communication on the web, web servers, static and dynamic web pages, popular scripting languages, CSS, concept of HTML documents

2. WE ARE GOING TO DISCUSS….
• COMMUNICATION ON THE WEB
• WEB SERVER TECHNOLOGIES
• WEB DESIGNING
• STATIC AND DYNAMIC WEB PAGES
• SCRIPTS AND TYPES OF SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
• POPULAR SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
• CASCADING STYLE SHEET
• BASIC CONCEPTS OF HTML DOCUMENTS

3. We rely on different websites for
various purposes like…..
• Submitting online applications
• Viewing web contents
• Watching movies
• Banking transactions
• Purchase of goods through online
transaction and so on.

4. A website is a collection of web
pages.
Web pages are developed with the
help of a language called
Hyper Text Markup Language(HTML).
It is also a language of Internet.
A web page may contain texts,
graphics, sounds, animations, and
movies.

6. How is this website made available on
the Internet?
These web pages are to be stored in
web servers connected to the Internet,
to be made available to others.

7. Communication on web

8. Communication on web

9. Communication on web
In order to communicate on the web,
computers/devices need to understand each
other. This is made possible by making all devices
follow the same protocol, namely TCP/IP.

10. Communication on web
URL is sent
to DNS
server to
obtain its IP
address
Browser
connects to
this server
using the IP
address.
After process
this request,
the web page
to be displayed
is sent to the
client.
In order to communicate on the web,
computers/devices need to understand each
other. This is made possible by making all devices
follow the same protocol, namely TCP/IP.

11. Communication on web

12. Routing of a data packet from sender
to a recipient
TCP breaks the data
into packets
The packets travel from
router to router over the
internet according to the IP
TCP reassembles the
data packets back to
original form

14. In the Internet, there are several types
of communication.
• Websites are accessed using HTTP.
• Email communication happens using SMTP.
• Internet Protocol provides the basics of
communication over Internet.

15. The role of routers in transporting
data in Internet
• The routers need not be programmed
separately to handle different types of data.
• They do not need to know about the data
they are transporting.
• It concerned only about the address to which
the packet is to be delivered

16. • The openness of the data part of the packet gives
the freedom to design new protocols for the
Internet.
• This openness and flexibility of TCP/IP that led to
the development of protocols for
– social media websites to handle messages,
– content websites to handle video and audio,
– banking websites to handle money transfer securely, etc
• It is a deciding factor for the economic success of
the Internet.

17. Communication on the web can be
categorised as
1. Client (browser) to webserver
2. Web server to Web server communication

18. Essential for Communication
over the Internet
1. Authentication : is the process of
determining whether a computer / server is
the computer that it claims to be.
2. Security : it should be provided to
communication over Internet so that the
messages are not intercepted and modified
by hackers.

19. 1. Client (browser) to webserver

20. 1. Client (browser) to webserver
• It does not usually require authentication.
• But in the case of web based banking
applications / e-mail services, user names and
passwords are required to be sent to the
server.
• This information cannot be sent to the server
in plain text due to security reasons.
• The hackers may steal usernames and
passwords, if it is communicated and shared
as plain text.

21. 1. Client (browser) to webserver

22. HTTPS
(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)
• HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)
technology to encrypt the username and
password and then send it to the server.
• It works using SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)

23. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
• SSL provides a standard security technology for
establishing an encrypted connection between
computers on Internet.
• It provides security capabilities to HTTP.
• This protocol not only ensures privacy, but also
ensures that no other website can impersonate
the user’s login account not alter the
information sent.
• Verisign Inc. is a certification authority.

25. Client-Server authentication process
1. Browser requests to start a secure SSI session
2. Server returns its SSL certificate
3. Browser checks that : Certificate is valid,
signed by someone user trusts. If valid,
browser initiates and encrypted session
4. Server and Browser encrypts all the
transmitted data.

