvement in 1ϕ and 3ϕ Connections
Power factor improvement in three phase system by connecting a capacitor bank in
1. Delta connection
2. Star Connection
Fig 8.4 Capacitor bank in parallel with 3phase load (Delta connected)
Fig 8.5 Capacitor bank in parallel with 3phase load (Star Connected)
8.5 Selection of Capacitors
The figures given in table are the multiplication factors which are to be multiplied
with the input power (kW) to give the kVAR of capacitance required to improve present
power factor to a new desired power factor.

AIT PALAKKAD 39
Table 8.1 Multipliers to determine capacitor kVAR requirements for power factor correction
The pump in the college campus is delta connected having power factor of .79 so by adding
capacitive bank of 0.447kvar in parallel with the pump to improve its power factor to 0.95.

AIT PALAKKAD 40
CHAPTER 9
TIPS FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION
The energy conserving methods are different for various utilities like thermal and
electrical equipments which depends on construction, operating conditions, maintenance etc.
The following are the tips for conserving energy in various areas in our college campus.
9.1 Thermal Utilities
9.1.1 Boilers
 Preheat combustion air with waste heat (22 ºC reduction in flue gas temperature
increases boiler efficiency by 1%).
 Use variable speed drives on large boiler combustion air fans with variable flows.
 Burn wastes if permitted.
 Insulate exposed heated oil tanks.
 Clean burners, nozzles, strainers, etc.
 Inspect oil heaters for proper oil temperature.
 Close burner air and/or stack dampers when the burner is off to minimize heat loss up
the stack.
 Improve oxygen trim control (e.g. -- limit excess air to less than 10% on clean fuels).
(5% reduction in excess air increases boiler efficiency by 1% or: 1% reduction of
residual oxygen in stack gas increases boiler efficiency by 1 %.)
 Automate/optimize boiler blow down. Recover boiler blow down heat.
 Use boiler blow down to help warm the back-up boiler.
 Optimize deaerator venting.
 Inspect door gaskets.
 Inspect for scale and sediment on the water side (A 1 mm thick scale (deposit) on the
water side could increase fuel consumption by 5 to 8%).
 Inspect for soot, fly ash, and slag on the fire side (A 3 mm thick soot deposition on the
heat transfer surface can cause an increase in fuel consumption to the tune of 2.5 %.)

AIT PALAKKAD 41
 Optimize boiler water treatment.
 Add an economizer to preheat boiler feed water using exhaust heat.
 Recycle steam condensate.
 Study part-load characteristics and cycling costs to determine the most-efficient mode
for operating multiple boilers.
 Consider multiple or modular boiler units instead of one or two large boilers.
 Establish a boiler efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit and
follow-up, then make a boiler efficiency-maintenance program a part of your
continuous energy management program.
9.1.2 Steam System
 Fix steam leaks and condensate leaks (A 3 mm diameter hole on a pipe line carrying 7
kg/cm2 steam would waste 33 kilo litres of fuel oil per year).
 Accumulate work orders for repair of steam leaks that can't be fixed during the heating
season due to system shutdown requirements. Tag each such leak with a durable tag
with a good description.
 Use back pressure steam turbines to produce lower steam pressures.
 Use more-efficient steam de super heating methods.
 Ensure process temperatures are correctly controlled.
 Maintain lowest acceptable process steam pressures.
 Reduce hot water wastage to drain.
 Remove or blank off all redundant steam piping.
 Ensure condensate is returned or re-used in the process (6 ºC raise in feed water
temperature by economiser/condensate recovery corresponds to a 1% saving in fuel
consumption, in boiler).
 Preheat boiler feed-water.
 Recover boiler blow down.
 Check operation of steam traps.
 Remove air from indirect steam using equipment (0.25 mm thick air film offers the
same resistance to heat transfer as a 330 mm thick copper wall.)
 Inspect steam traps regularly and repair malfunctioning traps promptly.
 Consider recovery of vent steam (e.g. -- on large flash tanks).
 Use waste steam for water heating.

