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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
ARTISTIC CHILD PRODIGY PHENOMENON:
NATURAL TALENT OR CONTINOUS PRACTICE
NASIHA BINTI SHAHARUDIN
(2014639742)
M.Ed (VISUAL ART EDUCATION)
DIS 2014
Table of Contents
CAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................3
1.1 background of the study................................................................................................................4
1.2 Statement of the Problem..............................................................................................................5
1.3 Research objective ........................................................................................................................6
1.4 Research question .........................................................................................................................6
1.5 Operational definition...................................................................................................................6
1.5 Limitation......................................................................................................................................8
1.7 Significance of the study...............................................................................................................8
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................9
1.6 Child prodigy ................................................................................................................................9
2.2 Artistic child prodigy reference in fine art.................................................................................10
2.2.1 Realism Painter ...................................................................................................................10
2.2.2 abstract expressionist painter ..............................................................................................11
2.3 Artistic talent development and Expertise Acquisition...............................................................12
2.4 Art education for children...........................................................................................................12
2.5 Theoretical Framework...............................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................................16
3.1 Research design ..........................................................................................................................16
3.2 Population and Sample................................................................................................................16
3.3 Instruments..................................................................................................................................17
3.4 Data Collection ...........................................................................................................................19
3.5 Data analysis...............................................................................................................................22
Reference: ...................................................................................................................................................23
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Everyone has their own advantages, as well as the child prodigy, as well as the child
prodigy. The child prodigies have long excited the world. The can do amazing things and
often contribute wonderful things to their field of study. Some have names that will be
remembered for generations to come, while eithers excited us with their interesting and
then fade into the fabric of the world. However, it doesn't change the fact that these
wonderful children have lived lives and added value to the world they live in. This
phenomena is affecting the entire world because not many child prodigies . This problem
a attracted many researchers to investigate what actually happens to child prodigy, how
are they able to do thing are done adults only.
This is exactly where the puzzle is hidden : in the age of child prodigies. Age means
development and this is a key to the explanation of the nature of the child prodigy
phenomenon. The significance of the concept of age for explaining the prodigy
phenomenon can be found in Feldman’s (1986b) definition of prodigy. According to him,
“a prodigy is a child, who before the age of 10,
performs at a level of an adult professional in
some cognitively demanding field” (p.161).”
Using this age boundary, Shavinina’s (1999) definition of child prodigy is as
follows:
“a prodigy is a child who, before the age of 10,
displays extraordinary intellectual-creative
performance and/or achievements in any type
of a real activity” (p. 26).
She differentiates between general and special types of prodigies. Prodigies in art,
chess and music belong to special types. Prodigies who manifest advanced level of
thinking constitute the general type. At the same time, all prodigies are mental prodigies,
because all of them display intellectually creative performance or achievements in
various fields of human activity. According to refers What Does Research on Child
Prodigies Tell Us About Talent Development and Expertise Acquisition? ( (V.Shavinina,
2010)
1.1 background of the study
This paper is focused on child prodigies in the field of fine arts, regardless of artistic
child prodigy of the country or even outside the country. According to Golant, K .S
(2010) child prodigy showed high interest in learning, suspicious and have a high
curiosity for the environment and be able to incorporate some of the information in them.
At present, the phenomenon of child prodigy , especially in the arts began to be a
concern for the production of their work beyond their age. for example, this happens to
Akiena artistic child prodigy, who has become an ambassador a camera company and
was told the nature of curiosity and how he was looking for inspiration for his income.
According to What Does Research on Child Prodigies Tell Us About Talent
Development and Expertise Acquisition? (V.Shavinina, 2010). Shavinina agree with
Gardner in his theoretical explorations is a follower of Feldman’s theory. In this light, he
does not bring anything new to the explanation of the nature of the prodigy phenomenon.
Gardner (1993a) conducted his research on the famous prodigy Picasso from interactive
and developmental perspectives. Gardner’s (1993a) important finding consists in the
demonstration of Picasso’s totally egocentric behaviour during his whole life, which can
be explained by Picasso’s extraordinary gifts and talents.
“Picasso enjoyed the benefits and liabilities of a prodigious start.
His gifts and energies meant that, with few exceptions, he was able
to do whatever he wanted, whenever and wherever he wanted,
throughout his life. His virtuosity was never seriously challenged,
let alone vanquished... Picasso was not able to think beyond his
gift. In many ways he remained childish... (Gardner, 1993a,
p.184).”
Therefore, Gardner pointed out the necessity of personality development for
prodigies. His interesting conclusion is that there is a strong contrast between the adult
creators means who must discover their own styles of creativity and the domain in which
they can excel, and are formed as personalities by their family and the child prodigy
means who must construct a creative having his or her domain as given by the birthright .
Their ability to be a sign of whether they have already had a natural talent or because of
ongoing training provided by the parents who bring them to the level of the highest level.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Available talent from an early age or their artistic talents due to continuous practice.
According to Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003) based on Piagets Theory, he believe, the
development cognitive going individually and If the child is clever, indeed since the
birth of the child was clever. In Piagets theory learning process not need system.
According to Vygotsky (1986), Learning process have system and need support
system will help a person in any direction.
1.3 Research objective
The research objectives of this study are as follows:
1.3.1 To identify the characteristics of artistic child prodigy .
1.3.2 To understand the factor that can increase the probability of the appearance of
artistic child prodigy .
1.3.3 To identify whether artistic child prodigy develop naturally or through continuous
practice.
