This document outlines various resource planning concepts including Material Requirements Planning (MRP), Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and others. It provides details on MRP, including when it is useful, key inputs like the master production schedule and product structure file, and the MRP process. It describes how MRP derives component part requirements from finished good demand and aims to ensure availability of all parts needed for assembly. The document also notes several important qualities of the master production schedule used in MRP.
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Resource Planning
1. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Resource Planning
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s
Marmara University
December 13, 2015
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
2. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
MRP:
It is a computerized inventory control and production planning
system.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
3. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
...
One objective of MRP is to maintain the lowest possible level
of inventory.
MRP was the first inventory system to recognize that
inventories of raw materials, components, and finished goods
may need to be handled differently.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
4. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
...
One objective of MRP is to maintain the lowest possible level
of inventory.
MRP was the first inventory system to recognize that
inventories of raw materials, components, and finished goods
may need to be handled differently.
One of the few certainties in a manufacturing environment is
that things rarely go as planned - orders arrive late, machines
break down, workers are absent, designs are changed, and so
on.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
5. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
...
One objective of MRP is to maintain the lowest possible level
of inventory.
MRP was the first inventory system to recognize that
inventories of raw materials, components, and finished goods
may need to be handled differently.
One of the few certainties in a manufacturing environment is
that things rarely go as planned - orders arrive late, machines
break down, workers are absent, designs are changed, and so
on.
MRP systems have the ability to keep schedules valid and up
to date.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
6. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
...
One objective of MRP is to maintain the lowest possible level
of inventory.
MRP was the first inventory system to recognize that
inventories of raw materials, components, and finished goods
may need to be handled differently.
One of the few certainties in a manufacturing environment is
that things rarely go as planned - orders arrive late, machines
break down, workers are absent, designs are changed, and so
on.
MRP systems have the ability to keep schedules valid and up
to date.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
7. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Resource Planning for Manufacturing
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
8. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
When To Use MRP
MRP is useful for...
Dependent demand items,
Discrete demand items,
Complex products
Erratic orders, and
Assemble-to-order environments.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
9. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Dependent Demand:
For one thing, the demand for component parts does not have
to be forecasted; it can be derived from the demand for the
finished product.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
10. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Discrete Demand:
Another difference between finished products and component
parts is the continuity of their demand.
The inventory systems were designed to keep some inventory
on hand at all times to meet each day’s demand.
With component items, demand does not necessarily occur on
a continuous basis.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
11. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Complex Products:
A complex product may have hundreds of component parts,
dozens of assemblies, and several levels of assembly.
MRP tries to ensure that multiple components of an assembly
are ready at the same time so that they can be assembled
together.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
12. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Demand Characteristics for Finished Products and Their
Components:
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
13. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Erratic Orders:
Manufacturing environments in which customer orders are
erratic, each job takes a different path through the system,
lead time is uncertain, and due dates vary need an information
system such as MRP to keep track of the different jobs and
coordinate their schedules.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
14. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Assemble-to-Order:
It is a manufacturing environment in which previously
completed sub-assemblies are configured to order.
There are three major inputs:
Master production schedule,
Product structure file, and
Item master file.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
15. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
MPS:
It specifies which end items or finished products a firm is to
produce, how many are needed, and when they are needed.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
16. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Material Requirements Planning:
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
17. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Cummulative Lead Time:
The total length of time required to manufacture a product is
called its cumulative lead time.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
18. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
19. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Several comments should be made concerning the quantities
contained in the MPS:
The quantities represent production, not demand
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
20. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Several comments should be made concerning the quantities
contained in the MPS:
The quantities represent production, not demand
The quantities may consist of a combination of customer
orders and demand forecasts
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
21. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Several comments should be made concerning the quantities
contained in the MPS:
The quantities represent production, not demand
The quantities may consist of a combination of customer
orders and demand forecasts
The quantities represent what needs to be produced, not what
can be produced
Time fence: a management-specified date within which no
changes in the master schedule are allowed.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
22. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Several comments should be made concerning the quantities
contained in the MPS:
The quantities represent production, not demand
The quantities may consist of a combination of customer
orders and demand forecasts
The quantities represent what needs to be produced, not what
can be produced
Time fence: a management-specified date within which no
changes in the master schedule are allowed.