AIT PALAKKAD 42
 Use an absorption chiller to condense exhaust steam before returning the condensate
to the boiler.
 Use electric pumps instead of steam ejectors when cost benefits permit.
 Establish a steam efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit and
follow-up, then make a steam efficiency-maintenance program a part of your
9.1.3 Furnaces
 Check against infiltration of air: Use doors or air curtains.
 Monitor O2 /CO2/CO and control excess air to the optimum level.
 Improve burner design, combustion control and instrumentation.
 Ensure that the furnace combustion chamber is under slight positive pressure.
 Use ceramic fibres in the case of batch operations.
 Match the load to the furnace capacity.
 Retrofit with heat recovery device.
 Investigate cycle times and reduce.
 Provide temperature controllers.
 Ensure that flame does not touch the stock.
9.1.4 Insulation
 Repair damaged insulation (A bare steam pipe of 150 mm diameter and 100 m length,
carrying saturated steam at 8 kg/cm2 would waste 25,000 litres furnace oil in a year.)
 Insulate any hot or cold metal or insulation.
 Replace wet insulation.
 Use an infrared gun to check for cold wall areas during cold weather or hot wall areas
during hot weather.
 Ensure that all insulated surfaces are cladded with aluminium.
 Insulate all flanges, valves and couplings.
 Insulate open tanks (70% heat losses can be reduced by floating a layer of 45 mm
diameter polypropylene (plastic) balls on the surface of 90 0C hot liquid/condensate).

AIT PALAKKAD 43
9.1.5 Waste Heat Recovery
 Recover heat from flue gas, engine cooling water, engine exhaust, low pressure waste
steam, drying oven exhaust, boiler blow down, etc.
 Recover heat from incinerator off-gas.
 Use waste heat for fuel oil heating, boiler feed water heating, outside air heating, etc.
 Use chiller waste heat to preheat hot water.
 Use heat pumps.
 Use absorption refrigeration.
 Use thermal wheels, run-around systems, heat pipe systems, and air-to-air exchangers.
9.2 Electrical Utilities
9.2.1 Electricity Distribution System
 Optimise the tariff structure with utility supplier
 Schedule your operations to maintain a high load factor
 Shift loads to off-peak times if possible.
 Minimise maximum demand by tripping loads through a demand controller
 Stagger start up times for equipment with large starting currents to minimize load
peaking.
 Use standby electric generation equipment for on-peak high load periods.
 Correct power factor to at least 0.90 under rated load conditions.
 Relocate transformers close to main loads.
 Set transformer taps to optimum settings.
 Disconnect primary power to transformers that do not serve any active loads
 Consider on-site electric generation or cogeneration.
 Export power to grid if you have any surplus in your captive generation.
 Check utility electric meter with your own meter.
 Shut off unnecessary computers, printers, and copiers at night.

AIT PALAKKAD 44
9.2.2 Motors
 Properly size to the load for optimum efficiency. (High efficiency motors offer of 4-
5% higher efficiency than standard motors)
 Use energy-efficient motors where economical.
 Use synchronous motors to improve power factor.
 Check alignment.
 Provide proper ventilation (For every 10 ºC increase in motor operating temperature
over recommended peak, the motor life is estimated to be halved)
 Check for under-voltage and over-voltage conditions.
 Balance the three-phase power supply.(An imbalanced voltage can reduce 3 - 5% in
motor input power)
 Demand efficiency restoration after motor rewinding.(If rewinding is not done
properly, the efficiency can be reduced by 5 - 8%).
9.2.3 Drives
 Use variable-speed drives for large variable loads.
 Use high-efficiency gear sets.
 Use precision alignment.
 Check belt tension regularly.
 Eliminate variable-pitch pulleys.
 Use flat belts as alternatives to v-belts.
 Use synthetic lubricants for large gearboxes.
 Eliminate eddy current couplings.
 Shut them off when not needed.
9.2.4 Fans
 Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet cones for fan air intakes.
 Avoid poor flow distribution at the fan inlet.
 Minimize fan inlet and outlet obstructions.
 Clean screens, filters, and fan blades regularly.
 Use aerofoil-shaped fan blades.
 Minimize fan speed.

