Essay Writing Service http://StudyHub.vip/A-Touch-With-English

1. A TOUCH WITH
ENGLISH
Kian Pishkar
Staff Member of Islamic Azad
University, Jieroft Branch
Nooshin Naseri
M.A of English Language Translation
Seventh Edition

2. ‫ﺧﺪا‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎم‬
‫ﺑﻤﻴﺮم‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺮ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫آﻣﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻴﺮم‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺷﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻳﺶ‬ ‫وﻃﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺮا‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺮدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻴﺮم‬ ‫ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﻃﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻳﺎر‬
‫وﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺮت‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎف‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺮت‬ ‫ﻳﺎري‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫دﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺮ‬
،‫ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ‬ ‫اي‬
‫ﻣﻨ‬
‫ﺴ‬
‫زﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻳﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺠﻢ‬
‫ن‬
‫داﻧﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن‬ ،‫آﻣﻮزان‬
‫در‬ ‫ﻧﺤـﻮي‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻪ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫آﻣﻮزش‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻗﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻼش‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ‬
‫ﻣـﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫رﻓـﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻬـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺴﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻇﺮاﻓـﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ‬ ،‫دﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬
‫زﺑﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫آﻣﻮزان‬
‫ﺳﺮﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﮔـﺮدآوري‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻮم‬ ‫وزارت‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺷـﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬
.
‫دوره‬ ‫در‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮن‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮا‬
‫ﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ‬
‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
،
‫زﺑـﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻪ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻘـﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳـﻞ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫آﻣـﻮزاﻧﻲ‬
‫آزﻣﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻲ‬ ،‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ ‫زﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
‫اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‬
)
،‫ﺗﺎﻓﻞ‬
،‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﻤـﻮ‬
GRE
،
IELTS
(
‫دارﻧـﺪ‬ ‫را‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮآورده‬
.
‫ﻣﺘـﺮادف‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪه‬ ‫درﺑﺮ‬ ،‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫درك‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮن‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮاه‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫دروس‬
‫ﻫـﺎ‬
)
‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ‬
5000
‫ﻟﻐﺖ‬
(
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ،‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫وﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬ ‫زﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬ ‫درس‬ ‫اﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻳﻒ‬ ،‫دﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬
،
‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎن‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨـﺴﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺻـﻮرت‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮده‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ‬
.
‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻼش‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺠﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫از‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي‬ ‫و‬ ‫درﺳﻲ‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫درس‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﭘﺮاﻛﻨـﺪه‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﻳﮕـﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬ ‫آﻣﻴﺨﺘﻦ‬
‫ﮔـﻮﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﺧﻮدداري‬
.
‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ‫در‬
32
‫درس‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
)
‫داﺳﺘﺎن‬
(
‫ﻓـﺸﺮده‬ ‫ﻟﻮح‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮاه‬
)
‫دي‬ ‫ﺳـﻲ‬
(
‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﻬـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ،‫اﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺷـﺪه‬ ‫اﻓـﺰوده‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻬﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﻮاﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫روﺧﻮاﻧﻲ‬ ،‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺒﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮن‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻣﻲ‬ ‫آﻣﻮزان‬
،‫ﺗﺮي‬
‫ﺷـﻨﻮاﻳﻲ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫آﻣﺎده‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺷـﻔﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﺎن‬ ‫دروس‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬ ،‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻏﻨﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺒﻌﻲ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻟﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻣـﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﻮاﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮده‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎر‬ ‫واژﮔﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷـ‬
‫ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨـﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻴـﺰ‬
‫اﻳـﻦ‬ ‫از‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬
‫ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮه‬ ‫ﻏﻨﻲ‬ ‫اي‬
.
‫در‬ ‫ﺷـﺪه‬ ‫ﺑـﺮده‬ ‫ﺑﻜـﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻮر‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬ ‫اوﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫در‬
‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫آواﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﺻﻮل‬ ‫اﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺎر‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬
‫ﮔﺮه‬
‫اي‬
‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺰرگ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬
‫آﻣﻮزان‬
‫را‬ ‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻘﺪر‬
‫ﺑﮕﺸﺎﻳﺪ‬
.

3. 2
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫آﮔﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪه‬ ‫درﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرت‬
‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي‬
‫اﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎزﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎب‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻣﻴﺪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫آﻣﻮزان‬
‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻳﺰان‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣـﻮرد‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﺘـﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻤـﻮده‬ ‫زﺣﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻳﺰي‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺎزد‬ ‫آورده‬
‫داده‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎده‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬
‫اﻧﺪ‬
.
‫اﻳﺸﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﺒﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫آﻗﺎي‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎب‬ ‫ﺑﺰرﮔﻮار‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻزم‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎن‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺳﭙﺎﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫رﺳﻴﺪن‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻢ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮕﺰاري‬
.
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﻴﺎن‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬
84
‫ﺟﻴﺮﻓﺖ‬
Kian.pishkar@gmail.com
www.kianpishkar.blogfa.com

4. 3
To
The Reason
of
My Life:
To
Kiarash
&
To My Lost Life

5. Pronunciation and phonetic symbols
Consonants
p pen /pen/ s see /si:/
b bad /bæd/ z zoo /zu:/
t tea /ti:/ ʃ shoe /ʃu:/
d did /dɪd/ ʒ vision /ˈvɪʒn/
k cat /kæt/ h hat /hæt
g get /get/ m man /mæn/
tʃ chain /tʃeɪn/ n now /naʊ/
dʒ jam /dʒæm/ ŋ sing /sɪŋ/
f fall /fɔ:l/ l leg /leg/
v van /væn/ r red /red/
θ thin /θɪn/ j yes /jes/
ð this /ðɪs/ w wet /wet/
Vowels and diphthongs
i: see /si:/
i happy /ˈhæpi/
ɪ sit /sɪt/
e ten /ten/
æ cat /kæt/
: father /ˈf :ðə(r)/ (British English)
got /g t/
ɔ: saw /sɔ:/
ʊ put /pʊt/
u actual /ˈæktʃuəl/
u: too /tu:/
ʌ cup /kʌp/
ɜ: fur /fɜ:(r)/
ə about /əˈbaʊt/
eɪ say /seɪ/
əʊ go /gəʊ/ (British English)
oʊ go /goʊ/ (American English)
aɪ my /maɪ/
ɔɪ boy /bɔɪ/
aʊ now /naʊ/
ɪə near /nɪə(r)/ (British English)
eə hair /heə(r)/ (British English)
ʊə pure /pjʊə(r)/ (British English)

6. Pronunciation

7. ii
‫ﺧـﻂ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫زﻳـﺮ‬ ‫ﻛـﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻣـﻮارد‬ ‫ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮاه‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوف‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻪ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻴﺪه‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Al = walk talk alms calm
Mn = autumn
Mb = comb bomb
Kn = knife knock
‫اﮔﺮ‬
gn
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻼب‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫در‬
g
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻼب‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫آ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬
Gn = sign design
Gn = signature
Gh
ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ‫اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫در‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاي‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔـﻆ‬ ‫اﮔـﺮ‬ ‫و‬
ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬
F
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬
Gh = through light night slight
Gh= F = laugh enough trough
Gh = ghost ghoul
Wr = write wrist wring wrist
Ow = own shower bow low town follow
Aw = draw law raw
Dg= wedge edge
mP = empty symptombumped
‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫ﻳﻚ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﺪادار‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬
‫ﺣـﺮف‬ ‫اوﻟـﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻴـﺮد‬ ‫ﻗـﺮار‬ ‫ﺻـﺪا‬
‫ﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫اﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺪاي‬ ،‫ﺻﺪا‬
‫داﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ‬ ‫را‬
.
‫دارد‬ ‫وﺟـﻮد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫در‬
.
)
V
‫ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣـﺖ‬
‫ﺻﺪا‬
‫و‬
C
‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫ﺻﺪا‬
(
VCV
Mine
Write
Assume
Huge
Time
Make
Wine
Pipe
Verruca
Durable
‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬
:
Determine
Mind

8. iii
Light
Night
Slight
Right
Child
Imagine
‫ﺻﺪاي‬ ‫داراي‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوﻓﻲ‬
‫ش‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
Sh= she shower
Cia= special
Ch= chef
Su= sure assurance tissue reassure pressure
Tio= quotation composition
Sio= expansion conclusion
‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاردي‬
‫ژ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
G= genre
Sio= vision
Su=measure
ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬
‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
G
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوﻓﻲ‬
y
-
e
-
i
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮده‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎر‬
‫ﺻﺪاي‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺟـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫دﻫﺪ‬
.
‫دارد‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
Huge giant gill gibbet gibber gesso germ
Gyro gyrate gyp gym gypsy gene
General gel gem gee-gee stingy gaoler
‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬
:
Gift gynecology get gear geld geese
Gestalt Gestapo gecko geezer foggy
ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮ‬
‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
C
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮوﻓﻲ‬
y
-
e
-
i
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺮده‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺎر‬
‫ﺻﺪاي‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳـ‬
‫ﻲ‬
‫دﻫﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬
City cycle cell
‫اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫زﺑﺎن‬ ‫در‬
Q
‫ﻫﻤﺮاه‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬
U
‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬
U
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬
Unique
Quantity
Qualm

9. iv
Quack
Quad
Quod
Quip
Quran
‫در‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬
‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫اﺳﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫دﻳﺪه‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Qom ‫ﻗﻢ‬
Qatar ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬
Iraq ‫ﻋﺮاق‬
Qwerty
‫در‬
‫ﻣﻮاردي‬
ed
‫ﺻﺪاي‬
id
/
d
/
t
‫دارد‬
ed
)
‫ت‬
(
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺻﺪا‬
‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮد‬
( K-P-S-CH-SH-F)
Looked clapped missed watched finished laughed
ED
)
‫د‬
(
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫واﻛـﺪار‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬
(voiced)
‫ﺻـﺪاي‬ ‫ﻟـﺮزش‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬ ‫درك‬ ‫را‬ ‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻧﻨﺪ‬
:
(L-V-N-B)
Smelled saved cleaned robbed played
Ed
)
‫اي‬
‫د‬
(
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬
d
/
t
‫ﺑﮕﻴﺮد‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬
Decided needed wanted invited
‫ﻣﻮاردي‬ ‫در‬
S
‫ﺻﺪاي‬
S / z /IZ
‫دارد‬
S = desks maps wastebaskets tickets books
Z = telephones cameras bags keys televisions
IZ = sentences exercises purses briefcases watches
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاردي‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
Du = individual during/Am/ Gradual
‫اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء‬
:
Dull
‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬
:
CH
‫ش‬
=
ef
Ch