26. 2. Web server to web server
communication
• It may be required in certain web applications.
• The web server of an online shopping website
needs to send confidential information to a
bank web server and vice versa.
• In such cases the web servers of the merchant
and the bank are to be authenticated.
• Digital certificates –
• Payment gateway – a bridge

27. 2. Web server to web server
communication
User placing
order
Merchant’s
Web server
Payment
gateway
Merchant
bank account
Bank
WS
order
Server response
Request to
Payment gateway
Payment gateway
to response
Requestfor
conformation
Bank
response

28. Web server technologies
www.dhsekerala.gov.in

29. Web server
• It is a server computer that hosts
websites
• It enables us to deliver web pages or
services like e-mail, blog etc., to users on
the Internet
• It consists of a server computer that runs
a server OS and a web software installed
on it for providing services over the
Internet

30. Web server
• It is a powerful computer which is always switched on
and connected to a high bandwidth Internet connection
• This will facilitate Internet users around the world to
access the websites and services hosted by it at any
point of time
• It can have single or multiple processors, fast access
RAM, high performance hard disks, Ethernet cards that
supports fast communication
• It is usually installed in a data center to ensure faster
Internet connectivity and redundant power supply

31. Data center

32. Data center
• It is a dedicated physical location where
organisations house their servers and networking
systems
• It is used for storing, processing and serving
large amounts of mission-critical data to their
clients
• It requires extensive backup power supply
systems, cooling systems, high speed networking
connections and security systems

33. Popular Server OS
• Linux distributions
–Redhat, openSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, etc)
• Microsoft Windows Server
• FreeBSD
• Oracle Solaris etc.,

34. Web server software
• After setting up a server, a web server
software has to be installed in it and
configured according to the given OS
• The web server software is a program that
uses the client-server model and the HTTP to
ensure timely distribution of files stored in it
to the users

35. Some of the preferred
web server packages are
• Apache Server
• Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
• Google Web Server (GWS)
• nginex (engine-x)
Other Software packages :
FTP, e-mail, DNS, databases etc

36. Hardware Ports
• It is used to connect
external devices to the
computer
• These devices
communicate with the
computer using these
ports

37. Software Ports
• It is used to connect a client computer to a
server to access its services like HTTP, FTP,
SMTP etc,
• To distinguish the ports, the software ports
are given unique numbers
• The purpose of software ports is to identify
different services like e-mail, file transfer
etc, running on a single server computer

38. Software Ports
• Port number is a 16-bit number which when
added to a computer’s IP address / URL, can
be used for communicating with a particular
service available on that server
• For example :
http://www.google.co.in:80
protocol Domain
name
Port number

39. Some well-known ports and the
associated services
Default Port
Number
Service
20 & 21 FTP
22 SSH
25 SMTP
53 DNS
80 HTTP
110 POP3
443 HTTPS

40. DNS Servers
It runs a special
purpose networking
software that
contains a database
of domain names
and IP addresses

41. DNS Servers
The DNS servers are arranged in a hierarchy.
At the top level there are 13 root servers that
contains name server information for all the generic
top-level domains

42. How the DNS resolves the IP address?
1. The browser first searches it local memory (mini
cache). If found, the browser uses it
2. If it is not found, it checks the OS’s local cache
for the IP address
3. If it is not found there, it searches the DNS
server of the local ISP
4. In the absence of the domain name in the ISP’s
DNS server, the ISP’s DNS server initiates a
recursive search
5. If found returns this IP address to the browser
and the webpage is displayed otherwise it
returns the message “Server not found” in the
browser window

43. How the DNS searches and locates
the IP address of a domain name?
Client Program
Operating System
Your ISP
Web
Browser
DNS
Server
DNS
Resolver
Recursive DNS
search

45. Know your progress
1. Name a protocol that works on top of the
Internet Protocol(IP)
- HTTP, SMTP
2. Expand HTTPS
Hyper Text Transmission Protocol Secure
3. What are the advantages of installing web
servers in data centers?
To ensure faster Internet connectivity and redundant
power supply, a webserver is usually installed in a data
center

46. Know your progress
4. State whether true or false
a. The web server software is a program that uses the
client-server model.
True
b. The web server consists of server OS and web server
software
True
5. The number of bits in a software port number is
_____
16
6. A Domain Name System returns the
_____________ of a domain name
IP address

47. Know your progress
9. The social media websites developed their own
protocol for communicating over the Internet.
How is this possible when Internet uses TCP/IP
protocol?
– The openness of the data part of the packet gives the
freedom to design new protocols for the Internet.
– This openness and flexibility of TCP/IP that led to the
development of protocols for social media websites to
handle messages, content websites to handle video and
audio, and banking websites to handle money transfer
securely, etc
– It is a deciding factor for the economic success of the
Internet.