The quantities represent end items that may or may not be
finished products
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
23. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Several comments should be made concerning the quantities
contained in the MPS:
The quantities represent production, not demand
The quantities may consist of a combination of customer
orders and demand forecasts
The quantities represent what needs to be produced, not what
can be produced
Time fence: a management-specified date within which no
changes in the master schedule are allowed.
The quantities represent end items that may or may not be
finished products
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
24. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Product Structure File
Product Structure File:
a file that contains a computerized bill of material for every
item produced.
Bill of material (BOM):
a list of all the materials, parts, and assemblies that make up
a product, including quantities, parent-component
relationships, and order of assembly.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
25. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Product Structure Diagram for a Clipboard
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
26. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
...
A diagram can be converted to a computerized bill of material
by labeling the levels in the product structure.
Several specialized bills of material have been designed to
simplify information requirements, clarify relationships, and
reduce computer processing time. They include phantom bills,
K-bills, and modular bills.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
27. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Phantom bills:
are used for transient sub-assemblies that never see a
stockroom because they are immediately consumed in the
next stage of manufacture.
K-bills:
or kit numbers, group small, loose parts such as fasteners,
nuts, and bolts together under one pseudo-item number.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
28. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Phantom bills:
are used for transient sub-assemblies that never see a
stockroom because they are immediately consumed in the
next stage of manufacture.
K-bills:
or kit numbers, group small, loose parts such as fasteners,
nuts, and bolts together under one pseudo-item number.
Modular bills:
are appropriate when the product is manufactured in major
sub-assemblies or modules that are later assembled into the
final product with customer-designated options.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
29. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Phantom bills:
are used for transient sub-assemblies that never see a
stockroom because they are immediately consumed in the
next stage of manufacture.
K-bills:
or kit numbers, group small, loose parts such as fasteners,
nuts, and bolts together under one pseudo-item number.
Modular bills:
are appropriate when the product is manufactured in major
sub-assemblies or modules that are later assembled into the
final product with customer-designated options.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
30. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
31. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Time-Phased Bills
Time-phased bill of material:
an assembly chart shown against a time scale.
Forward scheduling:
schedules forward from today’s date.
Backward scheduling:
schedules backwards from the due date.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
32. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Time-Phased Assembly Chart
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
33. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Item Master File
Item Master File
a database of information on every item produced, ordered, or
inventoried.
includes such data as on-hand quantities, on-order quantities,
lot sizes, safety stock, lead time, and past usage figures.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
34. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Item Master File
Item Master File
a database of information on every item produced, ordered, or
inventoried.
includes such data as on-hand quantities, on-order quantities,
lot sizes, safety stock, lead time, and past usage figures.
is updated whenever items are withdrawn from or added to
inventory or whenever an order is released, revised, or
completed.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
35. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Item Master File
Item Master File
a database of information on every item produced, ordered, or
inventoried.
includes such data as on-hand quantities, on-order quantities,
lot sizes, safety stock, lead time, and past usage figures.
is updated whenever items are withdrawn from or added to
inventory or whenever an order is released, revised, or
completed.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
36. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Cycle Counting:
involves taking physical count of at least some inventory items
daily and reconciling differences as they occur.
items that are used more often are counted more often.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
37. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Cycle Counting:
involves taking physical count of at least some inventory items
daily and reconciling differences as they occur.