10. v
‫چ‬
=
ance
Ch
‫ك‬
=
aracter
Ch
‫ﻣﻮاردي‬ ‫در‬
L
‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬
OU
‫ﻧﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬
Would
Could
Should
‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﺷﺘﺒﺎه‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻈﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻮاردي‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
:
Heat /hi:t/
Hit /hɪt/
Hat /hæt/
Hot /h t/
Hate /heɪt/
Hut /hʌt/
Shape /ʃeɪp/
Shop /ʃ p/
Sheep /ʃi:p/
Ship /ʃɪp/
Our /a:(r)/ Or /ɔ:(r)/ Hour /ˈaʊə(r)/ Ore / ɔ:(r)/
Bread /bred/ Bird /bɜ:d/ Beard /bɪəd/ Board //
Bored /bɔ:r/ Bride /braɪd/
Bit // Beet /bi:t/ Bet /bet/
Beat /bi:t/ Bite /baɪt/ Bat /bæt/
But /bət/ Bait /beɪt/
All /ɔ:l/ Hole /həʊl/ Whole /həʊl/
Hell /hel/ Hill /hɪl/ Hail /heɪl/
Heel /hi:l/ Hole /həʊl/
Boss /b s/ bus // base /beɪs/ boos //
Bose //
So /səʊ/ saw /sɔ:/

11. vi
Were /wə(r)/ where // wear /weə(r)/
Wore // war /wɔ:(r)/ worship /ˈeɜ:ʃɪp/
tch
‫ﺻﺪاي‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرت‬
)
‫چ‬
(
‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬
Fetch
Match
watch
‫اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫آواﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‬ ‫در‬
)
‫خ‬
(
‫ﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬

12. Stress and Intonation

13. viii
Syllables are either stressed (strong) or unstressed (weak):
He Came
She WALKS
You are STRONG
I am OLD
THIS is a CAR, THAT is MINE.
He is SLOW, He WALKS Slowly
It is a GLASS of MILK for the CHILD.
Every language has a natural rhythm. The rhythm of English consists of
strong and weak syllables. The words kept for headlines and telegrams are
the words which usually STREESSED in a sentence. When the main words
(adv., adj., n., v.) are stressed the CONNECTING words must be weakened.
The connecting words are usually UNSTRESSED are: articles , prepositions,
conjunctions, and helping verbs( auxiliary).
I KNOW that he is RIGHT
They WENT from PLACE to PLACE
The endings which are used with V., N., ADJ., in English are never
stressed. These endings are weak syllables pronounced with / / or / /.
These are brushes
Judges
Matches
*************************************************************
1. Nouns of two syllables are usually stressed on the first syllables:
Beggar curtain
Neighbor Standard
Flavor Symbol
Horror Rocket
2. A number of words in English have two different stresses patterns
according to whether they are used as Verb or Nouns. As Verbs they are
stressed on the last and as noun on the first syllable.
Look at this object Noun
We don't object to your plan. Verb

14. ix
Verb Noun
Permit permit
Suspect suspect
Present present
Digest digest
Transfer transfer
Extract extract
Nouns
2 syllables Mountain
3 syllables Document
3. Two stressed verbs are stressed on the its root
Soften inject reject project
Frighten protest hasten brighten
Propose happen finish progress
Publish polish profess gather
4. Two syllables with the suffix ate and three/ more syllables with suffix
ate:
A. Stress is on the ate if the verb has two syllables
B. Third syllable from the end if the verb is longer than two syllables.
Negate
Operate
Exaggerate
5. Three/ more syllables with suffix ize/ise on the third syllable from the
last:
Civilize
Materialize
6. Two syllable adjectives are stressed on the dominant root
Modern Foreign Sudden Absurd
Distinct select Corrupt

15. x
7. Majority of three syllables adjectives take their stress on the first syllable:
Horrible Delicate terrible
Gradual Obstinate Usual
8. Following suffixes forms cause the stress to fall upon the syllable
immediately before them:
-ic -ical -cial -tial -cient -cious -tious
Rustic Classical Attraction Critical
Malicious Sufficient Essential Commercial
RP = Receive Pronunciation
IPA = International Pronunciation Association
G.A = General American = the south, New York City and eastern New
England from Ohio to the Pacific:
1. Retention of /R/
2. The use of a vowel of the / /
RP has 20 distinctive vowels and diphthongs
RP has 24 distinctive consonants b p t d s l
1. Long vowels:
Bean /ï/ barn /ä/ born /ö/ boon /ü/ burn / /
2. Short vowels:
Pit / / pet / / pat /æ / putt / / pot / /
Another / / bid / / bead / / cad / / card / /
Don / / dawn / / pull / / pool / /
3. Diphthong:
Bay / / buy / / boy / / no / / now / /
Peer / / pair / / pour / /

16. Contents
1. Lesson one - Jieroft .............................................................................. 1
2. Lesson two- Ardebil .............................................................................. 6
3. Lesson three - Kahnouj........................................................................ 12
4. Lesson four- How Large is Your Family? .......................................... 18
5. Lesson five - ........................................................................................ 24
6. Lesson six - ......................................................................................... 29
7. Lesson seven - .................................................................................... 34
8. Lesson eight - ..................................................................................... 41
9. Lesson nine - ....................................................................................... 48
10. Lesson ten - ......................................................................................... 55
11. Lesson eleven - .................................................................................. 61
12. Lesson twelve - ................................................................................... 68
13. Lesson thirteen - ................................................................................. 73
14. Lesson fourteen - ................................................................................ 78
15. Lesson fifteen - ................................................................................... 84
16. Lesson sixteen - .................................................................................. 89
17. Lesson seventeen - .............................................................................. 94
18. Lesson eighteen - .............................................................................. 100
19. Lesson nineteen - .............................................................................. 106
20. Lesson twenty - ................................................................................. 112
21. Lesson twenty one - .......................................................................... 120
22. Lesson twenty two - .......................................................................... 123
23. Lesson twenty three - ........................................................................ 126
24. Lesson twenty four - ......................................................................... 130
25. Lesson twenty five - ......................................................................... 133
26. Lesson twenty six - ........................................................................... 138
27. Lesson twenty seven - ...................................................................... 141
28. Lesson twenty eight - ........................................................................ 144
29. Lesson twenty nine - Stay Awake, Stay Alive .................................. 147
30. Lesson thirty - ................................................................................... 151
31. Lesson thirty one - ............................................................................ 154
32. Lesson thirty two - ............................................................................ 157
33. Lesson thirty three - Tackling Obesity in the Western World........... 160
34. Lesson thirty four - ........................................................................... 164

17. 35. Lesson thirty five - ............................................................................ 168
36. Lesson thirty six - ............................................................................. 172
37. Lesson thirty seven - ......................................................................... 176
38. Lesson thirty eight - .......................................................................... 180
39. Lesson thirty nine - Falling Asleep.................................................... 183
40. Lesson forty - .................................................................................... 186
41. Lesson forty one - ............................................................................. 189
42. Lesson forty two - ............................................................................. 191
43. Lesson forty three - ........................................................................... 193
44. Lesson forty four - Foot-and-mouth disease in England may be under
control ...............................................................................................195
45. Lesson forty five - Researchers Develop New Test to Predict
Alzheimer's Disease...........................................................................197
46. Lesson forty six - The broken mirror, the black cat, and lots of good
luck.....................................................................................................199
47. Lesson forty seven - The Christmas the Lights Went Out..................202
48. Lesson forty eight - Should HIV Infected Mothers Breastfeed? ........207
49. Lesson forty nine - .............................................................................209
50. Lesson fifty - Circe the Beautiful Witch ............................................211
51. Lesson fifty one - Big Sister’s Clothes...............................................216
52. Lesson fifty two - The Wooden Horse ...............................................220
53. Lesson fifty three - Troy.....................................................................224
54. Lesson fifty four - The Birth of a Star................................................230
55. Lesson fifty five - The Fix..................................................................232
56. Lesson fifty six - The launch..............................................................235
57. Lesson fifty seven - Mr Smith's New Nose ........................................238
58. Lesson fifty eight - Two peas in a pod.................................................242
59. Lesson fifty nine - The Golden Boys...................................................245
60. Lesson sixty - A Game of Go ..............................................................248
61. Lesson sixty one - Scarlett...................................................................252
62. Lesson sixty two - Athenaise...............................................................255
63. Lesson sixty three - The Tell-Tale Heart.............................................259
64. Lesson sixty four - The Ambitious Guest............................................263
65. Lesson sixty five - A Horseman in the Sky .........................................266
66. Lesson sixty six - ................................................................................270
67. Lesson sixty seven - ............................................................................274
68. Lesson sixty eight - Bertie Valentine...................................................278
69. Lesson sixty nine - Building Bridges...................................................282
70. Lesson seventy - Venomous animals...................................................285
71. Lesson seventy one - Haircut...............................................................287
72. Lesson seventy two - Story of the Door ..............................................297
Irregular verbs........................................................................................... 347
Mini Dictionary ........................................................................................ 356
Bibliography ............................................................................................. 384

18. Lesson 1
Jieroft
Jieroft civilization is a postulated Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC)
archaeological culture located in what is now Iran’s Sistan and Kerman
Provinces. The hypothesis is based on a collection of artifacts that were
confiscated in Iran and accepted by many to have derived from the Jieroft
area in south central Iran.
The proposed type site is Konar Sandal near Jieroft in the Halil River
area. Other significant sites associated with the culture include Shahr-e-
Sokhta (Burnt City), Tepe Bampur, Espiedej, Shahdad, Iblis, and Tepe
Yahya.
The proposition of grouping these sites as an “independent Bronze Age
civilization with its own architecture and language” , intermediate between
Elam to the west and the Indus Valley Civilization to the east, is due to
Yousef Majidzadeh, head of the archaeological excavation team in Jieroft.
Majidzadeh speculates they may be the remains of the lost Aratta kingdom.
Majidzadeh’s conclusions have met with skepticism from some reviewers.
Other conjectures have connected the Konar Sandal with the obscure city-
state of Marhashi that apparently lay to the east of Elam proper.
Jieroft is a city in Kerman province, Iran. It is located 230-kilometres
south of the city of Kerman, and 1,375-kilometres south of Tehran. Its
population is 290,000. In the past it was also called Sabzevaran, and on
account of its being very fertile land it is famous as Hend-e-Koochak (the
little India).
Jieroft is located in a vast plain, Halil Rood, on the southern outskirts of
the Barez mountain chain, surrounded by two rivers. The mean elevation of
the city is about 650-metres above sea level. The weather of the city is very
warm in summer and temperatures are moderate in winter. It is one of the