48. Know your progress
10.The username and password of e-mail account
has to be sent securely over the Internet
a. Name the technology used to send the data to the
server
HTTPS
b. How does this technology support secure data
communication?
HTTPS works using SSL (Secure Sockets Layer). SSL
provides a standard security technology for
establishing an encrypted connection between
computers on Internet.

49. Know your progress
11.ABC Engineering College has about 1000 computers
connected to the Internet, in its campus. What is
the advantage of having a local DNS server in the
college’s intranet?
This local DNS server contains a list of domain
names and their IP addresses which the users in the
organisation regularly access. This list can be
updated periodically to include new domain names.
Whenever a computer in the intranet tries to access
a website in the Internet, it first searches for the
domain name in the local DNS server and finds the
IP address. This speeds up the Internet access in the
organisation. Only if the domain name is not found
in the local DNS server, it searches the DNS of ISP

50. Know your progress
12.Write an example of a web server OS and a web
server package
Linux distributions (Redhat, openSUSE, Debian,
Ubuntu, etc)
Microsoft Windows Server
FreeBSD
Oracle Solaris etc.,
13.What is the use of software ports in a web
server?
To identify different services like e-mail, file
transfer, etc., running on a single server
computer.

51. Know your progress
13.The port used for HTTP is ________
80
14.Suppose you are browsing the website
www.prdkerala.org . Explain how DNS resolves
the IP address.

52. Web Designing

53. The first step in setting up a
website is planning the web pages
for the websites

54. Popular web designing softwares
Bluefish
Bootstrap
Adobe Dreamweaver
Microsoft Expression web

55. HTML
• Hyper Text Markup Language
• It consists of tags and its attributes
used to format web pages

56. Static web pages
• Web pages that remain the same all
the time until their code is changed
manually.
• It is created using HTML.

57. Dynamic web pages
• The web pages that contain server side
code which creates a web page each
time it is accessed are called dynamic
web pages.
• Program code that runs on the server is
called server side code.
• Technologies like PHP, ASP, JSP, etc., are
used to develop dynamic web pages

58. Comparison of
static and dynamic web pages
Static web page
• The content and layout of
web page is fixed
• It never use databases
• It directly run on the
browser and do not require
any server side application
program
• These are easy to develop
Dynamic web page
• The content and layout may
change during run time
• It uses the databases to
generate dynamic content
through queries
• It runs on the server side
application program and
displays the results
• This web page development
requires programming skills

59. scripts
• These are program codes written inside HTML
page.
• They are written using a text editor like
notepad.
• Scripting languages like JavaScript, VB script,
PHP, Perl, etc., are used to create dynamic
web pages.

60. scripts
• In an HTML page, a script is written inside <SCRIPT>
and </SCRIPT> tags.
• <SCRIPT> is used to embed or refer to an executable
script within an HTML docment.
• It has the attributes type and src.
• Type attribute is used to identify the scripting
language code embedded within the script tag
• Src attribute is used to specify the URL of an external
file containing scripting code to be linked to a web
page.
• <SCRIPT type = “text/javascript” src =
“scriptcode.js”>

61. Types of scripting languages
1. Client Side scripting
2. Server Side scripting

62. Client Side scripting
• It is used to perform any task at the client side
and is executed in the browser.
• Since the script code is executed on the client
browser, it provides a quick response to the
users.
• Disadvantage: there are browsers that do not
support scripts. In some cases users may turn
off the execution of scripts in the browser.
• Eg. JavaScript, VB script
• It is mostly used for validations and also for
performing simple calculations

63. Server Side scripting
• It is used to create dynamic web pages
and are executed in the server.
• Since the scripts are executed at the
sever, the type and version of the
browser or OS on the client’s computer
does not affect its execution.
• Eg. Perl, PHP, ASP, JSP etc.,