1.4 Research question
The research question of this study are as follows:
1.4.1 What are characteristics of artistic child prodigy ?
1.4.2 What are the factor of that can increase the probability of the appearance of artistic child
prodigy ?
1.4.3 Is it artistic child prodigy develop naturally or through continuous practice?
1.5 Operational definition
The definitions used in this study are as follows:
1.4.1 Artistic
According to online YourDictionary (2014). Artistic is defined as someone who
possess creative qualities that enable him to excel at producing creative works like
paintings or sculptures.For this study, Artistic represent artistic skills and talents.
1.4.2 Child Prodigy
According to Wikipedia (2014) , A child prodigy or Wunderkind is a person who,
at an early age, develops one or more skills at a level far beyond the norm for
their age. A prodigy has to be a child, or at least younger than 18 years, who is
performing at the level of a highly trained adult in a very demanding field of
endeavor For the purpose of this study, child prodigy refers to all possible types
of gifted children, the exceptionally highly developed abilities in very young
children.
1.4.3 Natural talent
According to blueprinttennis.com (2011) Natural talent is an innate or inborn gift
for a specific activity, either allowing one to demonstrate some immediate skill
without practice, or to gain skill rapidly with minimal practice. By this definition,
the key advantage of natural talent is that it allows the individual a steep learning
curve, whereby he or she acquires skills readily with less practice or hard work
than the average person. As well as the advantage of learning quickly, natural
talent is also said to increase one’s maximum potential. This implies that each
individual has a ceiling that caps the highest level of performance they can attain,
no matter how hard or long they train. For gifted performers, this ceiling is said to
be higher. For this study, children have a tremendous advantage .
1.4.4 Practice
According to online Merriam – Webster Dictionary (2013) , practice is to do
something again and again in order to become better at it. For this study, practice
means always doing practice to skill development.
1.5 Limitation
The first limitation is the respondent of this study. The respondent is only limited to child
prodigy only. Is not easy to find child prodigy in Malaysia area, because they The second
limitation of this study is only in the field of fine art. The third limitation is lack of
resources about child prodigy in 2010 until present.
1.7 Significance of the study
Firstly, Child prodigy in fine arts is a valuable asset for a country. To know the character
artistic child prodigy during their growth (In terms of cognitive, soft skill and attitudes).
To understand the factor or forces like family art historical or environment that can
increase the probability of the appearance of prodigies.
Chapter 2
Literature review
2.0 Introduction
This study will explore the artistic child prodigy phenomenon: natural talent or
continuous practice. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze and review past
studies and obtain information on artistic child prodigy. The second part more to child
prodigy artist reference, to explore development from start they make artwork until they
can be considered as the maximum age of a child prodigy or a genius. In this part, to
identify artist among child prodigy as a proofs. The last two parts of this chapter focused
on cognitive mental, Talent Development and Expertise Acquisition and art education
practice for children.
1.6 Child prodigy
Based on research conducted by Shavinina (2010) about child prodigy, she says it is
impossible to understand talent development without understanding the nature of the
child prodigy phenomenon. According to her, to demystify this phenomenon, we must to
understand it’s inner or fundamental mechanism that various external factor or forces.
The more obvious example, like social environment chill hood or historical family. From
this factor maybe will detected now this phenomenon develop within the child.
2.2 Artistic child prodigy reference in fine art
Artists among children already tracked by the research of art as their expertise beyond
their actual age. In addition, the awareness of parents about their child's talent is also a
factor these children make art as a career.
2.2.1 Realism painter
according to Akiane Gallery (2000) Akiane started experiencing vivid
impressions about invisible realms and a great desire to express them through art
utilizing whatever medium was found on hand like candles, lipstick, fruits,
vegetables, charcoal or pencils. For more details, researcher showed two artworks
as evidence.
Figure 1: Akiane, Puppy , Age 5 (2000)
Figure 2: Akiane, Prince of Peace, Age 8 (2003)
2.2.2 Abstract expressionist painter
She is an Australian born abstract expressionist painter of Russian heritage and
now aged 7 year old. According to Abstract-expressionist/Gestalt artist: Aelita
(2014), she first began to paint professionally from nine months old when her
amazing acrylic on canvas paintings were included in her solo exhibition in
Australia at age two.
Figure 3: Aelita, The cloudman, age 1 (2008)
Figure 4: Aelita, Stradifaries, age 5 (2012)
2.3 Artistic talent development and Expertise Acquisition
Talent development is seen as an acquired expertise that can be traced from childhood
and it is different from the field of sports, games and mathematics. According to
Simonton (2000), He said, in talent development , the potential predictors were seven
measures of domain-relevant experience is cumulative years (first drawing and first
lessons) and cumulative products . The monotonic longitudinal trends and the relative
explanatory power of the expertise-acquisition measures indicate that complex
specialization (“overtraining”) and versatility (“cross-training”) effects may determine
creative development across the life span.
2.4 Art education for children
According to child development and art education: A review of current research and best
practices (2012). In early 5 childhood, arts experiences present students with a primary
means of communicating their understandings of themselves and their world. There are
three point important to be emphasized in the training of children in art education. Firstly
is physical . in this stage, childhood learners are mastering gross motor skills, but fine
motor coordination like drawing are still a bit beyond their grasp. At this age,
experience, exploration is important because it involves physical activity. Second factor
is art experiences should emphasize exploration and creative manipulation of materials,
as opposed to more structured assignments with a goal or subject dictated to students by
the teacher. Third is social and emotional. In the earliest stages of this age range, parents
and teachers are often the most important individuals in a student’s life, but by ages 5
until 7, friendships within students’ own peer group gain increasing social importance as
well. Based on the readings, pronounced emphasis on the value of the arts in helping
children to make sense of their world, make connection between disparate ideas and
make connection between the self and others.