AIT PALAKKAD 45
 Use low-slip or flat belts.
 Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
 Use variable speed drives for large variable fan loads.
 Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation.
 Eliminate leaks in ductwork.
 Minimise bends in ductwork.
 Turn fans off when not needed.
9.2.4 Blowers
 Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet ducts or cones for air intakes.
 Minimize blower inlet and outlet obstructions.
 Clean screens and filters regularly.
 Minimize blower speed.
 Use low-slip or no-slip belts.
 Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
 Use variable speed drives for large variable blower loads.
 Eliminate ductwork leaks.
 Turn blowers off when they are not needed.
9.2.6 Pumps
 Operate pumping near best efficiency point.
 Modify pumping to minimize throttling.
 Adapt to wide load variation with variable speed drives or sequenced control of
smaller units.
 Stop running both pumps add an auto start for an on-line spare or add a booster pump
in the problem area.
 Use booster pumps for small loads requiring higher pressures.
 Increase fluid temperature differentials to reduce pumping rates.
 Repair seals and packing to minimize water waste.

AIT PALAKKAD 46
 Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce pump power requirements.
 Use siphon effect to advantage: don't waste pumping head with a free fall (gravity)
return.
9.2.7 Compressors
 Consider variable speed drive for variable load on positive displacement compressors.
 Use a synthetic lubricant if the compressor manufacturer permits it.
 Be sure lubricating oil temperature is not too high (oil degradation and lowered
viscosity) and not too low (condensation contamination).
 Change the oil filter regularly.
 Periodically inspect compressor intercoolers for proper functioning.
 Use waste heat from a very large compressor to power an absorption chiller or preheat
process or utility feeds.
 Establish a compressor efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit
and follow-up, then make a compressor efficiency-maintenance program a part of your
9.2.8 Compressed Air
 Install a control system to coordinate multiple air compressors.
for operating multiple air compressors.
 Avoid over sizing -- match the connected load.
 Load up modulation-controlled air compressors. (They use almost as much power at
partial load as at full load.)
 Turn off the back-up air compressor until it is needed.
 Reduce air compressor discharge pressure to the lowest acceptable setting. (Reduction
of 1 kg/cm2 air pressure (8 kg/cm2 to 7 kg/cm2) would result in 9% input power
savings. This will also reduce compressed air leakage rates by 10%)
 Use the highest reasonable dryer dew point settings.
 Turn off refrigerated and heated air dryers when the air compressors are off.
 Use a control system to minimize heatless desiccant dryer purging.

AIT PALAKKAD 47
 Minimize purges, leaks, excessive pressure drops, and condensation accumulation.
(Compressed air leak from 1 mm hole size at 7 kg/cm2 pressure would mean power
loss equivalent to 0.5 kW)
 Use drain controls instead of continuous air bleeds through the drains.
 Consider engine-driven or steam-driven air compression to reduce electrical demand
charges.
 Replace standard v-belts with high-efficiency flat belts as the old v-belts wear out.
 Use a small air compressor when major production load is off.
 Take air compressor intake air from the coolest (but not air conditioned) location.
(Every 50C reduction in intake air temperature would result in 1% reduction in
compressor power consumption)
 Use an air-cooled after cooler to heat building makeup air in winter.
 Be sure that heat exchangers are not fouled (e.g. -- with oil).
 Be sure that air/oil separators are not fouled.
 Monitor pressure drops across suction and discharge filters and clean or replace filters
promptly upon alarm.
 Use a properly sized compressed air storage receiver. Minimize disposal costs by
using lubricant that is fully demisable and an effective oil-water separator.
 Consider alternatives to compressed air such as blowers for cooling, hydraulic rather
than air cylinders, electric rather than air actuators, and electronic rather than
pneumatic controls.
 Use nozzles or venture-type devices rather than blowing with open compressed air
lines.
 Check for leaking drain valves on compressed air filter/regulator sets. Certain rubber
type valves may leak continuously after they age and crack.
 In dusty environments, control packaging lines with high-intensity photocell units
instead of standard units with continuous air purging of lenses and reflectors.
 Establish a compressed air efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit
and follow-up, then make a compressed air efficiency-maintenance program a part of
your continuous energy management program.
9.2.9 Chillers
 Increase the chilled water temperature set point if possible.