64. Working of server side scripts
MySQL
Database
Web Server
softwares
PHP
CLIENT
SERVER
1
2 3
4

65. Working of server side scripts
1
2
3
4
The web page containing server side
scripts requested by the user
Server side scripts which executes and
access the result from the database
Creates simple web pages dynamically
This web page is then sent to the client
browser and the browser displays it

66. Comparison of the classifications of
scripting languages
Client side scripting
• Script is copied to the client
browser and executed in the
client browser
• Client side scripts are mainly
used for validation of data at
the client
• Users can block client side
scripting
• The type and version of the
web browser affects the
working of a client side script
Server side scripting
• Script remains in the web
server and is executed in the
web server and the web page
produced is returned to the
client browser
• Server side scripts are usually
used to connect to database
and return data from the web
server
• Server side scripting cannot be
blocked by the user
• The features of the web
browser does not affect the
working of server side script

67. Scripting Languages
• Some of the popular scripting languages
are given below:
1. JavaScript
2. VB Script
3. PHP (Hypertext PreProcessor)
4. ASP (Active Server Pages)
5. JSP (Java Server Pages)

68. 1. JavaScript
• It is a client side scripting
language used to make web
pages interactive
• It was developed by
Brendan Eich while he was
working for Netscape
Communications
Corporation
• It is implemented as an
interpreted language
• Any text editor such as
Geany IDE, notepad etc, can
be used to write JavaScript
code

69. JavaScript
• It is popular as a client side scripting tool
and works in almost every browser
• It can be inserted inside HTML code or can
be written as an external file and then
included inside HTML file
• The extension name javaScript file is .js
• It is a tool for validation of forms in the
client side and also be used for performing
simple calculations and also for bringing
animations to a web page

70. Ajax
• It is the technology used in JavaScript
• Ajax is Asynchronous JavaScript and
Extensible Markup Language(XML) and
XML is a markup language which helps
users to create new tags
• It improves the interactivity of the
browsers

71. Advantage of using Ajax
1. After implementing Ajax on a website,
it does not require the entire page to
be reloaded for displaying dynamic
content on web pages
2. It allows web pages to be updated by
exchanging small amounts of data
between the client and the server
behind the scenes

72. Since Ajax relies more on JavaScript,
if the browser is not capable of
handling JavaScript or user has turned
off JavaScript functionality in the
browser, the Ajax application will not
work

73. 2. VB Script
• It is a scripting language developed by Microsoft
Corporation based on the popular programming
language Visual Basic.
• It was developed to used either as a client side
scripting language for Microsoft IE or as a server
side scripting language with the Microsoft IIS.
• Browsers other than IE may not be able to correctly
interpret and display the VB script code. Therefore it
is less popular as a client side scripting tool.
• It is popular for server side scripting.
• VBScript as a part of ASP.NET in .NET framework

74. 3. PHP
• It stands for ‘PHP : Hypertext Pre-Processor’.
• It is an open source general-purpose scripting
language that is suited for web development.
• It can be embedded into HTML code.
• It is a server side scripting tool and its code is
similar to Java, C and PERL.
• Its main objective is to develop dynamic web
pages at ease.

75. PHP
• It was originally created
by Rasmus Lerdorf in
1994 but it is now
developed by The PHP
Group.
• The web page files that
contain PHP code have
the extension .php

76. PHP
• PHP code is inserted inside HTML code and
when the user request for PHP web page, it is
interpreted and executed on the web server.
• One of the strongest and most significant
features in PHP is its support for database
programming.
• The most common database used with PHP is
MySQL.

77. Both server softwares are freely downloadable.

78. 4. ASP
• It is a server-side scripting environment that can
be used to create and run interactive web
applications.
• It contains HTML and scripting languages
(VBScript, JavaScript).
• ASP files have the extension .asp
• These files are compiled using the Microsoft’s
web server software, IIS (Internet Information
Server).
• It is executed only on Windows OS

79. 5. JSP
• This technology provides a simple and fast way to
create dynamic web content .
• It is a server side scripting language that was
developed by Sun Microsystems in 1999 .
• It is similar to PHP, but uses Java as programming
language
• JSP files have the extension .jsp
• To run JSP, Apache Tomcat web server is required.
• It is an integral part of Java 2 Platform Enterprise
Edition (J2EE) .

80. Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
• It is a style sheet language used for describing
the formatting of a document written in HTML.
• Using CSS, we can control
– The colour of the text,
– The style of fonts,
– The spacing between paragraphs,
– How columns are sized and laid out, borders and its
colours,
– What background images or colours are used, as
well as a variety of other effects in a web page.

81. CSS can be implemented in
three different ways
• In inline style, the CSS style is applied to each
tag separately using the style attribute in the
body part of the web page.
• Embedded CSS codes are placed within the
<HEAD> part of the web page.
• Linked CSS implementation is done using an
external file with the file extension .css that
contains only CSS code and is linked with the
web page.

82. Advantage of CSS
• We can reuse the same code for all the pages.
• Since CSS styles are written in a common place,
it separates CSS and HTML, which makes it
easy for maintenance.
• It is easy to understand.
• This also reduces the size of the web page
thereby providing faster downloads for web
pages.

83. Know your progress
1. The web pages that remain the same until their code is
changed manually are called _______.
– Static web pages
2. Name two technologies that can be used to develop
dynamic web pages .
– JSP, PHP, ASP
3. The tag used to embed scripts is _______ .
– <SCRIPT>……</SCRIPT>
4. Write any one of the uses of client side scripting.
It is used to perform any task at the client side
and is executed in the browser.
Since the script code is executed on the client
browser, it provides a quick response to the
users.

84. Know your progress
5. A JavaScript file has the extension______ .
– .js
6. What is the advantage of using Ajax?
– After implementing Ajax on a website, it does not
require the entire page to be reloaded for displaying
dynamic content on web pages
– It allows web pages to be updated by exchanging
small amounts of data between the client and the
server behind the scenes
7. Classify the following scripting languages into client
side and server side.
JavaScript, PHP, ASP, VBScript
Client side : JavaScript
Server side : PHP, ASP, VBScript

85. Know your progress
8. .asp files are compiled using the web server
software __________ .
– IIS (Internet Information Server)
9. List the different ways of implementing CSS
– In inline style, the CSS style is applied to each tag
separately using the style attribute in the body part of
the web page.
– Embedded CSS codes are placed within the <HEAD>
part of the web page.
– Linked CSS implementation is done using an external
file with the file extension .css that contains only CSS
code and is linked with the web page.

86. Know your progress
10.What are the advantages of CSS?
– We can reuse the same code for all the pages.
– Since CSS styles are written in a common place, it
separates CSS and HTML, which makes it easy for
maintenance.
– It is easy to understand.
– This also reduces the size of the web page
thereby providing faster downloads for web
pages.

87. Basic concepts of HTML documents
• the most widely used language to write web
pages.
• It is not a Programming Language.
• It is not a Case Sensitive Language.
• Each HTML file is a plain text that defines a set
of commands for creating hypertext
documents. These commands are known as
HTML tags.

88. HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
• Developed originally by
Tim Berners – Lee in 1980
at CERN, a European
Particle Physics Laboratory.
• Now HTML standards are
controlled by W3C an
organisation founded in
1994.

89. • The HTML files must be saved with .htm or
.html extensions.
• HTML pages are viewed with the help of a
software called Web Browsers.
• Popular Web Browsers are
– Microsoft Internet Explorer
– Mozilla Firefox
– Google Chrome
– Opera etc.,

90. TAGS
Tags are generally classified into
two types :
1. Container tag
2. Empty tag

91. Container tag or element
• This type of html tag or elements require pair
tags, ie., a starting tag as well as an ending tag.
• Examples :
<html>…….. </html>
<head>……</head>
<title> …………….</title>
<body>……….</body>

92. Empty tag or element
• This type of html tag or elements require just a
starting tag and not an ending tag.
• Examples :
<br>
<frame>
<hr>
<img> etc.,

93. Attributes
An attribute is a special word used
inside the tag to specify additional
information such as colour, alignment,
background etc.,
Examples :
bgcolour, background, type, align etc.,