2.5 Theoretical Framework
This theory was formulated based on the research topic Artistic Child Prodigy
phenomenon: Natural talent or continuous practice. According to Swanson (2013),
Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many
cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical bounding
assumptions. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory
of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that
explains why the research problem under study exists. According to This framework for
this study is shown in figure 5 and it illustrates is it variables used in this study which
affect the existence of Artistic Child Prodigy:
Figure 5: Theoretical framework
In this study, all the variables (child prodigy, natural talent and continuous practice) is
indipendent variables .
Artistic child prodigy in this study supported multiple intelligences theory by Gardner, Artistic
child prodigy is spatial intelligence refers to the ability to represent the imagination in yours.
They have ability and skill in fine arts beyond adult, knowledge, technique and quality.
Artistic child prodigy formed due to two factors: whether the child was indeed have a natural
talent or because of learning art education that helps children understand psychomotor their
Artistic Child Prodigy
Natural Talent Continuous practice
Scaffolding
(Vygotsky)
Spatial-visual intelligences (gardner)
Development Theory
(Piagets)
hands moving. Gifted and talented theory helps identify child prodigy and to understand their
differences with other children. As shown in figure 6, child prodigy influenced by two variables
seen whether it was indeed born child prodigy has gifted since childhood and began imagination
and desire to produce something else. These variables supported by the theory of cognitive
development that made Piagets. Theory Piagets can come by individual, means he believe if the
child is clever, indeed since the birth of the children was clever. In these variables for this study,
biological maturity to be one factor that can be supported with Piagets theory. Biological
maturity is intended child prodigy skills associated with family history and genetics or breed of
one parent.
Second variables are continuous practice theories supported scaffolding made by Vygotsky
(1986). When the child is an appropriate time to form individual interests and talents by existing
individual or perhaps coercion. Drawing talent and interest in the field of fine arts into ZPD in
these variables. Continuous practice is scaffolding that helps children become Artistic Child
Prodigy. This is because Vygotsky believed talent can be created with systematic learning and it
is more logical.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter will discuss the following : Research Design, Population and Sample,
Instrumentation, Primary Collection and Data Analysis Plan.
3.1 Research design
The research use Qualititative approach by employing a phenomenology research. The design
was meant to identify the characteristics of artistic child prodigy, to understand the factor that
can increase the probability of the appearance of artistic child prodigy and to identify artistic
child prodigy have natural talent or continuous practice. Children have fine arts skill around
early ages until 17 years have been chosen as samples for this study and a set of observation and
interview in the research to gather the data needed. As cited in Kawulich (2005),define
observation as "the systematic description of events, behaviors, and artifacts in the social
setting chosen for study" (p.79). Observations enable the researcher to describe existing
situations using the five senses, providing a "written photograph" of the situation under
study (Erlandson, Harris, Skipper, & Allen, 1993).
3.2 Population and Sample
The population for this study were children who are skilled in the field of fine arts. The
method used was snowball sampling from non- random sampling. Snowball technique
used in this research because the sample is a child who is skilled in the art around early
ages until 17 years, and requires several intermediate people before meet the sample. This
sampling technique was chosen as the objective of this study was to identify the
characteristics of artistic child prodigy and to understand the factor that can increase the
probability of the appearance of artistic child prodigy . The selected sample taken from
several galleries, residency and school. Children who participated in several exhibitions
galleries everywhere. The sample sizes for this study only 10 respondents.
3.3 Instruments
The instrument used data collection in this research study was observation and interview.
According to Bloch (2011) in Structured Methods: Interviews, Questionnaires and
Observation, a study of this sort can involve anything from a short paper-and-pencil
feedback form, to an intensive one-to-one interview asking a large number of questions,
to direct observation of relevant behavior. For this purpose of this study, observation is
only applied to the respondent to see the character of gifted children. The observation
rubric was adapted from Identification of Children Who Are Gifted in Visual Arts by
Departments of Education, Ohio (2009). Some of the items in the rubric are designed by
the researcher in order to analyze the creativity and behavior child prodigy . The
observations will yield qualitative data. By way of collecting images as visual data and
each child behavior will translate into qualitative data .
The interviews also used answer the research question of this study. Participant interview
consisted of three parties. The first of respondent's parental family background data
collection respondent. The second is an expert opinion in the field of child development
and third is owner gallery and residency to give critic of artwork.
The descriptions of each section are as follows:
Table 1: Description of the observation and interview
Category Description Researcher should take note
Character (Observation)
This section divided into two sections, the
first is physical, such as age and gender. Both
personal development such as the maturity of
mind, behavior and habit.
- speech,
- Behavior,
- Way of thinking
- Habit
- Art skill level
Environments (Observation)
This section more focus to see conditions
studio painter and behavior during the process
of producing the artwork.
(Interview)
More focused on the question of factors of
child gifted and talented
(observation)
- Behaviour when
children are in the
studio
(interview)
- Art family history or art
education.
- children's interest in art
Artwork (Observation)
This section to see the development of the
work produced viewed in terms of the style
used to work for example realism style,
futuristic style or pop art style. In addition,
the observation is made to see the maturity of
the work produced, and using any material in
the promotion of gifted children.