items that are used more often are counted more often.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
38. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
The MRP Process
The MRP process consists of four basic steps:
1 exploding the bill of material,
2 netting out inventory,
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
39. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
The MRP Process
The MRP process consists of four basic steps:
1 exploding the bill of material,
2 netting out inventory,
3 lot sizing,
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
40. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
The MRP Process
The MRP process consists of four basic steps:
1 exploding the bill of material,
2 netting out inventory,
3 lot sizing,
4 time-phasing requirements.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
41. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
The MRP Process
The MRP process consists of four basic steps:
1 exploding the bill of material,
2 netting out inventory,
3 lot sizing,
4 time-phasing requirements.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
42. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Netting:
the process of subtracting on-hand quantities and scheduled
receipts from gross requirements to produce net requirements.
Lot sizing:
determining the quantities in which items are usually made or
purchased.
Time phasing:
subtracting an item’s lead time from its due date to determine
when to order an item.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
43. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
The MRP Matrix
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
44. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
.
Several additional lot sizing techniques are available with most
MRP systems.
These include economic order quantity (EOQ) and periodic
order quantity (POQ).
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
45. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Economic Order Quantity:
The EOQ can be adapted for use with MRP if it is treated as
a minimum order quantity.
The EOQ is used only sparingly, usually at the finished
product or raw material level, and does not perform well when
demand is highly variable.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
46. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Economic Order Quantity:
The EOQ can be adapted for use with MRP if it is treated as
a minimum order quantity.
The EOQ is used only sparingly, usually at the finished
product or raw material level, and does not perform well when
demand is highly variable.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
47. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Periodic Order Quantity:
a lot sizing technique that orders at set time intervals.
was created as a variation of the EOQ more suited to variable
demand.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
48. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Periodic Order Quantity:
a lot sizing technique that orders at set time intervals.
was created as a variation of the EOQ more suited to variable
demand.
is calculated by dividing the EOQ by average demand.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
49. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Periodic Order Quantity:
a lot sizing technique that orders at set time intervals.
was created as a variation of the EOQ more suited to variable
demand.
is calculated by dividing the EOQ by average demand.
represents the number of demand periods covered by each
order.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
50. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
When To Use MRP
Master Production Schedule (MPS)
Product Structure File
Time-Phased Bills
Item Master File
The MRP Process
Lot Sizing in MRP Systems
Periodic Order Quantity:
a lot sizing technique that orders at set time intervals.
was created as a variation of the EOQ more suited to variable
demand.
is calculated by dividing the EOQ by average demand.
represents the number of demand periods covered by each
order.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
52. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
There are three major inputs to CRP:
The planned order releases from the MRP process;
A routing file, which specifies which machines or workers are
required to complete an order from the MRP plan, in what
order the operations are to be conducted, and the length of
time each operation should take;
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
53. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
There are three major inputs to CRP:
The planned order releases from the MRP process;
A routing file, which specifies which machines or workers are
required to complete an order from the MRP plan, in what
order the operations are to be conducted, and the length of
time each operation should take;
an open orders file, which contains information on the
status of jobs that have already been released but have not
yet been completed.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
54. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
There are three major inputs to CRP:
The planned order releases from the MRP process;
A routing file, which specifies which machines or workers are
required to complete an order from the MRP plan, in what
order the operations are to be conducted, and the length of
time each operation should take;
an open orders file, which contains information on the
status of jobs that have already been released but have not
yet been completed.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
56. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
Calculating Capacity
Capacity:
the maximum capability to produce.
Effective capacity expressed in hours per day is calculated as:
Effective daily capacity = (no. of machines or workers) x (hours
per shift) x (no. of shifts) x (utilization) x (efficiency)
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
57. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
Calculating Capacity
Capacity:
the maximum capability to produce.
Effective capacity expressed in hours per day is calculated as:
Effective daily capacity = (no. of machines or workers) x (hours
per shift) x (no. of shifts) x (utilization) x (efficiency)
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
58. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
Utilization:
the percent available time spent working.
Efficiency:
how well a machine or worker performs compared to a
standard output level.