94. Basic structure of HTML document

95. Example of HTML document
<html>
<head>
<title> This is the title of web page </title>
</head>
<body>
Hello, Welcome to the world of web pages !
</body>
</html>

96. <html> tag
• It indicates that the document begins with
<html> tag and ends with </html> tag.
• DIR attribute :
• It is used to indicate the document direction.
• It can take two values “ltr” and “rtl”.
• It specifies whether the language direction is
from left to right or right to left.
• Example : <html dir = “ltr”>

97. <html> tag
• LANG attribute :
• It specifies the
language to be
used in the web
page.
• Example :
<html lang = “en”>
Code Language
en English
fr French
de German
it Italian
el Greak
es Spanish
ar Arabic
ja Japanese
hi Hindi
ru russian

98. <head> tag
• It contains the head of an HTML document,
which holds information about the document
such as its title, scripts used, style definitions
etc.,
• It is also a container tag.

99. <title> tag
• It is also a container tag pair that contains
the title of the HTML document, which will
appear in the web browser’s title bar.
• The search engines uses the Title to
identify the page.
• It is used inside the tag pair
<head>..</head>

100. <body> tag
• It is also a container tag pair that specifies
the document body section.
• This part contains the content to be
displayed in the browser window.
• Some attributes of <body>..</body> tag
• Background, bgcolour, text, link, alink,
vlink, leftmargin, topmargin etc.,

101. background
• It is an attribute of <body> tag.
• It sets an image as background for the
documents body.
• It makes the page more attractive.
• General format :
• <body background = “URL of the picture”>
• Example:
• <body background = “school.jpg”>

102. To set an image as background for a
web page.
<html>
<head>
<title> Background Image </title>
</head>
<body background = “school.jpg”>
<H1> BEM HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL PALAKKAD </H1>
</body>
</html>

103. bgcolor
• It is an attribute of body tag.
• It specifies a colour for the background of the
document body.
• The value of bgcolor attribute can be given in
two ways: Color_name and Hex_number
• Example :
• <body bgcolor = “blue”>

104. text
• It is an attribute of body tag.
• It specifies the colour of the text content in the
page.
• By default the browser displays the text in black
colour on a white or grey background.
• The value of text attribute can be given in two
ways: Color_name and Hex_number
• Example :
• <body text = “red”> or <body text = “#ff0000”>

105. Link, alink and vlink
• A hyperlink is an element, a text or an image
that we can click on, and jump into another
document or another section of the same
document.
• A hyperlink points to a whole document or to
a specific element within a document.
• link, alink and vlink are attributes of body tag

106. • Link : it specifies the colour of the hyperlinks
that are not visited by the viewer. The default
colour is blue.
• Alink : it specifies the colour of the active
hyperlink. The link remains active only for the
moment the mouse is clicked on it. The default
colour is green.
• Vlink : it specifies the colour of the hyperlink
which is already visited by the viewer. The
default colour is purple.

107. Leftmargin and Topmargin
• Leftmargin : it is used to leave some blank area
on the left side of the document. The value is
specified in pixels.
• Topmargin : it is used to leave some blank area
at the top edge of the document window.
The value is specified in pixels.
• For example :
<body leftmargin = “60” topmargin = “70”>

108. Know your progress
1. HTML stands for _______.
– Hyper Text Markup Language.
2. What is container tag ?
– Tags that require opening tag as well as closing
tag are known as container tag.
– Eg. <html>…</html>
3. The type of tag that requires only a starting
tag but not an ending tag is called _______.
– Empty tag

109. 4. State true or false
– Tags are case sensitive.
– FALSE
– Bgcolor is an attribute of <BODY> tag.
– TRUE
– <TITLE> tag is an empty tag.
– FALSE
– Dir is an attribute of <HEAD> tag.
– FALSE
5. Name the attributes of <HTML> tag.
– Dir, Lang
– Eg. <html Dir=“ltr” Lang=“en”>…</html>
6. What is the use of attributes in a tag?
– To provide additional information such as colour, measurement,
location, alignment or other appearances to the web browser.
7. List the different attributes of <BODY> tag.
– Bgcolor, background, text, topmargin, leftmargin, link, vlink, alink