AIT PALAKKAD 48
 Use the lowest temperature condenser water available that the chiller can handle.
(Reducing condensing temperature by 5.5 ºC, results in a 20 to 25% decrease in
compressor power consumption)
 Increase the evaporator temperature (5.5 ºC increase in evaporator temperature
reduces compressor power consumption by 20 - 25%)
 Clean heat exchangers when fouled. (1 mm scale build-up on condenser tubes can
increase energy consumption by 40%)
 Optimize condenser water flow rate and refrigerated water flow rate.
 Replace old chillers or compressors with new higher-efficiency models.
 Use water-cooled rather than air cooled chiller condensers.
 Specify appropriate fouling factors for condensers.
 Do not overcharge oil.
 Install a control system to coordinate multiple chillers.
for operating multiple chillers.
 Run the chillers with the lowest energy consumption. It saves energy cost, fuels a base
load.
 Avoid over sizing, i.e. match the connected load.
 Isolate off-line chillers and cooling towers.
 Establish a chiller efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit and
follow-up, then make a chiller efficiency-maintenance program a part of your
9.2.10 HVAC (Heating / Ventilation / Air Conditioning)
 Tune up the HVAC control system.
 Consider installing a building automation system (BAS) or energy management
system (EMS) or restoring an out of service one.
 Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce blower or fan or pump power
requirements.
 Eliminate or reduce reheat whenever possible.
 Use appropriate HVAC thermostat setback.

AIT PALAKKAD 49
 Use morning pre-cooling in summer and pre-heating in winter (i.e. before electrical
peak hours).
 Use building thermal lag to minimize HVAC equipment operating time.
 In winter during unoccupied periods, allow temperatures to fall as low as possible
without freezing water lines or damaging stored materials.
 In summer during unoccupied periods, allow temperatures to rise as high as possible
without damaging stored materials.
 Improve control and utilization of outside air.
 Use air-to-air heat exchangers to reduce energy requirements for heating and cooling
of outside air.
 Reduce HVAC system operating hours (e.g. Night, weekend).
 Optimize ventilation.
 Ventilate only when necessary. To allow some areas to be shut down when
unoccupied, install dedicated HVAC systems on continuous loads (e.g. computer
rooms).
 Provide dedicated outside air supply to kitchens, cleaning rooms, combustion
equipment, etc. to avoid excessive exhausting of conditioned air.
 Use evaporative cooling in dry climates.
 Reduce humidification or dehumidification during unoccupied periods.
 Use atomization rather than steam for humidification where possible.
 Clean HVAC unit coils periodically and comb mashed fins.
 Upgrade filter banks to reduce pressure drop and thus lower fan power requirements.
 Check HVAC filters on a schedule (at least monthly) and clean/change if appropriate.
 Check pneumatic controls air compressors for proper operation, cycling, and
maintenance.
 Isolate air conditioned loading dock areas and cool storage areas using high-speed
doors or clear PVC strip curtains.
 Install ceiling fans to minimize thermal stratification in high-bay areas.
 Relocate air diffusers to optimum heights in areas with high ceilings.
 Consider reducing ceiling heights.
 Eliminate obstructions in front of radiators, baseboard heaters, etc.
 Check reflectors on infrared heaters for cleanliness and proper beam direction.
 Use professionally-designed industrial ventilation hoods for dust and vapor control.