Load:
the standard hours of work assigned to a facility.
Load percent:
the ratio of load to capacity.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
59. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
Load Profiles
Load Profile:
a graphical comparison of load versus capacity.
Underloaded conditions can be leveled by:
1 Acquiring more work;
2 Pulling work ahead that is scheduled for later periods;
3 Reducing normal capacity.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
60. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
Load Profiles
Load Profile:
a graphical comparison of load versus capacity.
Underloaded conditions can be leveled by:
1 Acquiring more work;
2 Pulling work ahead that is scheduled for later periods;
3 Reducing normal capacity.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
62. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
Overloads
Overloads can be reduced by:
1 Eliminating unnecessary requirements;
2 Rerouting jobs to alternative machines, workers, or work
centers;
3 Splitting lots between two or more machines;
4 Increasing normal capacity; 5. Subcontracting;
5 Increasing the efficiency of the operation;
6 Pushing work back to later time periods;
7 Revising the master schedule.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
63. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
Load Leveling
Load Leveling:
the process of balancing underloads and overloads.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
65. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Calculating Capacity
Load Profiles
Overloads
Load Leveling
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
Relaxing MRP Assumptions
We have learned the following:
Material is not always the most constraining resource
Lead times can vary
Not every transaction needs to be recorded
The shop floor may require a more sophisticated scheduling
system
Scheduling in advance may not be appropriate for on-demand
production
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
66. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
ERP Modules
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
ERP:
software that organizes and manages a company’s business
processes by sharing information across functional areas.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
67. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
ERP Modules
ERP Modules
ERP systems consist of a series of application modules that
can be used alone or in concert.
The modules are fully integrated, use a common database,
and support processes that extend across functional areas.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
68. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
ERP Modules
ERP Modules
ERP systems consist of a series of application modules that
can be used alone or in concert.
The modules are fully integrated, use a common database,
and support processes that extend across functional areas.
Transactions in one module are immediately available to all
other modules at all relevant sites-corporate headquarters,
manufacturing plants, suppliers, sales offices, and subsidiaries.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
69. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
ERP Modules
ERP Modules
ERP systems consist of a series of application modules that
can be used alone or in concert.
The modules are fully integrated, use a common database,
and support processes that extend across functional areas.
Transactions in one module are immediately available to all
other modules at all relevant sites-corporate headquarters,
manufacturing plants, suppliers, sales offices, and subsidiaries.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
70. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
ERP Modules
ERP Modules are typically grouped into four main categories:
1 finance and accounting,
2 sales and marketing,
3 production and materials management, and
4 human resources.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
77. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
...
Planning involves designing the supply chain network,
demand planning, and collaborative supply planning.
Execution involves fulfillment, manufacturing, and delivery.
Relationship management handles all the interactions with
suppliers from supplier certification to quality assurance,
contracts, and agreements.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
78. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
...
Planning involves designing the supply chain network,
demand planning, and collaborative supply planning.
Execution involves fulfillment, manufacturing, and delivery.
Relationship management handles all the interactions with
suppliers from supplier certification to quality assurance,
contracts, and agreements.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
79. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
PLM:
software that manages the product development process,
product life-cycles, and design collaboration with suppliers and
customers.
manages product data through the life of the product,
coordinates product and processes redesign, and collaborates
with suppliers and customers in the design process.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
80. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
PLM:
software that manages the product development process,
product life-cycles, and design collaboration with suppliers and
customers.
manages product data through the life of the product,
coordinates product and processes redesign, and collaborates
with suppliers and customers in the design process.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning
82. Outline
Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Product Life-Cycle Management (PLM)
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
Connectivity, Integration, and Services
XML:
the business language of the Internet.
Service-oriented architecture (SO):
service-oriented architecture.
Software as a service (SaaS):
software as a service.
Cloud computing:
on-demand IT services.
Semih G¨um¨u¸sba¸s Resource Planning