19. A Touch With English
2
hottest places in Iran and the world, with a recorded temperature of 135ºF
(57º C) in August 1933.
The name “Jieroft” has recently become known in archaeological circles,
after Iran’s Cultural Organization announced the discovery of remains from
an ancient city buried near the current city of Jieroft, leading to theories
proposing the remains belong to a forgotten culture known as the Jieroft
civilization.
Jieroft, has become a center of archeological interest after the 2001 flash
flood revealed one of the “forgotten and lost” civilizations of the ancient
world. As the story goes, “an old object … was floating on the surface of
water” and was retrieved by a peasant from a nearby village.
Next day, impoverished by years of drought villagers swarmed along the
banks of the Halil River in search of 5000 years old antiquities. They
carefully divided the area into six square meters lots so each family would
have a fair chance to strike it rich. And they did. For the next three years
archaeologists could only watch hopelessly thousands of looters digging up
objects of incomparable beauty of the civilization which once must have
been equal to Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Wherever are looters, there are also dealers who smuggle ancient objects
out of the country. Thousands of objects, mainly carved and inlaid steatite
vases, appeared in Europe and elsewhere with a generic description of the
“Middle Eastern” or “Kerman” vases. The demand for these vases has been
so high that a new industry has been created: production of fake Jieroft-
vases easily sold to whomever wants to have a piece on ancient history.
Finally, a team of international archaeologists began excavations in 2003.
While their discoveries have not produced such spectacular vases and
statuettes as those delivered by villagers, they were able to estimate that
over 700 sites are possibly located in the area of about 400 square km.
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:
-1. Jieroft civilization is not too old.
-2. Jieroft civilization refers back to Early Bronze Age.
-3. Jieroft is in a mountainous area.
-4. Jieroft has recently known because of its citrus.
-5. There are too many archaeological items in Jieroft.
B. Answer the questions:
1. When did an international team of archaeological begin excavations
in Jieroft?
2. Where is Jieroft located?
3. Why did Jieroft become a center of interest in 2001?

20. Lesson 1 3
C. Choose the best answers:
1. “Postulated” means:
a. hypothesis b. discovery
c. belong d. circles
2. “Surrounded” means:
a. proper b. south
c. province d. besiege
3. “Site” means:
a. vase b. created
c. spectacular d. place
4. “Industry” means:
a. generic b. possible
c. deliver d. business
5. “Statue” means:
a. hope b. produce
c. equal d. sculpture
6. “Interest” means:
a. city b. flood
c. flash d. attraction
7. “Civilization” means:
a. excavation b. ancient
c. production d. culture
8. “Fertile” means:
a. bury b. productive
c. remain d. proposing
9. “Significant” means:
a. important b. postulated
c. derived d. current
10. “Moderate” means:
a. average b. conclusion
c. record d. culture
Grammar
To be 1. is – am – are = simple present tense
2. was – were = simple past tense
3. be = future – passive
4. been = passive – past perfect – present perfect

21. A Touch With English
4
Statement Question
Simple present
I am a doctor.
She is a nurse.
They are drivers.
Am I a doctor?
Is she a nurse?
Are they drivers?
Simple past
He was sick.
She was there.
We were teachers.
Was he sick?
Was she there?
Were you teachers?
Simple future
I will be there.
She will be a nurse.
We will be pilots.
Will you be there?
Will she be a nurse?
Will we be pilots?
Choose the best Answer:
1. They …….. here everyday.
a. was b. are
c. am d. is
2. We …….. nurses.
a. is b. am
c. was d. are
3. The weather …….. very nice today.
a. is b. am
c. are d. were
4. I …….. not tired.
a. am b. were
c. are d. is
5. He …….. there yesterday.
a. is b. was
c. were d. been
6. We …….. rich.
a. was b. is
c. am d. were
7. I …….. tired last night.
a. was b. were
c. are d. am
8. The weather …….. nice yesterday.
a. were b. is
c. are d. was

22. Lesson 1 5
9. They …….. late yesterday.
a. were b. was
c. be d. are
10. Why …….. he angry yesterday?
a. were b. was
c. is d. are
11. Will the weather …………. nice tomorrow?
a. is b. was
c. be d. are
12. I will …….. there tonight.
a. am b. being
c. been d. be
13. They will …….. doctors next year.
a. be b. were
c. been d. being
14. He will …….. 2 years old tomorrow.
a. was b. were
c. is d. be
15. We will …….. there tomorrow.
a. being b. be
c. been d. are

23. Lesson 2
Ardebil
Ardebil is a historical city in north-western Iran. Its name probably comes
from the Zoroastrian name of “Artavil” which means a holy place. It is the
center of Ardebil Province. Its population is estimated be around 340,386,
the dominant majority of whom are ethnic Azerbaijanis. Notable for its silk
and carpet trade traditional, the ancient its Carpets are considered some of
the best of the classical Persian Rug creations. It is also known as the seat of
the sanctuary and tomb of Shaikh Safî al-Dîn, eponym of the Safavid
Dynasty.
Neighboring on the Caspian Sea and the Republic of Azerbaijan, this city
is of great political and economical significance. The province of Ardebil
has been blessed with splendid natural beauty and numerous sights.
It is located on an open plain 1,500 m above sea level, just east of Mount
Sabalan (4,811 m), where cold spells occur until late spring. The province is
believed to be as old as the Achaemenid era 2500 BC. It is mentioned in the
Avesta, where prophet Zoroaster was born by the river Aras and wrote his
book in the Sabalan Mountains. During Parthian era the city had a special
importance among the cities of Azerbaijan. Some Muslim historians
attribute foundation of Ardebil to king Peroz I of Sassanid Empire. The
Persian poet Ferdowsi also credits the foundation of the city to Peroz I. It
suffered some damages caused by occasional raids of Huns between 4th
to
6th
century AD. Peroz repaired those damages and fortified the city, and
made Ardebil the residential of provincial governor (marzban) of
Azerbaijan.
During the Islamic conquest of Iran, it was the largest city in North
Western Iran, and remained so until the Mongol invasion period. Ardebilis
fought the Mongols three times, however the city fell after the third attempt

24. Lesson 2 7
by Mongols. They massacred not only the Ardebilis but inhabitants of
neighboring villages and killing everyone they could find. Incursions of
Mongols and Georgians left the city in ruins for nearly three centuries till the
advance of Safavids.
Safavid Shah Ismail I started his campaign to nationalize Iran’s
government and land from here, but consequently announced Tabriz as his
capital in 1500 AD. Yet Ardebil remained an important city both politically
and economically until modern times. It was sacked by Ottomans 14 times
between 1514-1722 and in 1915 and by Russians in 1813, 1828 and in 1916.
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:
-1. Ardebil was the largest city during Islamic conquest of Iran.
-2. Ardebil sacked Ottoman between 1514-1722.
-3. Ardebil is a new city.
-4. The name of Ardebil is an Islamic name.
-5. Ardebil is located on an open plain.
B. Answer the questions:
1. Where the name of Ardebil mentioned?
2. Who did massacre the Ardebilians?
3. What has blessed Ardebil?
C. Choose the best answers:
1. “Blessed” means:
a. annual b. rainfall
c. distribution d. magnify
2. “Announce” means:
a. inform b. result
c. remain d. kill
3. “Massacre” means:
a. kill b. sympathize
c. mercy d. ruin
4. “Invasion” means:
a. attack b. conquest
c. stay d. peace

25. A Touch With English
8
5. “Conquest” means:
a. govern b. leave
c. find d. occupation
6. “Dominant” means:
a. seat b. land
c. govern d. province
7. “Attribute” means:
a. plummeting b. economical
c. temperature d. ascribe
8. “Incursion” means:
a. nationalize b. start
c. government d. expose
9. “Fortify” means:
a. neighboring b. period
c. inhabitants d. protect
10. “Credit” means:
a. era b. communications
c. announce d. approval
Grammar
1. Subject Personal Pronouns
2. Object Personal Pronouns
3. Possessive Adjectives
4. Possessive Pronouns
5. Reflexive Pronouns
Subject
Personal
Pronouns
Object
Personal
Pronouns
Possessive
Adjective
Possessive
Pronouns
Reflexive
Pronouns
I me my mine myself
You you your yours yourself
She her her hers herself
He him his his himself
It it its its itself
We us our ours ourselves

26. Lesson 2 9
You you your yours yourselves
They them their theirs themselves
1. Subject Personal Pronouns: A pronoun is used instead of a noun.
The first column is called Personal pronouns. They are singular and
plural. The singular ones are: I, you, she, he, it. This group has three
genders: he = masculine, she = feminine, it = neuter. The plural ones are:
we, you, they.
Ali is fat → He is fat.
Peter and John are students → They are students.
John and I are teachers → We are teachers.
2. Object forms of personal pronouns: These pronouns are in the
second column. They can be used instead of an object (noun) in a
sentence and they are used after prepositions such as, to, by, for, with,
and etc.
Peter goes home with us.
John sees him.
I bought a gift for her.
She saw me yesterday.
3. Possessive Adjectives: They are used to refer to possessor, and are
used before nouns. They have same form for singular and plural nouns.
Note that no apostrophe are used here.
They are used with clothes and parts of the body
The girls are with their brothers.
Trees drop their leaves in autumn.
My gloves are red.
His feet are big.
4. Possessive Pronouns: They are not used with noun phrases and are
used instead of a noun phrases. They are used after form of to be
That is her pen → That is hers
Those are our watches → Those are ours
This is my car → This is mine
You have got my pen → you are using mine
This is his room → This is his
5. Reflexive Pronouns: They are used when subject and object of a
sentence are the same person or thing and they are called reflexive
pronouns when the action done by the subjects turns back upon the
subject. They are used as the object of a verb and refers to the same