AIT PALAKKAD 50
 Use local infrared heat for personnel rather than heating the entire area.
 Use spot cooling and heating (e.g. -- use ceiling fans for personnel rather than cooling
the entire area).
 Purchase only high-efficiency models for HVAC window units.
 Put HVAC window units on timer control.
 Don't oversize cooling units. (Oversized units will "short cycle" which results in poor
humidity control.)
 Install multi fuelling capability and run with the cheapest fuel available at the time.
 Consider dedicated make-up air for exhaust hoods. (Why exhaust the air conditioning
or heat if you don't need to?)
 Minimize HVAC fan speeds.
 Consider desiccant drying of outside air to reduce cooling requirements in humid
climates.
 Consider ground source heat pumps.
 Seal leaky HVAC ductwork.
 Seal all leaks around coils.
 Repair loose or damaged flexible connections (including those under air handling
units).
 Eliminate simultaneous heating and cooling during seasonal transition periods.
 Zone HVAC air and water systems to minimize energy use.
 Inspect, clean, lubricate, and adjust damper blades and linkages.
 Establish an HVAC efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit and
follow-up, then make an HVAC efficiency-maintenance program a part of your
9.2.11 Refrigeration
 Use water-cooled condensers rather than air-cooled condensers.
 Challenge the need for refrigeration, particularly for old batch processes.
 Avoid over sizing -- match the connected load.
 Consider gas powered refrigeration equipment to minimize electrical demand charges.
 Use "free cooling" to allow chiller shutdown in cold weather.
 Use refrigerated water loads in series if possible.

AIT PALAKKAD 51
 Convert firewater or other tanks to thermal storage.
 Don't assume that the old way is still the best -- particularly for energy-intensive low
temperature systems.
 Correct inappropriate brine or glycol concentration that adversely affects heat transfer
and/or pumping energy. If it sweats, insulate it, but if it is corroding, replace it first.
 Make adjustments to minimize hot gas bypass operation.
 Inspect moisture/liquid indicators.
 Consider change of refrigerant type if it will improve efficiency.
 Check for correct refrigerant charge level.
 Inspect the purge for air and water leaks.
 Establish a refrigeration efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit
and follow-up, then make a refrigeration efficiency-maintenance program a part of
your continuous energy management program.
9.2.12 Lighting
 Reduce excessive illumination levels to standard levels using switching, delamping,
etc. (Know the electrical effects before doing decamping.).
 Aggressively control lighting with clock timers, delay timers, photocells, and/or
occupancy sensors.
 Install efficient alternatives to incandescent lighting, mercury vapour lighting, etc.
Efficiency (lumens/watt) of various technologies range from best to worst
approximately as follows: low pressure sodium, high pressure sodium, metal halide,
fluorescent, mercury vapour, incandescent.
 Select ballasts and lamps carefully with high power factor and long-term efficiency in
mind.
 Upgrade obsolete fluorescent systems to Compact fluorescents and electronic ballasts
 Consider lowering the fixtures to enable using less of them.
 Consider day lighting, skylights, etc.
 Consider painting the walls a lighter colour and using less lighting fixtures or lower
wattages.
 Use task lighting and reduce background illumination.
 Re-evaluate exterior lighting strategy, type, and control. Control it aggressively.
 Change exit signs from incandescent to LED.

AIT PALAKKAD 52
9.2.13 DG Sets
 Optimise loading.
 Use waste heat to generate steam/hot water /power an absorption chiller or preheat
process or utility feeds.
 Use jacket and head cooling water for process needs.
 Clean air filters regularly.
 Insulate exhaust pipes to reduce DG set room temperatures.
 Use cheaper heavy fuel oil for capacities more than 1MW

AIT PALAKKAD 53
CHAPTER 10
RECOMMENDATIONS & SUGGESTIONS
1) Pump the cooled water to cold storage plant during night to thermally insulated tank.
Advice people not to use cold water till 12 noon of the day .Only they have to use the
cold water plant between 12 noon to-10 PM for 10 hours.
2) Workers/Employees are advised to use only cotton clothes. White or relatively white
cloth during summer. Therefore they can avoid too much sweating with that the effect
of dehydration can be minimized and the water consumption can be minimized
through which cold water storage burden will reduce at least by 10-20% of total
consumption.
3) They can use cotton mini size umbrella it is not for rain protection it is exclusively to
protect for direct attack of solar radiations, when they walk outside during afternoon.
So that soon after reaching home fan use can be minimized and it is healthy. After
going home immediate use of AC or FAN should be avoided as biologically certain
harmonically imbalance takes place .gradual body cooling is better.
4) Use focused light for reading place or table lamp. Sometime recommended to avoid
full room lighting it leads to wastage of illumination and disturbance of sleep to
housemates which disturb their work efficiency at working place. Man-hour efficiency
reduction is the national waste. Also insufficient sleeps leads to health problems.
5) All Interior walls should be painted using Enamelled paint which would reflect
light.
6) Good light ventilation and Air ventilation to classrooms may solve the problem of
Energy Consumption.
7) Energy saving by replacing LCD desktop with LAPTOP illustrate the benefits in terms
of portability, space saving, maintenance cost of desktop computers and additional
cost of peripherals. Also cost of damage and other electrical problems. Critical space
management and cost involved can be removed. Wiring for LAN and labour cost can
also be prevented.

