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Kings of Israel King Solomon
A Full Study of Solomon and Solomon’s Pools
Contents
1 Solomon 1
1.1 Biblical account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.3 Wisdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.4 Wives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.5 Relationship with Queen of Sheba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.6 Sins and punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.7 Enemies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.8 Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Jewish scriptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Apocryphal texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Historicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4.1 Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Religious views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.1 Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.2 Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.3 Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6.4 Bahá'í . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Legends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.1 One Thousand and One Nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.2 Angels and magic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.3 Throne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Freemasonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.9 In literature, art and music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.9.1 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.9.2 Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.9.3 Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
i
ii CONTENTS
1.13 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.14 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Solomon’s Pools 15
2.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Springs feeding the pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 Present day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7.1 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.8.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Chapter 1
Solomon
For other uses, see Solomon (disambiguation).
“King Solomon” redirects here. For the Ghanaian
football team, see King Solomon F.C..
Solomon (/ˈsɒləmən/; Hebrew: ‫ֹה‬‫מ‬ֹ‫ל‬ְׁ‫,ש‬ Modern Shlomo,
Tiberian Šəlōmō ISO 259-3 Šlomo; Syriac: Shle-
mun; Arabic: ‫ُليمان‬‫س‬ Sulaymān, also colloquially: Sil-
imān or Slemān; Greek: Σολομών Solomōn), also called
Jedidiah (Hebrew ‫ּה‬‫י‬ָ‫ד‬ְ‫י‬‫ִד‬‫י‬ְ), was, according to the Bible
(Book of Kings: 1 Kings 1–11; Book of Chronicles:
1 Chronicles 28–29, 2 Chronicles 1–9), Qur'an, and
Hidden Words[2]
a king of Israel and the son of David.[3]
The conventional dates of Solomon’s reign are circa 970
to 931 BC. He is described as the third king of the United
Monarchy, which would break apart into the northern
Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah
shortly after his death. Following the split, his patrilineal
descendants ruled over Judah alone.
According to the Talmud, Solomon is one of the 48
prophets.[4]
In the Qur'an, he is considered a major
prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him by the Ara-
bic variant Sulayman, son of David.
The Hebrew Bible credits Solomon as the builder of the
First Temple in Jerusalem.[3]
It portrays him as great
in wisdom, wealth, and power, but ultimately as a king
whose sins, including idolatry and turning away from
Yahweh, led to the kingdom’s being torn in two during the
reign of his son Rehoboam.[5]
Solomon is the subject of
many other later references and legends, most notably in
the 1st-century apocryphal work known as the Testament
of Solomon. In later years, in mostly non-biblical cir-
cles, Solomon also came to be known as a magician and
an exorcist, with numerous amulets and medallion seals
dating from the Hellenistic period invoking his name.[6]
1.1 Biblical account
1.1.1 Childhood
Solomon was born in Jerusalem,[7]
the second born child
to David and his wife Bathsheba, widow of Uriah the Hit-
tite. The first child (unnamed in that account), a son con-
ceived adulterously during Uriah’s lifetime, had died be-
fore Solomon was conceived. Solomon had three named
full brothers through Bathsheba, Nathan, Shammua, and
Shobab,[8]
besides six known older half-brothers through
as many mothers.[9]
1.1.2 Succession
Cornelis de Vos, The Anointing of Solomon. According to 1
Kings 1:39, Solomon was anointed by Zadok.
According to the biblical First Book of Kings, when
David was old, “he could not get warm.”[10]
“So they
sought for a beautiful young woman throughout all the
territory of Israel, and found Abishag the Shunammite,
and brought her to the king. The young woman was very
beautiful, and she was of service to the king and attended
to him, but the king knew her not.”[10]
While David was in this state, his fourth son Adonijah,
heir apparent to the throne after the death of his el-
der brothers Amnon and Absalom, acted to have him-
self declared king, but Bathsheba, a wife of David and
Solomon’s mother, along with the prophet Nathan, con-
vinced David to proclaim Solomon king. Adonijah fled
and took refuge at the altar, and received pardon for his
conduct from Solomon on the condition that he show him-
self “a worthy man” (1 Kings 1:5–53).
Adonijah asked to marry Abishag the Shunammite,
1
2 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON
but Solomon disallowed that, although Bathsheba now
pleaded on Adonijah’s behalf. He was then seized and put
to death (1 Kings 2:13–25). As made clear in the earlier
story of Absalom’s rebellion, to possess the royal harem
was in this society tantamount to claiming the throne;[11]
this applied even to a woman who had shared the bed of
a king advanced in age, though she had no intimate rela-
tions with King David.