27. A Touch With English
10
person or thing denoted by the subject of the verb. They are used as the
complement of a sentence or a clause or as the object of a preposition
Be careful or you will hurt yourself.
I had to teach myself to swim.
Help yourself to whatever you like.
I myself bought a book.
They themselves saw him.
I am going by myself.
Do you live by yourself ?
Choose the best Answer:
1. With this extra money, I bought …….. a present.
a. me b. him
c. his d. mine
2. I am sure this book isn’t …….. Isn’t it yours?
a. me b. mine
c. my d. I
3. Isn’t this umbrella your sister’s? No it is not …….. .
a. she b. her
c. herself d. hers
4. My sister and ……. were taken to the cinema by our uncle last night.
a. I b. me
c. my d. mine
5. I took …….. brother out with …….. to do some shopping.
a. my-me b. my-I
c. mine-me d. me-I
6. They are …….. best friends. I respect both of …….. .
a. mine-they b. me-theirs
c. my-them d. I-theirs
7. …….. sister is a kind woman. …….. is a house wife.
a. her-me b. His-she
c. She-he d. my-my
8. She often gives …….. car to …….. .
a. hers-his b. her-him
c. his-hers d. her-mine

28. Lesson 2 11
9. I go with …….. to school.
a. I b. me
c. his d. him
10. …….. father often helps …….. at home.
a. Mine-my b. My-me
c. I-me d. Me-my
11. My watch is there. Where is ……..?
a. her b. she
c. hers d. me
12. This is her car and that is ……... .
a. I b. me
c. my d. mine
13. I …….. sent the letters.
a. me b. her
c. myself d. herself
14. Nobody helps …….. mother at home. She does everything …….. .
a. mine-her b. me-hers
c. my-herself d. myself-herself
15. They must prepare lunch for …….. .
a. them b. their
c. we d. us

29. Lesson 3
The township of Kahnouj is so located that to its north is Jieroft, to the
east is within the limits of the vicinity of Jazmoorian in the province of
Sistan and Baluchistan, and to its western and southern sections is the
province of Hormozgan. Kahnouj experiences hot weather with scanty
rainfall, which is mostly in the form of thunder squalls. The Halil River is
the only permanent river in this township. Due to the presence of
underground waters around the Hamoon Jazmoorian, and fertile soil, animal
husbandry and cultivation are vital factors here.
Kahnouj city geographically is located in the southeastern of the Kerman
province. Kahnouj is neighbored to the (Hormozgan) and Baluchistan
provinces and correlated to their culture and ethnicity. In other words the
combination of three cultures have created the Kahnouj Culture, but
Baluchistan’s has more influence than other cultures into the Kahnouj
culture. Playing Qaijack (Baluchi Instrument) which in Kahnouj is called
Chang is demonstrated the above statement that Baluchi’s culture has more
influence than Minab (Hormozgan) or Kerman’s. In addition, other cultural
elements such as Baluchi clothing, ethnicity are seen in Kahnouj’s.
Consequently, these influences motivated the infrastructure of the
Kahnouj music and melodies. Avaz Bayabani, Nomadic Song in the
Kahnouj is derivative from the Sherwesh (Mourning chant) of Minab and
Baluchi melody. When the song is in the matzo forte position, precisely is
the same pattern in the Baluchi song. Another song in the Kahnouj is more
or less similar to the Iranshahr and Bampoor of the Baluchistan is called
Kurdish. In conclusion Baluchi, Hormozgan and Kahnouj music some how
are linked to each other from the stand point of the musicology.

30. Lesson 3 13
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:
-1. Kahnouj is located in the North of Kerman province.
-2. Kahnouj is near to Jazmoorian.
-3. Combination of different cultures created Kahnouj culture.
-4. There are some Baluchi’s influences in Kahnouj culture.
-5. Music of Kahnouj and Baluchi are connected to each other.
B. Answer the questions:
1. How is Kahnouj culture?
2. How is Kahnouj music?
3. Where is Kahnouj?
C. Choose the best answers:
1. “Vicinity” means:
a. forte b. Far from
c. area d. section
2. “Link” means:
a. connect b. song
c. chant d. melody
3. “Motivated” means:
a. encouraged b. added
c. influenced d. stood
4. “Correlated” means:
a. culture b. ethnic
c. conclusion d. linked
5. “Demonstrated” means:
a. created b. played
c. proved d. instructed
Grammar
A. Simple Present:
In the affirmative the simple present has the same form as the infinitive but
adds an S for the third person:

31. A Touch With English
14
1. The main use of the simple present tense is to express habitual actions:
He smokes
Dogs bark
A cat drinks milk
He always works at night
2. The simple present tense is often used with adverbs or adverb phrases
such as: always-never-often-sometimes:
I go to mosque on Fridays.
It rains in winters.
3. It is used chiefly with the verb Say when we are asking about or quoting
from books, notices:
What does the notice say?
What does she say?
4. With verbs which do not have continuous tense: (seem-like-know-
understand-mean-want-be-have-see):
She wants to buy a book.
I see Mary.
He likes kiwi.
5. To express a general and scientific truth:
The wood floats on water.
The moon sets in the west.
6. To express habitual actions:
I go to bed early.
She plays chess.
They go to the movies every Thursday.
B. The Present Continuous:
The present continuous tense is formed with the present tense of the
auxiliary verb be + the present participle:
I am studying now.
She is playing now.
They are speaking now.
1. For an action happening now:
It is snowing.
Why are you sitting at my desk?

32. Lesson 3 15
What is he doing?
I am watching T.V. now.
2. For an action happening about this time but not necessarily at the
moment of speaking:
I am reading a book by Ahmady.
He is teaching theology and studying Law.
3. For a definite arrangement in the near future:
I’m meeting Ali tonight.
Are you doing anything tomorrow?
4. For an action which appears to be continuous:
He is always working.
I am always reading.
C. The spelling of the present participle:
1. When a verb ends in a single e this e is dropped before ing:
love → loving argue → arguing
except after age, dye and Singe
age → ageing
dye → dyeing
singe → singeing
and verbs ending ee:
agree → agreeing
see → seeing
2. When a verb of one syllable has one vowel and ends in a single
consonant, this consonant is doubled before ing:
hit → hitting
run → running
stop → stopping
ING can be added to a verb ending y without affecting the spelling of the
verb:
carry → carrying
enjoy → enjoying
hurry → hurrying

33. A Touch With English
16
Choose the best Answer:
1. In autumn the trees ………. their leaves.
a. are losing b. are lost
c. lose d. have lost
2. Please make sure the doors are locked before you ……… out.
a. are going b. goes
c. went d. go
3. I’ll wait for him until he ……… .
a. comes back b. came back
c. coming back d. will come back
4. At that moment he ……… to be getting better.
a. seem b. to seem
c. seems d. seeming
5. He ……… every morning.
a. practice b. practiced
c. practices d. practicing
6. He ……… lunch at noons.
a. to have b. have
c. had d. has
7. Does she ……… in the afternoons?
a. studies b. study
c. to study d. studying
8. Do they ……… every day?
a. work b. works
c. to work d. working
9. Many countries ……… to solve such problems nowadays.
a. try b. are trying
c. tries d. to try
10. My dog …….. a lot, and he …….. at the moment.
a. bark-barks b. bark-barking
c. barking-bark d. barks-is barking

34. Lesson 3 17
11. She …….. always …….. that mistake.
a. are-makes b. is-make
c. is-making d. was-to make
12. The teacher ……... his students at the present time.
a. knows b. know
c. knowing d. is knowing
13. …….. you …….. to your teacher?
a. are-listen b. am-listens
c. are-listening d. was-to listen
14. I …….. your parents now.
a. am seeing b. see
c. sees d. seeing
15. He ……... a letter at this time.
a. writes b. to write
c. wrote d. is writing

35. Lesson 4
HOW LARGE IS YOUR FAMILY?
When it comes to the question of counting your family members, you
may count yourself, your spouse, the number of your children and other
dependents to calculate the exact number. You perhaps increase the scope
further to include your parents and paternal and maternal grand-parents in
the list, if they are alive. If you are kind enough, perhaps you add the parents
and grand parents of your spouse also. Since we think in terms of the
present, there is nothing wrong with such an approach.
But let us assume that you have to consider the previous 40 generations
of your ancestors as a part of your large family, or say extended family and
also the previous 40 generations of your spouse.
How big do you think your family would become?
10...100...1000...10000...100000...1000000...1000000000?
In many parts of the world people identify themselves with a particular
family, group, community, caste, race, tribe, religion or region. Most of
them cultivate a very narrow minded view of their racial or ancestral
background and become prejudiced against other groups and communities.
Based upon their limited vision, they tend to generalize and draw wrong
conclusions. They do not know that if we consider just forty generations
only, the total number of ancestors for each of them would work out to about
555 billion! If you add the ancestors of the spouse of each individual the
number would go up to 1110 billion or 1.1 trillion!
These figures show that if you go back to just 40 generations, your
genome is made up of genes from about 549.8 billion human beings!
Starting from 2000 A.D., this covers a period of about 1000 years only,
assuming a period of about 25 years for each generation to produce the

36. Lesson 4 19
succeeding one. Imagine what would be the number if you stretch the time
still backwards into the remote past of say 5000 years.
The human beings said to have evolved on earth at least a million years
ago. If we take these million years into consideration, imagine how many
trillions of people might have contributed to your present gene pool, and
the blood of how many trillions of people must be flowing in you!
Were there this many people at any point of time in the history of the
world? The world population today is around seven billions only. Guess
what could have been the population of the world about a thousand years
ago or ten thousand years ago?
Hinduism believes in the concept that the whole world is one large
family. So does many other religions.
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:
-1. Your family members are limited to your spouse, children and
other dependents.
-2. You may include your grandparents in your scope.
-3. Many people never identify themselves with particular race and
tribe.
-4. The human beings said to have evolved on earth at least one
hundred years ago.
-5. Some religions consider the whole world as an one family.
B. Answer the questions:
1. Do you consider your ancestors as a part of your family members?
2. Do you identify any particular tribe, race and family for yourself?
3. If you consider million years ago, will you have a great or a small
family? Why?
C. Choose the best answers:
1. “Spouse” means:
a. spring b. partner
c. spry d. squeeze
2. “Assume” means:
a. link b. amaze
c. certify d. infer

37. A Touch With English
20
3. “Imagine” means:
a. copy b. assume
c. absorb d. dye
4. “Population” means:
a. poverty b. people
c. poor d. pour
5. “Religion” means:
a. divine b. aid
c. proper d. cruel
6. “Approach” means:
a. messy b. meticulous
c. method d. metaphor
7. “Extend” means:
a. devil b. device
c. develop d. devote
Grammar
A. Simple Past Tense
B. Irregular Verbs
C. Past Continuous Tense
A. Simple Past Tense:
1. The simple past tense is one of the most often used to talk about the past.
It can refer to short, quickly finished actions and events to longer actions
and situations and to repeated happenings
I lived in London until I was 14.
I walked into the class.
She drank some fruit juice yesterday.
We studied English last night.
2. It is used for actions completed in the past at a definite time:
I met him yesterday.
The train was ten minutes late.