(Observation)
- The style of artwork
- Material and the
medium used
- Duration make artwork
- Behavior when
children are in the
studio.
3.4 Data Collection
The respondent of this observation is children have skill in fine art , Delwin from Penang
and others. Before the researchers make the observation in the studio respondent,
Researchers need to know about the first research objective.
And participant interview is parents of artistic child prodigy and owner art gallery.
Before the participants answer in the interview, there was a briefing and explanation
about the objective in this study.
The observation and interview process was monitored by researcher herself.
The data collection was as follows:
(Interview)
art criticism about the paintings were gifted
children
(interview)
art expert opinion about
the maturity of the artwork
produced.
Figure 6: Summary of the Data Collection Procedures from observation
Design of Observation
The observation has 3 category which are character category, environments
category and changes maturity artwork artistic child prodigy category.
Sample Selection
The respondent of this observation are 5 artistic child prodigy around early
child until 17 years . The selected through the galleries, residency and art
schools .
Observation distribution
The observation is distributed on every 2 week
Time taken
The time needed to complete for each session requires 5 hours.
Observation Process
The observation process was monitored by the researchers herself. to ensure
data every minute of this child prodigy can be taken with accurate and
authentic. Spontaneity made by the respondent to reforms in the data.
Observation Collection
The observation is collected after outcome data from each observation session
will be recorded and collected after some time met with respondent to make a
statement.
Figure 7: Summary of the Data Collection Procedures from interview
Design of interviews
The interviews will be conducted Semi – instructured.
Sample Selection
individuals who will be in the interview are the parents of a child prodigy, an
expert in the field of child development and gallery owners.
Interview distribution
The observation is distributed is 2 session or more depend the information we
collect.
Time taken
Should meet several times to collect all the data that can answer the second
research objective.
Interview Process
The interview process was monitored by the researchers herself. To provide
comfort for the respondent, interview sessions will be conducted at home
parents and gallery to gallery owner or curator
Interview Collection
The interview is collected after outcome data from each interview session will
be recorded and collected after some time met with participant to make a
statement.
3.5 Data analysis
All the data obtained from the observation and interview were collected and analysed to
provide answers to three research questions for the study.
Table 2: Summary of Data Analysis
Research Research instruments Type of Data Analysis
i) What are characteristics of
artistic child prodigy ?
Observation Data were analyzed to the
observation rubric
ii) What are the factor of that can
increase the probability of the
appearance of artistic child
prodigy ?
Interview I) Content analysis
ii) Data coding
iii) Is it artistic child prodigy
develop naturally or through
continuous practice?
a. Interview
b. observation
i)Content analysis
ii) Observation rubric
Reference:
Amy Charleroy, Child Development & Art Education: A review of current research & best
practices, (2012)
Alice Bloch,Clive Seale & N.Phellas,Instructured Methods: Interviews, Questionnaires and
Observation, 182- 193, (2011).
Bernama, Autistic savant artist's Malaysia day gift to Obama,
http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/autistic-savant-artists-malaysia-day-gift-to-obama-
44027, (2014)
Diane Scanlon, Carateristics & Behaviours of the Gifted,
,http://www.ri.net/gifted_talented/rhode.html, 2014
Dreck, Baum & Mc Cartney “Artistic Talent Development for Urban Youth: The Promise & The
Challenge”, National Research Center on the Gifted & Talented, University of Connecticut,
Storrs, (N.d)
Eisner, “The Arts and The Creation of Mind”, London: Yale University Press/ New Haven&
London,(2002)
Jennifer E. Drake & Ellen Winner, Children gifted in Drawing, “Understanding Our Gifted”,
(N.d)
Identifying gifted & talented learners – getting started, Department For Children, School &
Families, (2008)
Larisa V.Shavinina, What Does Research on Child Prodigies Tell Us About Talent Development
and Expertise Acquisition?, Talent Development & Excellence 29 ,Vol. 2, No. 1, 2010, 29-49
Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Educational
http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/piaget.htmlPsychology Interactive, (2003).
Nick For & Etl, ow to use observation in a research project, “Trent Focus for research&
development in primary health care”, 1998
Nordin Tahir, Teori Perkembangan, IPG Kampus Ipoh, (N.d)
Susan Amidon, Identification of children who are gifted in visual arts, Ohio : Departments of
Education, (2009)
Swanson, Richard A. Theory Building in Applied Disciplines. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-
Koehler Publishers 2013.
Twigg & Garvis, “Exploring Art in early chillhood education”, “The International Journal of the
Arts in Society 5, no 2(2010), 194-204
Weebly, Visual Arts Education for Gifted and Talented Children: A Resource for Teachers,
http://visualartsgifteded.weebly.com/, (Acessed on Disember 25,2014)
WSInt, Akiena Gallery, http://www.akiane.com/store/, (2014)
Appendix B
INTERVIEW QUESTION
1. What is the age of the child when Mr/Mrs know your child has a talent in the field of fine arts?
2. Are you an artist or mybe you have position in art area? Or maybe you have talent in art?
3. Maybe both of you have a family background that has the talent in art?
4. How a teachers in schools, art teachers may have said something that gave a motivation to
your child, sir?
5. whether Mr/ Mrs sending your child go to art classes? whether it is in accordance with the
artistic skills of children, sir?
6. How the behavior of the child, sir? how they manage themselves and their conversation, did
differ with other children?
7. whether it holds the first medium when children draw or make scribbling sir? whether they
painting on paper or walls?