AIT PALAKKAD 54
8) Unnecessary power consumption by negligence of user and system administrator for
not switching off while leaving the office will have more vulnerability for damage
due to short circuit and heavy voltage due to lightning.
9) It is recommended to replace fluorescent lamps by CFL and LED‟S which are handy
by construction and possibility of breakage is less. Installation is easy and the labour
charge required for replacement of burnt tubes and defected choke lamps is a costly
affair. Disposal of burnt tubes will disturb the habitat place of both human being and
animals. The release of krypton and argon gases is more dangerous, it may lead to
ecological imbalance if it in mass destruction.
10) Switch off the photocopier machine at the main outlet itself when not in use or in other
words machine should not be kept in stand by and sleep mode which consumes power.
11) Avoiding individual mobile phone facility at the working place during working hours
is better; as they use charging facility which consume power and substandard battery
chargers draws more current leads to more power consumption. There is also
possibility66 of electrical short circuit. Common communication facility may lead to
harmony among employs due to uniform facility it keeps the working atmosphere very
clean and calm in addition to the cost benefit.
12) Use good lighting system will reduce the power burden as a whole.
13) Energy recycling, when Equipment is operating or motor is running is the research
area where young generations have to address.
14) Fans running without capacitor or under rated capacitor will draw more current
therefore use of correct rated capacitor will reduce the power consumption.
15) All major equipments should run with good power factor and the integration of
Instrument to read the P.F online should be made mandatory. Therefore immediate
care can be taken to improve the power factor.
16) Recommended to use Online harmonics measurement system to monitor the
harmonics higher level harmonics lead generate heat in the equipment may lead to
greater power loss .Harmonics suppression equipment is necessary.
17) Recommended to use solar water cooler in place of conventional one.
18) Reschedule the time table to reduce the maximum demand.
19) Outside lightening of the campus should be placed bit higher.
20) Use pumps on the off peak time so that we can reduce the consumption cost. If the
securities are available. Fill the tank by pumping once.

AIT PALAKKAD 55
21) Static capacitive banks are recommended to place parallel with the pump to increase
the power factor.
22) Recommended to replace the old refrigerator, freezers, grinders and mixers with the
new energy efficient ones i.e. five stars rated equipments.
23) Star rating of our campus is labelled 5 stars for the year 2015-2016 and we
recommends to check star rating for every year.

AIT PALAKKAD 56
CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
The Proposed project gave strong warning to the consumer not only in terms of the
energy bills but also the energy crisis in the near future to all sectors of people. This project‟s
recommendations reduce around 15-20% of the energy and 25-30% of cost reduction
excluding some issues likes more payback period. There is a scope of improvement to include
the advanced lighting scheme to reduce further 10% of the operating cost. As per the ECBC
building ratings, 5 Star labeled buildings are most efficient and we found that our campus
could be labelled as 5 star as per ECBC criterion. As per ECBC, a building exceeding an EPI
of 1000kWh/sq.m/year comes under the ECBC complaints. In the AIT campus we observed
that only an EPI of 3.3kWh/sq.m/year, so the campus found to be free from the ECBC
complaints.