38. Lesson 4 21
3. It is used for past habit:
He always carried a newspaper.
They never drank tea.
4. It is used in conditional sentences (type 2)
If you came, I would visit you.
B. Verbs in Simple Past:
In the simple past the main verbs are divided in two groups:
1. Regular verbs: They are formed by adding “ed” to the end of bare
infinitives, but if the verb ends in “e” only “d” is added:
work → worked
watch → watched
walk → walked
Change “y” into “i”, if there is a consonant letter before “y”.
try → tried
carry → carried
study → studied
play → played
2. Irregular Verbs: These have irregular forms’ they have no inflexions
in the past:
Infinitive Past tense Past participle
choose chose chosen
dig dug dug
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fly flew flown
The interrogative of regular and irregular verbs is formed with Did +
Subject + infinitive
I worked → Did you work?
She stopped there → Did she stop?
When did you meet him?
I met him yesterday → Did you meet him yesterday?

39. A Touch With English
22
C. The Past Continuous:
This structure is formed by the past tense of the verb to be + the present
participle:
She was working.
I was watching.
They were playing.
1. This is mainly used for past actions which continued formed sometime
but whose exact limits are not known and are not important:
She was reading, when the light went out.
Were they watching T.V. when you saw them?
They were writing a letter, when I arrived.
2. Used without a time expression it can indicate gradual development:
It was getting darker.
The wind was rising.
3. Used with a point in time, it expresses an action which began before that
time and probably continued after it:
At eight he was having breakfast.
Choose the Best Answer:
1. The weather was warm so we ......... on our front porch.
a. sit b. sitting
c. sat d. sits
2. He ......... to the park yesterday.
a. go b. went
c. going d. goes
3. They ......... their old house last week.
a. sell b. selling
c. sold d. sells
4. I ......... the President speak on T.V. last night.
a. heard b. hearing
c. hear d. to hear
5. ......... you go there last year?
a. Do b. Does
c. Doing d. Did

40. Lesson 4 23
6. ......... you ......... him on the street yesterday?
a. do-see b. did-see
c. did-saw d. do-saw
7. I ......... Tehran in 1382.
a. to visit b. visits
c. visited d. visiting
8. She ......... in Ardebil for six days last month.
a. stayed b. stays
c. staying d. to stay
9. She ......... there, when it rained.
a. is coming b. was coming
c. came d. come
10. He ……… in Jieroft when Ali bought a new car.
a. was worked b. was working
c. were worked d. were working
11. We ……… in Kahnouj, when war was broken out.
a. were traveling b. was traveling
c. were travelled d. was travelled
12. The sun ……… brightly when I got up this morning.
a. is shining b. was shining
c. were shining d. shines
13. I ……… soundly when the phone rang.
a. were sleeping b. was sleeping
c. are sleeping d. am sleeping
14. They ……… last night when you called them on the phone.
a. studied b. studying
c. are studying d. were studying
15. She ……… the piano when he arrived.
a. is playing b. are playing
c. was playing d. were playing

41. Lesson 5
Ali, the antique dealer, lived alone in a small flat above his shop. Because
of the many valuable articles which he kept on the premises, he was always
afraid that one night someone would break in and rob him. Years before,
when he had first come to live there, he had shutters fitted to all the ground-
floor windows and strong locks put on all the doors. In addition, he locked
up most of his valuable articles in a cupboard, which he had had specially
made for this purpose. But, in spite of these precautions, he never felt safe,
particularly when he had a lot of money in the flat after a good day’s
business.
One Saturday night, when he counted his money after closing the shop,
he found that he had taken nearly two hundred pounds that day. This was an
exceptionally large sum and the thought of keeping it in the house made him
feel very nervous. He knew that it would be better to take it to his son’s
house, where there was a small safe, but it was a foggy evening and his son
lived on the other side of town. In the end, he took the money with him to
his bedroom, put it in the pocket of one of his overcoats and locked the
wardrobe door. He put the key under his pillow and went to bed.
Ali lay awake for a long time, wondering if his money was really safe,
and it was well after midnight before he fell asleep. Almost immediately, or
so it seemed, he was woken up by the loud ringing of the shop doorbell. He
sat up in bed. Could he have been dreaming? Surely, he thought, no one
could want to see him at this hour of the night. The doorbell rang again,
echoing through the silent house. He could not help thinking of a story he
had read about a man who had been attacked and robbed when he went to
answer the door at night. Once again the doorbell rang, more persistently
this time.

42. Lesson 5 25
Ali got out of bed and went across to the window. The fog had cleared
slightly. He opened the window and looked out. He could just make out the
shadowy figure of a man standing on the pavement below. “What do you
want?” Ali called out in a nervous voice. The figure stepped back until it
was standing under the street lamp. It was a policeman. “Sorry to disturb
you, Sir,” said the policeman, “but there is a light on in your shop. I think
you have forgotten to turn it off.”
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:
-1. Ali lived with his family in a big house.
-2. He always locked up most of his valuable articles in a cupboard.
-3. He always felt safe.
-4. Two hundred pounds was a normal sum.
-5. Because there was a light on in his shop, the policeman woke him
up.
B. Answer the questions:
1. Did Ali feel safe about his valuable articles?
2. Did he put his money in the bedroom or in the shop?
3. Why did the policeman wake Ali up?
C. Choose the best answers:
1. “Counted” means:
a. reckon b. approval
c. corrupt d. core
2. “Wonder” means:
a. accustomed b. worry
c. war d. airy
3. “Immediately” means:
a. immorally b. immense
c. instantly d. impatience
4. “Slightly” means:
a. disorderly b. disgracely
c. destroy d. delicately

43. A Touch With English
26
5. “Attack” means:
a. add b. aggression
c. answer d. attitude
6. “Dealer” means:
a. buyer b. visitor
c. actor d. seller
7. “Purpose” means:
a. insult b. intention
c. instinct d. install
Grammar
A. Simple Future Tense
B. Future Continous Tense
A. Simple Future Tense:
There is no future tense in modern English, but for convenience were often
use the term “future simple” to describe the form will/shall + bare infinitive:
I will fly tomorrow.
We shall write tonight.
1. Formerly will was kept for intention:
I will wait for you.
2. To express the speaker’s opinions about the future:
I am sure he will come back.
3. The future simple is used similarly for future habitual actions:
Spring will come again.
Birds will build nests.
4. Won’t can be used with all persons to express negative intention:
He won’t pay any money.
B. The Future Continuous Tense:
Like other continuous tenses it is normally used with a point in time and
expresses an action which starts before that time and probably continues
after it.

44. Lesson 5 27
1. The future continuous used to express future without intention:
I will be helping him tomorrow.
2. This tense implies a deliberate future action:
I will be playing with him tomorrow.
3. This tense can be used to say that an action will be in continuous at a
particular moment in the future:
This time tomorrow I will be lying on a beach in Babolsar.
Don’t telephone after night, I will be having a dinner party.
Choose the best answers:
1. I ……... you next week.
a. see b. will see
c. going to see d. seeing
2. We …….. them after dinner.
a. helping b. helped
c. will helping d. shall help
3. Our wedding party …….… tomorrow night.
a. being b. will being
c. will be d. shall be
4. People ……… plans tonight.
a. shall make b. will making
c. will make d. making
5. I will ……… 25 next week.
a. being b. been
c. be d. was been
6. He …….. probably …….. late tomorrow night.
a. shall-been b. shall-be
c. will-been d. will-be
7. I ……… this time tomorrow night.
a. shall work b. shall be working
c. shall working d. shall been worked

45. A Touch With English
28
8. They will ……… his exam at this moment next week.
a. be take b. been take
c. be taking d. been taking
9. They ……… French for one hour tonight.
a. shall been speaking b. will been spoken
c. shall be spoken d. will be speaking
10. Who……… piano for half an hour this evening?
a. shall-be playing b. will-be playing
c. shall-been played d. will-been played
11. We……… them until next month.
a. will visits b. shall visiting
c. shall visit d. will visiting
12. I……… to the school at this time tomorrow.
a. shall going b. shall been going
c. will been going d. will be going
13. I……… my bike on Saturday.
a. shall has b. will has
c. will have d. shall had
14. I……… examination at this moment next year.
a. shall taking b. will been taking
c. will be taking d. shall been taking
15. They……… English tomorrow night.
a. shall study b. shall studying
c. will study d. will studying

46. Lesson 6
Many, many years ago, there was a merchant named Abul Qasim el-
Tamburi. He was the richest man in the country. He had large, strong boxes
filled with gold, and his storehouses were filled with valuable goods. He
owned land houses and orchards. Although he was so rich, he spent less
than the poorest beggar in the city. He ate only dates and bread, and wore
his clothes for ten years before he bought new ones. He had not bought new
shoes for thirty years. When there was a hole in one of his shoes, he took it
to a shoemaker and said, ‘Hammer a piece of new leather over the old. Take
care that none of the old leather is cut away. That old leather once cost
money.’ The result was that Abul Qasim’s shoes were the largest in the city,
and men laughed and said, ‘Look! Here comes Abul Qasim el-Tamburi, half
Abul Qasim and half shoes!’
One of Abul Qasim’s friends did not like to see him laughed at, so he said
to himself, ‘I will teach Abul Qasim to wear the kind of shoes that a rich
merchant ought to wear.’ So he went to the market and bought the best pair
of shoes he could find. They were made of the softest leather and sewn with
gold and silver thread. Then, one day, he followed Abul Qasim to the
mosque. Abul Qasim left his shoes at the door and entered the mosque.
Then his friend picked up the large, heavy and old shoes, and put the new
shoes down in their place.
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:
-1. Qasim was one of the poorest man in the city.
-2. His storehouses were filled with valuable goods.
-3. He was very stingy.
-4. When his shoes were old he always bought a new pair.