8. How to maturity of the artwork? could there be a change that sir can see? maybe sir can you
show?
9. How do you realize your child has a talent that can be highlighted?
10. Lastly, could you will provide a space for your child to pursue his passion into a career or just
fulfilling his interest when he was still in the early stages of a child?

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Chapter 1,2,3 print

  • 1. UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA ARTISTIC CHILD PRODIGY PHENOMENON: NATURAL TALENT OR CONTINOUS PRACTICE NASIHA BINTI SHAHARUDIN (2014639742) M.Ed (VISUAL ART EDUCATION) DIS 2014
  • 2. Table of Contents CAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................3 1.1 background of the study................................................................................................................4 1.2 Statement of the Problem..............................................................................................................5 1.3 Research objective ........................................................................................................................6 1.4 Research question .........................................................................................................................6 1.5 Operational definition...................................................................................................................6 1.5 Limitation......................................................................................................................................8 1.7 Significance of the study...............................................................................................................8 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................9 1.6 Child prodigy ................................................................................................................................9 2.2 Artistic child prodigy reference in fine art.................................................................................10 2.2.1 Realism Painter ...................................................................................................................10 2.2.2 abstract expressionist painter ..............................................................................................11 2.3 Artistic talent development and Expertise Acquisition...............................................................12 2.4 Art education for children...........................................................................................................12 2.5 Theoretical Framework...............................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................................16 3.1 Research design ..........................................................................................................................16 3.2 Population and Sample................................................................................................................16 3.3 Instruments..................................................................................................................................17 3.4 Data Collection ...........................................................................................................................19 3.5 Data analysis...............................................................................................................................22 Reference: ...................................................................................................................................................23
  • 3. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction Everyone has their own advantages, as well as the child prodigy, as well as the child prodigy. The child prodigies have long excited the world. The can do amazing things and often contribute wonderful things to their field of study. Some have names that will be remembered for generations to come, while eithers excited us with their interesting and then fade into the fabric of the world. However, it doesn't change the fact that these wonderful children have lived lives and added value to the world they live in. This phenomena is affecting the entire world because not many child prodigies . This problem a attracted many researchers to investigate what actually happens to child prodigy, how are they able to do thing are done adults only. This is exactly where the puzzle is hidden : in the age of child prodigies. Age means development and this is a key to the explanation of the nature of the child prodigy phenomenon. The significance of the concept of age for explaining the prodigy phenomenon can be found in Feldman’s (1986b) definition of prodigy. According to him, “a prodigy is a child, who before the age of 10, performs at a level of an adult professional in some cognitively demanding field” (p.161).” Using this age boundary, Shavinina’s (1999) definition of child prodigy is as follows: “a prodigy is a child who, before the age of 10, displays extraordinary intellectual-creative performance and/or achievements in any type of a real activity” (p. 26).
  • 4. She differentiates between general and special types of prodigies. Prodigies in art, chess and music belong to special types. Prodigies who manifest advanced level of thinking constitute the general type. At the same time, all prodigies are mental prodigies, because all of them display intellectually creative performance or achievements in various fields of human activity. According to refers What Does Research on Child Prodigies Tell Us About Talent Development and Expertise Acquisition? ( (V.Shavinina, 2010) 1.1 background of the study This paper is focused on child prodigies in the field of fine arts, regardless of artistic child prodigy of the country or even outside the country. According to Golant, K .S (2010) child prodigy showed high interest in learning, suspicious and have a high curiosity for the environment and be able to incorporate some of the information in them. At present, the phenomenon of child prodigy , especially in the arts began to be a concern for the production of their work beyond their age. for example, this happens to Akiena artistic child prodigy, who has become an ambassador a camera company and was told the nature of curiosity and how he was looking for inspiration for his income. According to What Does Research on Child Prodigies Tell Us About Talent Development and Expertise Acquisition? (V.Shavinina, 2010). Shavinina agree with Gardner in his theoretical explorations is a follower of Feldman’s theory. In this light, he does not bring anything new to the explanation of the nature of the prodigy phenomenon. Gardner (1993a) conducted his research on the famous prodigy Picasso from interactive and developmental perspectives. Gardner’s (1993a) important finding consists in the demonstration of Picasso’s totally egocentric behaviour during his whole life, which can be explained by Picasso’s extraordinary gifts and talents. “Picasso enjoyed the benefits and liabilities of a prodigious start. His gifts and energies meant that, with few exceptions, he was able to do whatever he wanted, whenever and wherever he wanted,
  • 5. throughout his life. His virtuosity was never seriously challenged, let alone vanquished... Picasso was not able to think beyond his gift. In many ways he remained childish... (Gardner, 1993a, p.184).” Therefore, Gardner pointed out the necessity of personality development for prodigies. His interesting conclusion is that there is a strong contrast between the adult creators means who must discover their own styles of creativity and the domain in which they can excel, and are formed as personalities by their family and the child prodigy means who must construct a creative having his or her domain as given by the birthright . Their ability to be a sign of whether they have already had a natural talent or because of ongoing training provided by the parents who bring them to the level of the highest level. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Available talent from an early age or their artistic talents due to continuous practice. According to Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003) based on Piagets Theory, he believe, the development cognitive going individually and If the child is clever, indeed since the birth of the child was clever. In Piagets theory learning process not need system. According to Vygotsky (1986), Learning process have system and need support system will help a person in any direction.