AIT PALAKKAD 57
REFERENCES
1] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, Government of India (2007):
“Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)-Revised Version May 2008”, New
Delhi, India.
2] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry Of Power, Government of India (2005):
“Energy Efficiency In Electrical Utilities”, New Delhi India.
3] Bureau of Indian Standard (2005): “National Building Code of India Second Revision
(2005)”, New Delhi India.
4] Lee Wei-Jen, Kenarangui Rasool, “Energy Management for Motors, Systems, and
Electrical Equipment”, IEEE Transactions on industry applications, vol. 38, no. 2,
march/April 2002, PP 602-607.
5] Jiang Tie-Liu, Li Yong, Wang Jian-Jun, Zhang Bing-Wen, “Energy Audit and Its
Application in Coal-fired Power Plant”, School of Energy Resources and Mechanical
Engineering Northeast Denali University Jilin City, China, 2009, PP 1-4.
6] Jankes Goran, Stamenic Mirjana, Simonovic Tomislav, Trninic Marta, Tanasic
Nikola, “Energy Audit as a Tool for Improving Overall Energy Efficiency in Serbian
Industrial Sector”, IEEE 2nd International Symposium on Environment-Friendly
Energies and Applications (EFEA), 2012, PP 118-122.
7] T.E.R.I., “Energy Audit at Unit -1 of G.H.T.P.”, the energy and Resources institute,
78PP, New Delhi, 2011, Project report no. 2011 IE 10. PP 1- 210.
8] Chai Yuman, Zhao Hongbin, “Energy analysis of a power cycle system with 300 MW
capacity”, IEEE International Conference on Advances in Energy Engineering, 2010,
PP 247250.
9] Ding Jinliang, Liu Changliang, Wang Hong, Zhen Chenggang , “An Overview of
Modelling and Simulation of Thermal Power Plant”, Proceedings of the 2011
International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems, Zhengzhou, China,
August 11-13, 2011, PP 8691.
10] Gupta, J.B., “A Course in Power System”, S.K. Kataria & Sons, 4424/6 Guru Nanak
Market Nai Sarak Dehli-110006, 2006-07, PP 46-93.

AIT PALAKKAD 58
11] Guo Ying, Lu Jianhong, Wu Ke, Zhang Tiejun, “A Multi-Objective Optimizing
Control Method for Boiler-Turbine Coordinated Control”, IEEE International
Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, China, August 5 - 8, 2007, PP 3700-
3705.
12] Guo Tieqiao, Zheng Haiming, “Relative Accuracy Test Audit Evaluation for Flue Gas
Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems in power plant”, IEEE Pacific-Asia
Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application, 2008, PP 239-
243.
13] Gao Han, Li Yong, “On-line Calculation for Thermal Efficiency of Boiler”, Supported
by the Science and Technology Development Plans of Jilin Province of China
(20080523), 2010, PP 1-4.
14] Hogg B. W., Prasad G., Swidenbank E., “A Novel Performance Monitoring Strategy
for Economical Thermal Power Plant Operation”, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 14, No. 3, September 1999, PP 802-808.
15] Jiang Tie-Liu, Li Yong, Wang Jian-Jun, Zhang Bing-Wen, “Energy Audit and Its
Application in Coal-fired Power Plant”, School of Energy Resources and Mechanical
Engineering Northeast Dianli University Jilin City, China, 2009, PP 1-4.
16] Khan Atif Zaman , “Electrical energy conservation and its application to a sheet glass
industry”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 11, No. 3, September 1996,
PP 666671.
17] Kim Hoyol, Park Dooyong, Shin Youngjin, “Control Strategy for the Ultra-Super
Critical Coal-firing Thermal Power Plant”, IEEE International Joint Conference 2006
in Bexco, Busan, Korea, Oct. 18-21, 2006, PP 1719- 1721.
18] Kamalapur G D, Udaykumar R Y, “Electrical Energy conservation in India -
Challenges and Achievements”, IEEE International conference on “control,
automation, communication and energy conservation -2009, 4th-6th June 2009, PP 1-
5.
19] Lee Wei-Jen, Kenarangui Rasool, “Energy Management for Motors, Systems, and
Electrical Equipment”, IEEE Transactions on industry applications, vol. 38, no. 2,
march/april 2002, PP 602-607.

Energy Auditing in College Campus

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Energy Auditing in College Campus

Similar to Energy Auditing in College Campus (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Energy Auditing in College Campus