47. A Touch With English
30
-5. One of his friends tried to teach him how and what kind of shoes
he ought to wear.
B. Answer the questions:
1. What were Qasim’s common food?
2. Why did other people laugh at him?
3. When there was a hole in his shoes what did he do?
C. Choose the best answers:
1. “Merchant” means:
a. deserve b. tradesman
c. pity d. mess
2. “Valuable” means:
a. bold b. precious
c. priest d. brave
3. “Result” means:
a. return b. answer
c. prim d. conclusion
4. “Cost” means:
a. expense b. uniform
c. client d. opposite
5. “Mosque” means:
a. room in which dead bodies are kept
b. hole cut in a piece of wood
c. building in which Muslims worship
d. state of being mortal
6. “Wear” means:
a. take off b. rule over
c. believe in d. put on
7. “Rich” means:
a. clear b. poor
c. wealthy d. known

48. Lesson 6 31
8. “Soft” means:
a. malicious b. smooth
c. intense d. rough
Grammar
A. Present Perfect Tense
B. Past Perfect Tense
C. Future Perfect Tense
A. Present Perfect Tense:
The present perfect is constructed with auxiliary verb have followed by the
past participle:
I have finished.
She has arrived.
1. This tense is used for actions and situations continuing up to present:
I have lived here since 1379.
We have known each other for a long time.
2. This tense is used for finished actions and events:
I can’t go on holiday because I have broken my leg.
I have been all over Kerman.
3. This tense used for past actions whose time is not definite:
I have read the books, but I don’t understand them.
Ali has had a bad car crash.
B. Past Perfect Tense:
This tense is formed with had and past participle:
I had worked there.
I had lost it.
1. This tense is the past equivalent of the present perfect:
When I arrived Ali had just left.
2. The past perfect is used after when when we wish to emphasize that first
action was completed before the second one started:
When he had shut the window, we opened the door of the
cage.

49. A Touch With English
32
3. This tense can be used with till-until-before to emphasize the comple-
tion:
He refused to go till he had seen all pictures.
4. Present perfect tenses in direct speech become past perfect tenses in
indirect speech provided the introductory verb is in the past tense:
He said, “I have been in Jieroft for five years.”
He said that he had been in Jieroft for five years.
C. Future Perfect Tense:
Infinitive; it is used with a time expression beginning with by:
By the end of next month he will have been here for ten
years.
1. It is used for an action which at a given future time will be in the past or
will just have finished.
Ali will have had his exam by 14 June.
2. It is used to say that something will have been completed by a certain
time in the future:
I will (shall) have been far from my home for several
years next Sunday.
Choose the Best Answer:
1. I ……… all these by the end of today.
a. will has drink b. would drank
c. will have drunk d. would drinking
2. By the end of year I ……… $650.
a. shall save b. will have saved
c. have saved d. be saving
3. They say they ……… the stairs by Tuesday.
a. has finished b. will finish
c. be finishing d. will have finished
4. Ali ……… the breakfast by ten.
a. will have b. will have had
c. will has d. will has have
5. His mother ……… home by seven.
a. will has go b. will go

50. Lesson 6 33
c. will have going d. will have gone
6. I …….. just …….. myself a glass of water when the phone rang.
a. have-pour b. had-poured
c. has-poured d. have-poured
7. She felt pretty upset because what I …….. .
a. had said b. have said
c. had say d. have say
8. When he ……… all my letters, I did some gardening.
a. has wrote b. had wrote
c. has written d. had written
9. I got a real shock when I ……… the box.
a. had opened b. have opened
c. opened d. will open
10. He wasn’t a stranger, I ……… him before.
a. meet b. met
c. have met d. had met
11. He …… just …… out.
a. has-go b. has-went
c. has-going d. has-gone
12. ……. you ……. my stamps?
a. Have-see b. Have-seeing
c. Have-saw d. Have-seen
13. We ……… 10 lessons so far.
a. has completed b. had completed
c. have completed d. had complete
14. Ali ……. recently …….. a letter to home.
a. have-write b. has-write
c. have written d. has written
15. She ……… since early this morning.
a. has waits b. had wait
c. has waited d. had waited

51. Lesson 7
The idea of transmitting information through light waves is far from
new. But only recently have scientists learned how to manipulate waves of
light to carry tremendous amounts of information at incredible speeds.
An optical fiber system consists of three basic parts: transmitting
equipment that transforms electric signals into light pulses, the optical fiber
itself, and receiving gear that acts as a light detector. The fiber is an
incredibly thin strand of pure glass usually made of silicon or other
materials such as germanium. The glass strand has two parts: a light-
transmitting core and a special glass coating that keeps the light from
straying. The fiber, of which there are several types suited for different
kinds of tasks, is merely the medium through which the light flows. An
average cable, about the thickness of a finger, might consist of about 75
fibers.
The light impulses are generated either by laser or light-emitting diode
(LED) equipment. If the signals have to travel far, they may be boosted at
certain points, just as electronic signals are. Lasers are better for long
distances because their signals travel far without the need for boosting, but
LEDs are more reliable and less expensive.
Much research is focused on creating better and less expensive light
sources. In that context, probably the prices of lasers and LEDs are going to
decline at a fast rate. With prices falling as the technological gains
increase, many experts agree that it’s only a matter of time before much of
the nation’s copper cable is replaced by fiber optics.

52. Lesson 7 35
A. Choose the best answers:
1. What is an important advantage of the optical fiber?
a. It transmits a great deal of information very quickly.
b. It can travel through light waves.
c. Signals travelling through it don’t need to be boosted.
d. It is cheaper than lasers or LEDs.
2. What is the core’s function?
a. to boost signals b. to transform signals
c. to create signals d. to transmit signals
3. What is the function of the coating?
a. to keep the silicon pure
b. to detect light
c. to keep the impulses from escaping
d. to hold bundles of fibers together
4. Lasers are better than LEDs when ………
a. reliability is important.
b. signals must travel a long way.
c. costs must be kept low.
d. copper cable is not available.
5. The author of the passage predicts that in the future ………
a. impulses will be able to travel at a faster rate.
b. copper cable will replace fiber optics.
c. the system will become affordable and widely used.
d. the use of lasers and LEDs will decline.
B. Answer the questions:
1. How many parts are in an optical fiber system?
2. How light impulses are generated?
3. When did scientists learn how to manipulate waves of light for
carrying information?
C. Choose the best answers:
1. “Manipulate” means:
a. many b. crush
c. bravery d. handle

53. A Touch With English
36
2. “Incredible” means:
a. unbelief b. advance
c. grow d. blend
3. “Equipment” means:
a. tool b. balance
c. honest d. furnish
4. “Core” means:
a. fat b. centre
c. string d. body
5. “Rate” means:
a. approve b. raw
c. degree d. row
6. “Special” means:
a. add b. attractive
c. exclusive d. common
7. “Consist” means:
a. civilize b. teach
c. country d. include
8. “Tremendous” means:
a. hole b. hold
c. huge d. humble
Grammar
Nouns
A. Common Nouns: Woman-book-cat
B. Proper Nouns: Iran-Iraq-Ali
C. Abstract Nouns: Joy-fear-charity
D. Collective Nouns: Team-group-crowd
E. Masculine Nouns: Men-boys
F. Feminine Nouns: Women-girls
G. Neuter Nouns: Book-pen
A. Plural Forms:
1. the plural of a noun is usually made by adding s to the singular:

54. Lesson 7 37
night → nights
house → houses
2. Nouns ending in o, ch, sh, ss, x form their plural by adding es:
brush → brushes
box → boxes
3. Nouns ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping
the y and adding ies:
baby → babies
fly → flies
lady → ladies
Nouns ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s:
boy → boys
day → days
guy → guys
4. Nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves:
calf → calves
wife → wives
wolf → wolves
loaf → loaves
leaf → leaves
5. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change:
foot → feet louse → lice
tooth → teeth man → men
woman → women mouse → mice
child → children ox → oxen
6. Names of some creatures do not change in plural:
fish sheep deer
pike salmon trout
7. Certain words are always plural:
clothes police
Garments consisting of two parts:
pyjama trousers pants
Tools and instruments consisting of two parts:
glasses scissors binoculars scales

55. A Touch With English
38
B. Uncountable nouns:
These nouns are always singular and are not used with a/ an
Bread Cream Gold Soap
Cloth Tea Oil Dust
Water Money Weather Help
Information Meat Coal Beauty
Democracy Oxygen Sugar Coffee
Jewelry Luck Light Blood
Steam Tennis Dew Smoke
Rain Fire Music Wind
C. Noun maker suffixes
-age = post = postage dote = dotage
-tion = explain = explanation describe = description
-sion = omit = omission
-ence = differ = difference recur = recurrence
-ist = geology = geologist piano = pianist
-or = visit = visitor sail = sailor act = actor
-ess = god = goddess lion = lines act = actress
-er = teach = teacher farm = farmer
-th = wide = width deep = depth
-ar = beg = beggar lie = liar
-hood = child = childhood
-ment = agree = agreement encourage= encouragement
-ance = remember = remembrance
-ness = grateful = gratefulness kind= kindness lovely= loveliness
-ette = kitchen = kitchenette
-ery = brave = bravery brew = brewery milliner= millinery
-ee = employ = employee absent = absentee
-dom = king = kingdom official = officialdom
-y = arm = army deliver = delivery
-ure = press = pressure fail = failure
-al = deny = denial refuse = refusal
-ity = curious = curiosity tranquil = tranquility
-ism = human = humanism imperial = imperialism

56. Lesson 7 39
Choose the best answer:
1. Ali is ……… .
a. teacher b. teachers
c. a teacher d. some teachers
2. Do you like some …….. ?
a. bread b. a bread
c. breads d. -
3. Would you like an ………. ?
a. apple b. cars
c. book d. eggs
4. He drank some ……….. .
a. water b. orange
c. banana d. tomatoes
5. I am going to buy some ……… .
a. sheeps b. house
c. fish d. brush
6. She drank some ……… .
a. toast b. coffees
c. milks d. tea
7. We are having terrible ………. .
a. healthes b. weathers
c. hairs d. weather
8. We need some ……… .
a. box b. pen
c. house d. information
9. He has beautiful ……… .
a. golds b. hair
c. bloods d. soaps
10. I had to buy some ……… .
a. bread b. book
c. pen d. pencil

57. A Touch With English
40
11. I will meet some ……… .
a. man b. lady
c. woman d. children
12. There are some ……… here.
a. flies b. furnitures
c. boy d. traffics
13. Ali gave me some good ……… .
a. advice b. excitements
c. advices d. bloods
14. These …….. are very hot.
a. day b. dies
c. days d. dayes
15. Those ……… are very polite.
a. lad b. lady
c. ladys d. ladies