  • 6. 1.3 Research objective The research objectives of this study are as follows: 1.3.1 To identify the characteristics of artistic child prodigy . 1.3.2 To understand the factor that can increase the probability of the appearance of artistic child prodigy . 1.3.3 To identify whether artistic child prodigy develop naturally or through continuous practice. 1.4 Research question The research question of this study are as follows: 1.4.1 What are characteristics of artistic child prodigy ? 1.4.2 What are the factor of that can increase the probability of the appearance of artistic child prodigy ? 1.4.3 Is it artistic child prodigy develop naturally or through continuous practice? 1.5 Operational definition The definitions used in this study are as follows: 1.4.1 Artistic According to online YourDictionary (2014). Artistic is defined as someone who possess creative qualities that enable him to excel at producing creative works like paintings or sculptures.For this study, Artistic represent artistic skills and talents. 1.4.2 Child Prodigy
  • 7. According to Wikipedia (2014) , A child prodigy or Wunderkind is a person who, at an early age, develops one or more skills at a level far beyond the norm for their age. A prodigy has to be a child, or at least younger than 18 years, who is performing at the level of a highly trained adult in a very demanding field of endeavor For the purpose of this study, child prodigy refers to all possible types of gifted children, the exceptionally highly developed abilities in very young children. 1.4.3 Natural talent According to blueprinttennis.com (2011) Natural talent is an innate or inborn gift for a specific activity, either allowing one to demonstrate some immediate skill without practice, or to gain skill rapidly with minimal practice. By this definition, the key advantage of natural talent is that it allows the individual a steep learning curve, whereby he or she acquires skills readily with less practice or hard work than the average person. As well as the advantage of learning quickly, natural talent is also said to increase one’s maximum potential. This implies that each individual has a ceiling that caps the highest level of performance they can attain, no matter how hard or long they train. For gifted performers, this ceiling is said to be higher. For this study, children have a tremendous advantage . 1.4.4 Practice According to online Merriam – Webster Dictionary (2013) , practice is to do something again and again in order to become better at it. For this study, practice means always doing practice to skill development.
  • 8. 1.5 Limitation The first limitation is the respondent of this study. The respondent is only limited to child prodigy only. Is not easy to find child prodigy in Malaysia area, because they The second limitation of this study is only in the field of fine art. The third limitation is lack of resources about child prodigy in 2010 until present. 1.7 Significance of the study Firstly, Child prodigy in fine arts is a valuable asset for a country. To know the character artistic child prodigy during their growth (In terms of cognitive, soft skill and attitudes). To understand the factor or forces like family art historical or environment that can increase the probability of the appearance of prodigies.
  • 9. Chapter 2 Literature review 2.0 Introduction This study will explore the artistic child prodigy phenomenon: natural talent or continuous practice. The main objective of this chapter is to analyze and review past studies and obtain information on artistic child prodigy. The second part more to child prodigy artist reference, to explore development from start they make artwork until they can be considered as the maximum age of a child prodigy or a genius. In this part, to identify artist among child prodigy as a proofs. The last two parts of this chapter focused on cognitive mental, Talent Development and Expertise Acquisition and art education practice for children. 1.6 Child prodigy Based on research conducted by Shavinina (2010) about child prodigy, she says it is impossible to understand talent development without understanding the nature of the child prodigy phenomenon. According to her, to demystify this phenomenon, we must to understand it’s inner or fundamental mechanism that various external factor or forces. The more obvious example, like social environment chill hood or historical family. From this factor maybe will detected now this phenomenon develop within the child.
  • 10. 2.2 Artistic child prodigy reference in fine art Artists among children already tracked by the research of art as their expertise beyond their actual age. In addition, the awareness of parents about their child's talent is also a factor these children make art as a career. 2.2.1 Realism painter according to Akiane Gallery (2000) Akiane started experiencing vivid impressions about invisible realms and a great desire to express them through art utilizing whatever medium was found on hand like candles, lipstick, fruits, vegetables, charcoal or pencils. For more details, researcher showed two artworks as evidence. Figure 1: Akiane, Puppy , Age 5 (2000) Figure 2: Akiane, Prince of Peace, Age 8 (2003)
  • 11. 2.2.2 Abstract expressionist painter She is an Australian born abstract expressionist painter of Russian heritage and now aged 7 year old. According to Abstract-expressionist/Gestalt artist: Aelita (2014), she first began to paint professionally from nine months old when her amazing acrylic on canvas paintings were included in her solo exhibition in Australia at age two. Figure 3: Aelita, The cloudman, age 1 (2008) Figure 4: Aelita, Stradifaries, age 5 (2012)
  • 12. 2.3 Artistic talent development and Expertise Acquisition Talent development is seen as an acquired expertise that can be traced from childhood and it is different from the field of sports, games and mathematics. According to Simonton (2000), He said, in talent development , the potential predictors were seven measures of domain-relevant experience is cumulative years (first drawing and first lessons) and cumulative products . The monotonic longitudinal trends and the relative explanatory power of the expertise-acquisition measures indicate that complex specialization (“overtraining”) and versatility (“cross-training”) effects may determine creative development across the life span. 2.4 Art education for children According to child development and art education: A review of current research and best practices (2012). In early 5 childhood, arts experiences present students with a primary means of communicating their understandings of themselves and their world. There are three point important to be emphasized in the training of children in art education. Firstly is physical . in this stage, childhood learners are mastering gross motor skills, but fine motor coordination like drawing are still a bit beyond their grasp. At this age, experience, exploration is important because it involves physical activity. Second factor is art experiences should emphasize exploration and creative manipulation of materials, as opposed to more structured assignments with a goal or subject dictated to students by the teacher. Third is social and emotional. In the earliest stages of this age range, parents and teachers are often the most important individuals in a student’s life, but by ages 5 until 7, friendships within students’ own peer group gain increasing social importance as well. Based on the readings, pronounced emphasis on the value of the arts in helping