David’s general Joab was killed, in accord with David’s
deathbed request to Solomon, because he had killed gen-
erals Abner and Amasa during a peace (2 Samuel 20:8–
13; 1 Kings 2:5). David’s priest Abiathar was exiled by
Solomon because he had sided with Adonijah. Abiathar
is a descendent of Eli, which has important prophetic
significance (1 Kings 2:27).[12]
Shimei was confined to
Jerusalem and killed three years later, when he went to
Gath to retrieve some runaway servants, in part because
he had cursed David when David’s son Absalom rebelled
against David (1 Kings 2:1–46).[13]
1.1.3 Wisdom
Luca Giordano – Dream of Solomon – God promises Solomon
Wisdom.
One of the qualities most ascribed to Solomon is his
wisdom. The book of 1 Kings recounts how Solomon
prays for wisdom:
And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice
there; for that was the great high place: a thou-
sand burnt offerings did Solomon offer upon
that altar. In Gibeon the Lord appeared to
Solomon in a dream by night: and God said,
Ask what I shall give thee. And Solomon said,
Thou hast shewed unto thy servant David my
father great mercy, according as he walked be-
fore thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in
uprightness of heart with thee; and thou hast
kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast
given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is
this day. And now, O Lord my God, thou hast
made thy servant king instead of David my fa-
ther: and I am but a little child: I know not
how to go out or come in. And thy servant is in
the midst of thy people which thou hast chosen,
a great people, that cannot be numbered nor
counted for multitude. Give therefore thy ser-
vant an understanding heart to judge thy peo-
ple, that I may discern between good and bad:
for who is able to judge this thy so great a peo-
ple? (1 Kings 3:4–9)[14]
“So God said to him, 'Since you have asked for this and
not for long life or wealth for yourself, nor have asked
for the death of your enemies but for discernment in ad-
ministering justice, I will do what you have asked...'" (1
Kings 3:11–12).[14]
The Hebrew Bible also states that
“The whole world sought audience with Solomon to hear
the wisdom God had put in his heart.” (1 Kings 10:24)[15]
The judgment of Solomon, painting on ceramic, Castelli, 18th
century, Lille Museum of Fine Arts
In one account, known as the Judgment of Solomon, two
women came before Solomon to resolve a quarrel over
which was the true mother of a baby. When Solomon
suggested they should divide the living child in two with a
sword, one woman said she would rather give up the child
than see it killed. Solomon then declared the woman who
showed compassion to be the true mother, and gave the
baby to her.
Solomon is also noted as one of many authors of wisdom
literature. The apocryphal/deuterocanonical Wisdom of
Solomon, along with the Book of Sirach, “are the famil-
iar personalities and the events of Israel’s history com-
bined with the wisdom tradition. Much of this litera-
ture, however, is attributed to Solomon.”[16]
Solomon be-
came a favorite author and contributor of different kinds
of wisdom literature, “including not only the collections
of Proverbs, but also of Ecclesiastes and the Song of
Solomon and the later apocryphal book the Wisdom of
Solomon.”[16]
1.1. BIBLICAL ACCOUNT 3
1.1.4 Wives
According to the Bible, Solomon had 700 wives and
300 concubines. The wives are described as foreign
princesses, including Pharaoh’s daughter and women of
Moab, Ammon, Sidon and of the Hittites. In a subject
called in art the Idolatry of Solomon, the foreign wives
are depicted as leading Solomon away from Yahweh to-
ward idolatry because they worshiped gods other than
Yahweh (1 Kings 11:1–3). This forms part of the Power
of Women topos in the Middle Ages and Renaissance,
showing the dangers women posed to even the most
virtuous men.[17]
The only wife mentioned by name is
Naamah, who is described as the Ammonite.[18]
She was
the mother of Solomon’s successor, Rehoboam.
1.1.5 Relationship with Queen of Sheba
Main article: Queen of Sheba
In a brief, unelaborated, and enigmatic passage, the He-
The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon', oil on canvas
painting by Edward Poynter, 1890
brew Bible describes how the fame of Solomon’s wisdom
and wealth spread far and wide, so much so that the queen
of Sheba decided that she should meet him. The queen
is described as visiting with a number of gifts including
gold, spices and precious stones. When Solomon gave her
“all her desire, whatsoever she asked,” she left satisfied (1
Kings 10:10).
Whether the passage is simply to provide a brief to-
ken, foreign witness of Solomon’s wealth and wisdom, or
whether there is meant to be something more significant
to the queen’s visit is unknown; nevertheless the visit of
the Queen of Sheba has become the subject of numerous
stories.
Sheba is typically identified as Saba, a nation once span-
ning the Red Sea on the coasts of what are now Eritrea,
Somalia, Ethiopia and Yemen, in Arabia Felix. In a Rab-
binical account (e.g., Targum Sheni), Solomon was ac-
customed to ordering the living creatures of the world to
dance before him (Rabbinical accounts say that Solomon
had been given control over all living things by Yahweh),
Renaissance relief of the Queen of Sheba meeting Solomon – gate
of Florence Baptistry
but one day upon discovering that the mountain-cock or
hoopoe (Hebrew name: shade) was absent, he summoned
it to him, and the bird told him that it had been searching
for somewhere new.