58. Lesson 8
Like all growing plants, the potato is a product of the seamless
cooperation of sun, soil, temperature and water. However, while potatoes
thrive on moisture, so, too, does the potato’s worst affliction, late blight.
After attacking and blackening the leaves, phytophthora infestans spores
move down the stem, eventually reaching and rotting the tubers in the
ground. Even those potatoes harvested and stored may carry the fungus
and be wiped out.
The search for the cause of the blight that ruined the Irish plants in the
1840s and the Polish plants in 1980 preoccupied researchers for years. M. J.
Berkeley, a 19th-century naturalist, first recognized that the fungus
appearing on the potato plants in 1845 in Ireland and elsewhere was not the
result of the blight but the cause. Working in Germany, another scientist,
Heinrich Anton de Bary, proved Berkeley’s theory by identifying the fungus
as an outgrowth on the host. It took another hundred years, however, before
the mystery of the origin of the fungus was solved, and the pathogen itself
was traced to central Mexico.
Late blight has traditionally been held in check with costly chemical
fungicides. Unfortunately, for many Jieroft farmers, the chemicals are too
expensive, if available at all. Therefore today, identifying or creating
blight-resistant potato species in Jieroft is the major goal of agricultural
researchers of ministry of agriculture who are interested in late blight.
A. Choose the best answers:
1. Where does late blight begin?
a. in the stems of potato plants
b. on the leaves of potato plants

59. A Touch With English
42
c. in potatoes in the ground
d. in potatoes that are being stored
2. M. J. Berkeley is known for ……….
a. discovering the cause of late blight.
b. finding a treatment for late blight.
c. understanding that the fungus was a result of late blight.
d. recognizing that the blight in Ireland was the same as the blight in
Germany.
3. The work of Heinrich Anton de Bary supported the theory that ….
a. blight was a disease caused by potatoes.
b. late blight caused a fungus.
c. the cause of late blight was a fungus.
d. German potato blight and Irish potato blight had different causes.
4. Where did the fungus come from originally?
a. Ireland b. Poland
c. Germany d. Mexico
5. According to the passage, current research is primarily aimed at ...
a. finding types of potatoes not so affected by late blight.
b. developing more effective chemical fungicides to fight late blight.
c. developing less expensive chemical fungicides to fight late blight.
d. discovering the cause of phytophthora infestans.
B. Answer the questions:
1. What did happen in the 1840s in Ireland?
2. What was M. J. Berkeley’s theory?
3. How can late blight held in check?
C. Choose the best answer:
1. “Expensive” means:
a. active b. consume
c. slow d. costly
2. “Attack” means:
a. cheap b. shop
c. assault d. classic

60. Lesson 8 43
3. “Mystery” means:
a. myth b. mutual
c. secret d. mute
4. “Moisture” means:
a. correctness b. wetness
c. mildness d. boldness
5. “Harvest” means:
a. crop b. cruel
c. care d. cool
6. “Researchers” means:
a. workers b. inhabitants
c. police d. scholars
7. “Available” means:
a. corpse b. exist
c. lack d. dismal
8. “Identify” means:
a. introduce b. kill
c. hide d. search
Grammar
Articles: A. a/an
B. the
A. a/an:
1. a: before a word beginning with consonant
a book a university
a hat a boy
2. an: before words beginning with a vowel (a-o-u-i-e) or words beginning
with a mute h:
an apple an hour
an onion an uncle
an umbrella an orange

61. A Touch With English
44
3. a/an: before a singular noun which is countable:
a flat a student
an ice cream an actor
4. a/an: with a noun complement:
It was an earthquake
5. a/an: in certain expressions of quantity:
a lot of a great deal a couple a dozen
B. The:
“The” is the same for singular and plural and for all genders:
the boy the nights
the girl the cars
the day the books
1. Before the object that is unique:
the earth the sky
the sea the stars
2. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned
a second time:
His bike struck a door; there is the mark on the door.
3. Before superlative and ordinal numbers:
the best book
the first class
the most important point
the second person
4. Before certain proper names of seas, rivers, mountains, deserts:
The Alborzes
The Netherlands
The Atlantic
The Karoun
The Halil
The Jabalbrezes
5. Before names consisting of noun + of + noun:
The United States of America
The Gulf of Mexico

62. Lesson 8 45
6. Before adjectives east /west /north /south + noun:
The North Pole
The East Indies
7. Before plural surnames:
The Alavies The Smiths
C. Omission of “the”:
1. Before abstract noun:
Men fear death.
2. After a noun in the possessive case:
The boy’s uncle.
3. Before names of meals:
The wedding dinner was held in his house.
4. Before names of games:
He plays football.
5. Before home, when it is used alone:
He is at home
Choose the best answer:
1. Ali bought …… pen and …… book.
a. a, an b. a, a
c. -, an d. a, -
2. She is …… nurse.
a. the b. an
c. a d. -
3. He saw …… new umbrella.
a. the b. an
c. a d. -
4. He bought …… umbrella.
a. the b. an
c. a d. -

63. A Touch With English
46
5. He studies in …… university.
a. the b. an
c. a d. -
6. We stayed in …… hotel. Sometimes we had dinner at …… hotel.
a. a-a b. a-the
c. the-an d. an-the
7. There was …… man talking to …… woman outside my house.
a. a-a b. a-an
c. the-the d. a-the
8. We looked up at all …… stars in …… sky.
a. a-a b. a-an
c. the-the d. a-the
9. What time is …… lunch?
a. a b. an
c. the d. -
10. …… Karoun is …… largest river in …… Iran.
a. a, a, a b. the, the, -
c. the, the, the d. a, the, an
11. …… Persia is now called …… Iran.
a. the – the b. a – a
c. the – a d. - - -
12. Her mother was born in …… Netherlands.
a. a b. the
c. an d. -
13. …… Himalayas have been referred to as “…… roof of …… world”.
a. the – a – the b. the – the – the
c. the – the – a d. - - - - -
14. She can never do anything right …… first time.
a. a b. the
c. an d. -

64. Lesson 8 47
15. They moved to ……. very quiet neighborhood.
a. a b. the
c. an d. -

65. Lesson 9
One summer evening I was sitting by the open window, reading a good
but rather frightening mystery story. After a time it became too dark for me
to read easily, so I put my book down and got up to switch on the light. I
was just about to draw the curtains as well when I heard a loud cry of
“Help! Help!” It seemed to come from the trees at the end of the garden. I
looked out but it was now too dark to see anything clearly. Almost
immediately I heard the cry again. It sounded like a child, although I could
not imagine how anybody could need help in our garden, unless one of the
boys of the neighbourhood had climbed a tree and could not get down.
I decided, however, that I ought to go out and have a look in the garden,
just in case someone was in trouble. I took the torch which we keep for
going down into the cellar, where there is no electric light, and picked up a
strong walking stick, thinking that this might come in useful, too. Armed
with these, I went out into the garden. Once again I heard the cry. There was
no doubt that it came from the trees at the end of the garden. “Who’s there?”
I called out as I walked, rather nervously, down the path that led to the trees.
But there was no answer. With the help of my torch I examined the whole of
that part of the garden and the lower branches of the trees. There was no sign
of anybody or anything. I came to the conclusion that someone was playing
a rather silly joke on me.
Still feeling rather puzzled, I went back to the house and put away the
torch and the stick. I had just sat down and begun to read my book again
when I was startled by the cry of “Help! Help!”, this time from right behind
my shoulder. I dropped my book and jumped up. There, sitting on top of
the mantelpiece, was a large, green and red bird. It was a parrot! While I
was out in the garden, the bird must have seen the light in my room and
flown in through the open window.

66. Lesson 9 49
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:
-1. The time is middle of winter.
-2. There are so many electric lights in the cellar.
-3. There was no sign of anybody in the garden.
-4. Somebody was joking with him.
-5. The sound was from an eagle.
B. Answer the questions:
1. What did say the loud cry?
2. What did he decide to do after hearing of cry?
3. What were the colours of the parrot?
C. Choose the best answers:
1. “Immediately” means:
a. firmly b. at once
c. hardly d. justly
2. “Nervously” means:
a. closely b. civilly
c. anxiously d. carelessly
3. “Drop” means:
a. descend b. idle
c. drill d. drink
4. “Jump” means:
a. jealous b. just
c. delight d. leap
5. “Trouble” means:
a. division b. drip
c. difficulty d. duty
6. “Easily” means:
a. dismally b. simply
c. nervously d. chilly

67. A Touch With English
50
7. “Silly” means:
a. wise b. stupid
c. intelligent d. trouble
8. “Decide” means:
a. one again b. path
c. determine d. play
Grammar
Adverbs:
A. Adverbs of manner
B. Adverbs of place
C. Adverbs of time
D. Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs:
An adverb tells us more about a verb. An adverb tells us in what way
someone does something or in what way something happens:
Ali drove carefully along the narrow road.
Speak quietly, please.
Many adverbs of manner and some adverbs of degree are formed by adding
ly to the corresponding adjectives:
slow → slowly
immediate → immediately
A. Adverbs of manner:
1. They come after the verb:
She played well.
Or after the object when there is one:
They speak English well.
2. When we have verb + preposition + object, adverb can be either before
the preposition or after the object:
He looked at me suspiciously.
He looked suspiciously at me.

68. Lesson 9 51
B. Adverbs of place:
Somewhere, here, everywhere, there, upstairs, …
1. If there is no object, usually placed after the verb:
He lives here.
They went away.
2. Adverbs of place come before adverbs of time:
He comes to class in the mornings.
He practices in class everyday.
C. Adverbs of time:
1. These are usually placed at the very beginning or at the end of the
clause, i.e. in front position or end position:
He came finally.
Finally he came.
Write today.
I will wait till tomorrow.
2. Before, early, immediately and late come at the end of the clause:
He came late.
I will go immediately.
3. Adverbs of time come after adverbs of place:
He came to class at 2 o’clock everyday last week.
The teacher has breakfast at home everyday.
D. Adverbs of frequency:
Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, ever, rarely,
never, once, twice, continually
1. After the simple tense of to be:
He is always in time for meals.
2. Before the simple tenses of all other verbs:
They sometimes stay up all night.
3. With compound tenses, they are placed after the first auxiliary:
He can never understand.
You have often been told not to do that.
Have you ever ridden a camel?