  • 13. children to make sense of their world, make connection between disparate ideas and make connection between the self and others. 2.5 Theoretical Framework This theory was formulated based on the research topic Artistic Child Prodigy phenomenon: Natural talent or continuous practice. According to Swanson (2013), Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical bounding assumptions. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that explains why the research problem under study exists. According to This framework for this study is shown in figure 5 and it illustrates is it variables used in this study which affect the existence of Artistic Child Prodigy:
  • 14. Figure 5: Theoretical framework In this study, all the variables (child prodigy, natural talent and continuous practice) is indipendent variables . Artistic child prodigy in this study supported multiple intelligences theory by Gardner, Artistic child prodigy is spatial intelligence refers to the ability to represent the imagination in yours. They have ability and skill in fine arts beyond adult, knowledge, technique and quality. Artistic child prodigy formed due to two factors: whether the child was indeed have a natural talent or because of learning art education that helps children understand psychomotor their Artistic Child Prodigy Natural Talent Continuous practice Scaffolding (Vygotsky) Spatial-visual intelligences (gardner) Development Theory (Piagets)
  • 15. hands moving. Gifted and talented theory helps identify child prodigy and to understand their differences with other children. As shown in figure 6, child prodigy influenced by two variables seen whether it was indeed born child prodigy has gifted since childhood and began imagination and desire to produce something else. These variables supported by the theory of cognitive development that made Piagets. Theory Piagets can come by individual, means he believe if the child is clever, indeed since the birth of the children was clever. In these variables for this study, biological maturity to be one factor that can be supported with Piagets theory. Biological maturity is intended child prodigy skills associated with family history and genetics or breed of one parent. Second variables are continuous practice theories supported scaffolding made by Vygotsky (1986). When the child is an appropriate time to form individual interests and talents by existing individual or perhaps coercion. Drawing talent and interest in the field of fine arts into ZPD in these variables. Continuous practice is scaffolding that helps children become Artistic Child Prodigy. This is because Vygotsky believed talent can be created with systematic learning and it is more logical.
  • 16. Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter will discuss the following : Research Design, Population and Sample, Instrumentation, Primary Collection and Data Analysis Plan. 3.1 Research design The research use Qualititative approach by employing a phenomenology research. The design was meant to identify the characteristics of artistic child prodigy, to understand the factor that can increase the probability of the appearance of artistic child prodigy and to identify artistic child prodigy have natural talent or continuous practice. Children have fine arts skill around early ages until 17 years have been chosen as samples for this study and a set of observation and interview in the research to gather the data needed. As cited in Kawulich (2005),define observation as "the systematic description of events, behaviors, and artifacts in the social setting chosen for study" (p.79). Observations enable the researcher to describe existing situations using the five senses, providing a "written photograph" of the situation under study (Erlandson, Harris, Skipper, & Allen, 1993). 3.2 Population and Sample The population for this study were children who are skilled in the field of fine arts. The method used was snowball sampling from non- random sampling. Snowball technique used in this research because the sample is a child who is skilled in the art around early ages until 17 years, and requires several intermediate people before meet the sample. This sampling technique was chosen as the objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of artistic child prodigy and to understand the factor that can increase the probability of the appearance of artistic child prodigy . The selected sample taken from
  • 17. several galleries, residency and school. Children who participated in several exhibitions galleries everywhere. The sample sizes for this study only 10 respondents. 3.3 Instruments The instrument used data collection in this research study was observation and interview. According to Bloch (2011) in Structured Methods: Interviews, Questionnaires and Observation, a study of this sort can involve anything from a short paper-and-pencil feedback form, to an intensive one-to-one interview asking a large number of questions, to direct observation of relevant behavior. For this purpose of this study, observation is only applied to the respondent to see the character of gifted children. The observation rubric was adapted from Identification of Children Who Are Gifted in Visual Arts by Departments of Education, Ohio (2009). Some of the items in the rubric are designed by the researcher in order to analyze the creativity and behavior child prodigy . The observations will yield qualitative data. By way of collecting images as visual data and each child behavior will translate into qualitative data . The interviews also used answer the research question of this study. Participant interview consisted of three parties. The first of respondent's parental family background data collection respondent. The second is an expert opinion in the field of child development and third is owner gallery and residency to give critic of artwork. The descriptions of each section are as follows:
  • 18. Table 1: Description of the observation and interview Category Description Researcher should take note Character (Observation) This section divided into two sections, the first is physical, such as age and gender. Both personal development such as the maturity of mind, behavior and habit. - speech, - Behavior, - Way of thinking - Habit - Art skill level Environments (Observation) This section more focus to see conditions studio painter and behavior during the process of producing the artwork. (Interview) More focused on the question of factors of child gifted and talented (observation) - Behaviour when children are in the studio (interview) - Art family history or art education. - children's interest in art Artwork (Observation) This section to see the development of the work produced viewed in terms of the style used to work for example realism style, futuristic style or pop art style. In addition, the observation is made to see the maturity of the work produced, and using any material in the promotion of gifted children. (Observation) - The style of artwork - Material and the medium used - Duration make artwork - Behavior when children are in the studio.