110. Some common tags
• Used for formatting the text contents in the
body section of the HTML document and
therefore they are called formatting tags.
1. HEADING TAGS <H1> to <H6>
– Main attribute of this tag is align.
– The possible values are left, right, center.
– Eg. <H1 ALIGN = “LEFT”> HEADER-1 </H1>

111. 2. Creating paragraphs - <P> tag
– It indicates a new paragraph and instructs the
browser to add a blank line before the paragraph.
– It is a container tag <P>……..</P>
– Main attribute of this tag is align.
– The possible values are left, right, center, justify.
– Eg. <P ALIGN = “LEFT”> paragraph content </P>
3. Inserting line break - <BR> tag
– It is used to break the current line of text and
continue from the beginning of the next line.
– It is a empty tag <BR> i.e., no ending tag.

112. 4. Creating horizontal line - <HR> tag
– It produces a horizontal line spread across the
width of the browser window.
– It is a empty tag <HR>
– Main attribute of this tag is align, size, width,
color, noshade.
– The possible values for align attribute are left,
right, center.
– Eg. <HR SIZE = “10” WIDTH = “50%” ALIGN =
“CENTER” COLOR = “GOLD” NOSHADE >

113. 5. Centring the content - <CENTER> tag
– It brings the content to the centre of a web
page horizontally.
– The content may be text, image, table etc.,
– It is a container tag <CENTER> ……</CENTER>
– There is no attribute for this tag.

114. 6. Text formatting tags
– <B> - it sets the text style to bold. <B>….</B>
– <I> - it sets the text style bold italics. <I>….</I>
– <U> - it is used to underline a text in HTML.
<U>….</U>
– <S> and <STRIKE> - it sets the text in strike
through style. <STRIKE>….</STRIKE>
– <BIG> - it is used to make the content bigger in
size than the normal text size. <BIG>….</BIG>
– <SMALL> - it is used to make the content
smaller in size than the normal text size.
<SMALL>….</SMALL>

115. – <STRONG> - it is just the same as <B>
<STRONG>….</STRONG>
– <EM> - it sets the text style italics. It is the same
as that of <I> <EM>….</EM>
– <SUP> - it is used to create supscripts in a web
page. <SUP>….</SUP>
– <SUB> - it is used to create subscripts in a web
page. <SUB>….</SUB>
– <BLOCKQUOTES> and <Q> - it is used to indent
the content enclosed in these tags.
<BLOCKQUOTES>….</BLOCKQUOTES>

116. Know your progress
1. Name some of the text formatting tags.
– <B>…</B>
– <I>…</I>
– <U>…</U>
– <STRIKE>…</STRIKE>
– <BIG>…</BIG>
– <SMALL>…</SMALL>
– <STRONG>…</STRONG>
– <EM>…</EM>
– <SUB>…</SUB>
– <SUP>…</SUP>
– <BLOCKQUOTE>…</BLOCKQUOTE>

117. 2. List the different attributes of <HR> tag.
– SIZE, WIDTH, ALIGN, COLOR, NOSHADE
3. How many levels of heading tags are available
in HTML?
– Six levels
– <H1>..</H1>
– <H2>..</H2>
– <H3>..</H3>
– <H4>..</H4>
– <H5>..</H5>
– <H6>..</H6>

118. 4. Write an HTML code segment to display X⁴ + Y⁴.
– X <SUP> 3 </SUP> + Y <SUP> 3 </SUP>
5. State True or False.
– <BR> tag is an empty tag –
– TRUE
– <EM> and <I> tags have same usage in HTML document. –
– TRUE
– <U> and <I> tags are not allowed to be used together. –
– FALSE.
6. What is the use of <STRONG> tag?
– it sets the text style Bold. It is the same as that of <B>
7. Pick the odd one out from the following
– HTML, ALIGN, HEAD, CENTER
– ALIGN

119. <PRE> - Displaying preformatted text
• It is used to display the content as we entered
in the text editor.
• It turn off the automatic formatting applied by
the browser.
• It is a container tag.
• <PRE>………..</PRE>