69. A Touch With English
52
Never is chiefly used with an affirmative verb:
I have never had a better flight.
He never saw her again.
Ever means “at any time” and is chiefly used in the interrogative:
Has he ever marched in a demonstration?
Choose the answer:
1. He learns languages …….. .
a. quick b. good
c. quickly d. perfect
2. I was disappointed that I did so ……. in the exam.
a. worse b. worst
c. bad d. badly
3. I’m …….. sorry. I didn’t mean to push you.
a. well b. terrible
c. terribly d. better
4. We received them …….. .
a. cold b. colder
c. coldest d. coldly
5. She welcomed us …….. .
a. probably b. friendly
c. hotly d. warmly
6. She …….. picked up all the bits of broken glass.
a. well b. carefully
c. somehow d. badly
7. Can you see my key ……..?
a. down b. anywhere
c. often d. everywhere
8. We went …….. .
a. then-home b. home-then
c. then-there d. home-there

70. Lesson 9 53
9. He ……... remembers.
a. ever b. always
c. in time d. doesn’t never
10. Ali is ……… .
a. there ever b. here now
c. ever now d. now there
11. We ……. have lunch …….. ……... .
a. usually-at home-at noon b. always-at noon-at home
c. home-usually-at noon d. there-always-at noon
12. We …….. study in the …….. .
a. never-library b. here-always
c. there-often d. ever-library
13. He …….. helps me …….. …….. .
a. seldom-at home-every week
b. always-every day-here
c. often-here-there
d. sometimes-now-at home
14. Does Ali …….. play piano …….. ……..?
a. never-here-at home
b. sometimes-on Fridays-at home
c. ever-there-on Fridays
d. rarely-now-here
15. I …….. walked out of …….. ……... .
a. angrily-the room-yesterday
b. yesterday-the room-angrily
c. yesterday-angrily-the room
d. angrily-yesterday-the room
16. The ship will arrive …….. , …….. .
a. here – there b. tomorrow – here
c. tomorrow – tonight d. here – tomorrow
17. He …….. speaks …….. , …….. .
a. in the class – never – slowly
b. in the class – slowly – never

71. A Touch With English
54
c. slowly – never – in the class
d. never – slowly – in the class
18. He ……. comes …….. , ……. .
a. usually – here – every night
b. here – every night – usually
c. every night – usually – here
d. here – usually – every night
19. He went …… , ……. , ……. .
a. there – last night – carefully
b. there – carefully – last night
c. carefully – there – last night
d. last night – carefully – there
20. We came ……. , ……. , …… .
a. home – slowly – yesterday
b. slowly – home – yesterday
c. home – yesterday – slowly
d. slowly – yesterday - home

72. Lesson 10
The party began shortly after nine. Mr. Wood, who lived in the flat below,
sighed to himself as he heard the first signs: the steady tramp of feet on the
stairs; the sound of excited voices as the guests greeted one another; and the
noise of the gramophone, which was turned full on. Luckily Mr. Wood had
brought some work home from the office, with which he occupied himself
for a couple of hours, thus managing to ignore with some success the party
which was going on over his head. But by eleven o’clock he felt tired and
was ready to go to bed, though from his experience of previous parties he
knew that it was useless trying to get to sleep. He undressed and lay for a
while on the bed, trying to read, but the noise from the room directly above
his head did not allow him to concentrate on what he was reading. He found
himself reading the same page over and over again. He then switched off the
light and buried his head in the pillow, in a desperate effort to go to sleep.
But even so he could not shut out the noise. Finally, after what seemed
hours, he switched on the light and looked at his watch: it was just after
midnight.
By now his patience was quite exhausted. He leapt out of bed and,
putting a dressing-gown over his pyjamas, marched resolutely up the stairs
to his neighbour’s flat. He rang the bell several times, but the door remained
closed in his face. This did not improve his temper. Just then one of the
guests came out and went off down the stairs, leaving the door open. Mr.
Wood went in. In spite of his odd dress, no one took any notice of him. Then
he caught sight of the owner of the flat and managed to attract his attention.
The man, whose name was Black, came across the room, smiling cheerfully,
and before Mr. Wood could open his mouth to complain, said: “My dear
fellow, come in and join us. I know our parties must bother you. I meant to
send you an invitation.” Mr. Wood’s ill-humour vanished at once. “I’d

73. A Touch With English
56
better go and get properly dressed,” he said. As Mr. Wood left the room,
Black turned to one of the guests and said: “As soon as I set eyes on him, I
knew he’d come to make trouble. That’s why I asked him to join us. Did
you see how pleased he was? He went off at once to get changed. What a
pity the party’s nearly over!”
A. Put “T” for true and “F” for false statements:
-1. Mr. Wood lived in the flat above.
-2. He read the same page several times.
-3. He vainly tried to sleep.
-4. Because of his uncommon dress, everybody stared at him.
-5. The host did not like Mr. Wood.
B. Answer the questions:
1. When did he want to go to the bed?
2. How were his clothes?
3. What was the time exactly?
C. Choose the best answer:
1. “Ignore” means:
a. innocent b. imagine
c. ideal d. neglect
2. “Success” means:
a. look b. luck
c. lock d. like
3. “Odd” means:
a. service b. strange
c. seize d. strong
4. “Greet” means:
a. sorry b. sadness
c. salute d. selfish
5. “Complain” means:
a. nag b. pleased
c. capable d. combine

74. Lesson 10 57
6. “Useless” means:
a. helpful b. effort
c. vain d. sleepy
7. “Concentrate” means:
a. attract b. attention
c. focus d. ready
Grammar
A. Quantitative adjectives
B. Order of adjectives of quality
A. Quantitative adjectives:
1. Some/ any: are determiners. They are used with uncountable and plural
nouns:
I need some medicine.
Would you like some more water?
Some is generally used in affirmative sentences; any is used in questions
and negatives:
I want some books
Have you any pens?
I have not got any money.
2. few, a few: They are used with plural (countable) nouns. Few has
rather negative meanings. It suggests “not as many as one would like”. A
few is more positive:
There are a few eggs in the fridge.
His theory is difficult; few people understand it.
3. little, a little: little has negative meaning, but a little has positive
meaning. Both of them are used with uncountable (singular) nouns:
I have little money.
I have got a little milk, it will be enough for breakfast.
I speak a little Spanish.
4. Many, Much: are used often in questions and negative sentences. In
affirmative sentences they are not so common. Many is for countable
(plural) nouns but Much is for uncountable (singular) nouns:

75. A Touch With English
58
How much milk have you got?
How many students are in the class?
Do you know many people?
He has not got many friends.
He drank much coffee.
5. A lot of, a lot: they are used in affirmative sentences with either
countable (plural) or uncountable (singular) nouns:
She talks a lot.
A lot of my friends are thinking emigrating.
B. Order of Adjectives:
Several variations are possible but a fairly usual order is as the following:
1. Quality words, general descriptions: good, bad, …
2. Size, height, length: big, tall, short, long, …
3. Age, temperature: old, new, hot, cold, …
4. Shape: round, square
5. Colour: green, yellow, black, …
6. Participle: neglected, coloured, watched, …
7. Origin, Location: Iranian, American, English, …
8. Religion: Islamic
9. Material: stone, brick, plastic
The first two good big old round yellow neglected Iranian
A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
bricky houses
8
A. Determiners (articles)
B. Ordinal numbers
C. Cardinal numbers
Choose the best answers:
1. …….. of people at the party were friendly.
a. little b. much
c. any d. some
2. Have ……. more to eat.
a. many b. few
c. a few d. some

76. Lesson 10 59
3. We didn’t spend ……. money.
a. many b. much
c. few d. some
4. Hurry up, we have got ……. time.
a. many b. few
c. a few d. any
5. I last saw Ali …….. days ago.
a. a few b. a little
c. little d. much
6. The village was very small. There were only ……. houses.
a. a few b. a little
c. little d. much
7. He doesn’t speak much English. Only ……. words.
a. much b. any
c. a little d. a few
8. She drinks …….. milk in the morning.
a. few b. many
c. much d. a few
9. Did he make …….. mistakes?
a. a little b. much
c. little d. many
10. Ali doesn’t drink …….. of milk in the morning.
a. a few b. few
c. many d. a lot
11. It rained …….. during the night.
a. a few b. few
c. many d. a little
12. ……. towns have such splendid trees.
a. any b. much
c. little d. few
13. There are two ….…, ……., ……. cars there.
a. small-big-black b. big-old-black

77. A Touch With English
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c. old-small-big d. black-big-old
14. We have bought a/an ……., ……., ……. bucket.
a. red-new-old b. old-black-plastic
c. plastic-good-new d. new-good-red
15. The first two ……., ……., ……., ……. books are mine.
a. big-Persian-bad-new
b. old-French-good-small
c. blue-small-good-English
d. good-small-black-Persian
16. She is a ……. , …….. , ……. , ……… woman.
a. cheerful – efficient – overweight – young
b. young – overweight – efficient – cheerful
c. efficient – young – overweight – cheerful
d. overweight – cheerful – young – overweight
17. He is a ……. , …….. , …….., ……. man.
a. good – tall – old – white
b. tall – old – white – good
c. old – good – tall – white
d. white – good – old – tall
18. It is a …….. , ……. , ……. ,……. , …….. dish.
a. old – Iranian – iron – black – beautiful
b. iron – black – old – Iranian – beautiful
c. Iranian – beautiful – old – black – iron
d. beautiful – old – black – Iranian – iron
19. He is a very ……. , ……. , ……. man.
a. helpful – old – patient
b. old – helpful – patient
c. helpful – patient – old
d. patient – old – helpful
20. It is my …… , ……. , …… cutlery.
a. German – steel – polished
b. steel – German – polished
c. polished – German – steel
d. steel – German - polished

78. Lesson 11
Research in Britain has shown that ‘green consumers’ continue to
flourish as a significant group amongst shoppers. This suggests that
politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be
seriously misjudging the public mood.
A report from Mintel, the market research organisation, says that despite
recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy
environmentally friendly products and a ‘green wave’ has swept through
consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental
concerns. The recently published report also predicts that the process will
repeat itself with ‘ethical’ concerns, involving issues such as fair trade with
the Third World and the social record of businesses. Companies will have to
be more honest and open in response to this mood.
Mintel’s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the
proportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for
them has climbed from 53 percent in 1990 to around 60 percent in 1994. On
average, they will pay 13 percent more for such products, although this
percentage is higher among women, managerial and professional groups
and those aged 35 to 44.
Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be
unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 per cent
but the number of green spenders among older people and manual workers
has risen substantially. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with
the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel,
the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more
eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared. The consumer
research manager for Mintel, Angela Hughes, said it had become firmly
established as a mainstream market. She explained that as far as the average