  • 19. 3.4 Data Collection The respondent of this observation is children have skill in fine art , Delwin from Penang and others. Before the researchers make the observation in the studio respondent, Researchers need to know about the first research objective. And participant interview is parents of artistic child prodigy and owner art gallery. Before the participants answer in the interview, there was a briefing and explanation about the objective in this study. The observation and interview process was monitored by researcher herself. The data collection was as follows: (Interview) art criticism about the paintings were gifted children (interview) art expert opinion about the maturity of the artwork produced.
  • 20. Figure 6: Summary of the Data Collection Procedures from observation Design of Observation The observation has 3 category which are character category, environments category and changes maturity artwork artistic child prodigy category. Sample Selection The respondent of this observation are 5 artistic child prodigy around early child until 17 years . The selected through the galleries, residency and art schools . Observation distribution The observation is distributed on every 2 week Time taken The time needed to complete for each session requires 5 hours. Observation Process The observation process was monitored by the researchers herself. to ensure data every minute of this child prodigy can be taken with accurate and authentic. Spontaneity made by the respondent to reforms in the data. Observation Collection The observation is collected after outcome data from each observation session will be recorded and collected after some time met with respondent to make a statement.
  • 21. Figure 7: Summary of the Data Collection Procedures from interview Design of interviews The interviews will be conducted Semi – instructured. Sample Selection individuals who will be in the interview are the parents of a child prodigy, an expert in the field of child development and gallery owners. Interview distribution The observation is distributed is 2 session or more depend the information we collect. Time taken Should meet several times to collect all the data that can answer the second research objective. Interview Process The interview process was monitored by the researchers herself. To provide comfort for the respondent, interview sessions will be conducted at home parents and gallery to gallery owner or curator Interview Collection The interview is collected after outcome data from each interview session will be recorded and collected after some time met with participant to make a statement.
  • 22. 3.5 Data analysis All the data obtained from the observation and interview were collected and analysed to provide answers to three research questions for the study. Table 2: Summary of Data Analysis Research Research instruments Type of Data Analysis i) What are characteristics of artistic child prodigy ? Observation Data were analyzed to the observation rubric ii) What are the factor of that can increase the probability of the appearance of artistic child prodigy ? Interview I) Content analysis ii) Data coding iii) Is it artistic child prodigy develop naturally or through continuous practice? a. Interview b. observation i)Content analysis ii) Observation rubric
  • 23. Reference: Amy Charleroy, Child Development & Art Education: A review of current research & best practices, (2012) Alice Bloch,Clive Seale & N.Phellas,Instructured Methods: Interviews, Questionnaires and Observation, 182- 193, (2011). Bernama, Autistic savant artist's Malaysia day gift to Obama, http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/autistic-savant-artists-malaysia-day-gift-to-obama- 44027, (2014) Diane Scanlon, Carateristics & Behaviours of the Gifted, ,http://www.ri.net/gifted_talented/rhode.html, 2014 Dreck, Baum & Mc Cartney “Artistic Talent Development for Urban Youth: The Promise & The Challenge”, National Research Center on the Gifted & Talented, University of Connecticut, Storrs, (N.d) Eisner, “The Arts and The Creation of Mind”, London: Yale University Press/ New Haven& London,(2002) Jennifer E. Drake & Ellen Winner, Children gifted in Drawing, “Understanding Our Gifted”, (N.d) Identifying gifted & talented learners – getting started, Department For Children, School & Families, (2008) Larisa V.Shavinina, What Does Research on Child Prodigies Tell Us About Talent Development and Expertise Acquisition?, Talent Development & Excellence 29 ,Vol. 2, No. 1, 2010, 29-49 Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Educational http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/piaget.htmlPsychology Interactive, (2003). Nick For & Etl, ow to use observation in a research project, “Trent Focus for research& development in primary health care”, 1998 Nordin Tahir, Teori Perkembangan, IPG Kampus Ipoh, (N.d) Susan Amidon, Identification of children who are gifted in visual arts, Ohio : Departments of Education, (2009) Swanson, Richard A. Theory Building in Applied Disciplines. San Francisco, CA: Berrett- Koehler Publishers 2013.
  • 24. Twigg & Garvis, “Exploring Art in early chillhood education”, “The International Journal of the Arts in Society 5, no 2(2010), 194-204 Weebly, Visual Arts Education for Gifted and Talented Children: A Resource for Teachers, http://visualartsgifteded.weebly.com/, (Acessed on Disember 25,2014) WSInt, Akiena Gallery, http://www.akiane.com/store/, (2014)
  • 25. Appendix B INTERVIEW QUESTION 1. What is the age of the child when Mr/Mrs know your child has a talent in the field of fine arts? 2. Are you an artist or mybe you have position in art area? Or maybe you have talent in art? 3. Maybe both of you have a family background that has the talent in art? 4. How a teachers in schools, art teachers may have said something that gave a motivation to your child, sir? 5. whether Mr/ Mrs sending your child go to art classes? whether it is in accordance with the artistic skills of children, sir? 6. How the behavior of the child, sir? how they manage themselves and their conversation, did differ with other children? 7. whether it holds the first medium when children draw or make scribbling sir? whether they painting on paper or walls? 8. How to maturity of the artwork? could there be a change that sir can see? maybe sir can you show? 9. How do you realize your child has a talent that can be highlighted? 10. Lastly, could you will provide a space for your child to pursue his passion into a career or just fulfilling his interest when he was still in the early stages of a child?