120. <ADDRESS> - Displaying the address
• It defines the contact information for the
author / owner of document or an article.
• Most of the browsers display the texts in
italics.
• It is a container tag.
• <ADDRESS>………..</ADDRESS>

121. <MARQUEE> - Displaying text in a
scrolling Marquee
• It displays a piece of text or image scrolling
horizontally or vertically in the web page.
• It is a container tag.<MARQUEE>...</MARQUEE>
• The list of important attributes of <MARQUEE>.
– HEIGHT, WIDTH, DIRECTION, BEHAVIOUR,
SCROLLDELAY, SCROLLAMOUNT, LOOP, BGCOLOR,
HSPACE, VSPACE

122. <DIV> - Formatting a block of text
• It is used for defining a section or a block in the
document.
• It is a container tag.<DIV>...</DIV>
• The list of important attributes of <DIV>.
– ALIGN, ID, STYLE

123. <FONT> - Specifying font
characteristics
• It allows us to change the size, style and colour
of the text enclosed within this tag.
• It is a container tag.<FONT>...</FONT>
• The list of important attributes of <FONT>.
– COLOR – it sets the text colour
– FACE – it specifies font face i.e., type
– SIZE - it specifies the font size whose values ranges
from 1 or 7, with default value 3.

124. HTML entities for reserved characters
• a few special characters and their equivalent entities.
Character Entity Description
&nbsp; Non Breaking Space
“ &quot; Double quotation mark
‘ &apos; Single quotation mark
& &amp; Ampersand
< &lt; Less than
> &gt; Greater than
© &copy; Copyright Symbol
™ &trade Trademark Symbol
® &reg; Registered Symbol

125. Adding comments in HTML document
• HTML provides comment tag to insert
comments in the source code.
• HTML comments are placed within
<!-- --> tag.
• It will be completely ignored by the browser.

126. Inserting images
• <IMG> tag is used to insert images in HTML pages.
• It is an empty tag and it has many attributes.
• SRC is the main attribute and it specifies the file
name of the image to be inserted.
• Other attributes are WIDTH, HEIGHT, VSPACE,
HSPACE, ALIGN, BORDER, ALT
• The possible values for ALIGN attribute are
BOTTOM, MIDDLE, TOP
• <IMG SRC=“book.jpg” HEIGHT=“40” WIDTH =“60”
ALIGN = “BOTTOM” ALT=“Image of an opened
book”>

127. Know your progress
1. How are special characters represented in
HTML?
– HTML entites
2. Face attribute is used with ______ tag.
– <FONT> TAG
3. List the attributes of <FONT> tag.
– FACE, SIZE, COLOR
4. What is the use of <PRE> tag?
– It is used to display the content as we entered in the
text editor.
5. For scrolling a text, we use ________ tag.
– <MARQUEE>

128. 6. What are the main attributes of <MARQUEE>
tag?
– HEIGHT, WIDTH, DIRECTION, BEHAVIOUR,
SCROLLDELAY, SCROLLAMOUNT, LOOP, BGCOLOR,
HSPACE, VSPACE
7. What is the use of <ADDRESS> tag?
– It defines the contact information for the author /
owner of document or an article.
8. What is the normal font size in <FONT> tag?
– 3
9. Name the main attributes of <DIV> tag.
– ALIGN, ID, STYLE

129. 10.To insert images in an HTML document ______
is used.
– <IMG> TAG
11._________ is the main attribute of <IMG> tag.
– SRC
12.What is the use of ALT attribute of <IMG> tag?
– To specify an alternate text for an image
13.Name the attributes that are used to display an
image in a particular size.
– WIDTH, HEIGHT
14.Which are the attributes that provides
horizontal and vertical spaces between two
images?
– HSPACE, VSPACE

130. 15.Who developed HTML?.
– Tim Berners Lee
16.In HTML, there are mainly two sections. Can
you name them?
– Head section and Body section
17.The default colour of the attribute ALINK is ___.
– GREEN
18.The default colour of the attribute VLINK is ___.
– PURPLE
19.Name the tag which has NOSHADE attribute.
– <HR> tag
20.The default alignment of an image obtained by
using <IMG> tag is ______.
– BOTTOM