The bird had discovered a land in the east, exceedingly
rich in gold, silver, and plants, whose capital was called
Kitor and whose ruler was the Queen of Sheba, and the
bird, on its own advice, was sent by Solomon to request
the queen’s immediate attendance at Solomon’s court.
An Ethiopian account from the 14th century (Kebra Na-
gast) maintains that the Queen of Sheba had sexual re-
lations with King Solomon and gave birth by the Mai
Bella stream in the province of Hamasien, Eritrea. The
Ethiopian tradition has a detailed account of the affair.
The child was a son who went on to become Menelik I,
King of Axum, and founded a dynasty that would reign
as the first Jewish, then Christian Empire of Ethiopia
for 2,900+ years (less one usurpation episode, an inter-
val of c. 133 years until a legitimate male heir regained
the crown) until Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974.
Menelik was said to be a practicing Jew who was given
a replica of the Ark of the Covenant by King Solomon;
and, moreover, that the original was switched and went to
Axum with him and his mother, and is still there, guarded
by a single priest charged with caring for the artifact as his
life’s task.
The claim of such a lineage and of possession of the Ark
has been an important source of legitimacy and prestige
for the Ethiopian monarchy throughout the many cen-
turies of its existence, and had important and lasting ef-
fects on Ethiopian culture as a whole. The Ethiopian gov-
ernment and church deny all requests to view the alleged
ark.[lower-alpha 1]
Some classical-era Rabbis, attacking Solomon’s moral
4 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON
character, have claimed instead that the child was an an-
cestor of Nebuchadnezzar II, who destroyed Solomon’s
temple some 300 years later.[19]
1.1.6 Sins and punishment
"Vanity of vanities; all is vanity.” Old and meditative king
Solomon by Isaac Asknaziy.
According to 1 Kings 11:4 Solomon’s “wives turned his
heart after other gods”, their own national deities, to
whom Solomon built temples, thus incurring divine anger
and retribution in the form of the division of the king-
dom after Solomon’s death (1 Kings 11:9–13). 1 Kings
11 describes Solomon’s descent into idolatry, particularly
his turning after Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians,
and after Milcom, the abomination of the Ammonites.
In Deuteronomy 17:16–17, a king is commanded not to
multiply horses or wives, neither greatly multiply to him-
self gold or silver. Solomon sins in all three of these ar-
eas. Solomon collects 666 talents of gold each year (1
Kings 10:14), a huge amount of money for a small nation
like Israel. Solomon gathers a large number of horses
and chariots and even brings in horses from Egypt. Just
as Deuteronomy 17 warns, collecting horses and chari-
ots takes Israel back to Egypt. Finally, Solomon marries
foreign women, and these women turn Solomon to other
gods.
According to 1 Kings 11:30–34, it was because of these
sins that “the Lord punishes Solomon by removing 10 of
the 12 Tribes of Israel from the Israelites.[20]
And the Lord was angry with Solomon, be-
cause his heart had turned away from the Lord,
the God of Israel, who had appeared to him
twice and had commanded him concerning this
thing, that he should not go after other gods.
But he did not keep what the Lord commanded.
Therefore the Lord said to Solomon, “Since
this has been your practice and you have not
kept my covenant and my statutes that I have
commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom
from you and will give it to your servant. Yet
for the sake of David your father I will not do
it in your days, but I will tear it out of the hand
Solomon sinned by acquiring many foreign wives. Solomon’s de-
scent into idolatry, Willem de Poorter, Rijksmuseum.
of your son. However, I will not tear away all
the kingdom, but I will give one tribe to your
son, for the sake of David my servant and for
the sake of Jerusalem that I have chosen.
1.1.7 Enemies
Near the end of his life, Solomon was forced to contend
with several enemies, including Hadad of Edom, Rezon
of Zobah, and one of his officials named Jeroboam who
was from the tribe of Ephraim.[5]
1.1.8 Death, succession of Rehoboam, and
kingdom division
According to the Hebrew Bible, Solomon died of natu-
ral causes[21]
at around 80 years of age. Upon Solomon’s
death, his son, Rehoboam, succeeded him as king. How-
ever, ten of the Tribes of Israel refused to accept him as
king, causing the United Monarchy to split and form the
northern Kingdom of Israel ruled by Jeroboam, while Re-
hoboam continued to reign in the southern Kingdom of
Judah.
1.2 Jewish scriptures
King Solomon is one of the central Biblical figures in
Jewish heritage that have lasting religious, national and
1.4. HISTORICITY 5
Byblos
Beirut
Sidon
Tyre
Acre
Samaria
Umomium
Damascus
Shechem
Rabbath-Ammon
Beit El
Lachish
Hebron
Dibon
Beersheba
Petra
Ashdod
Ashkelon
Gaza
Jericho
Jaffa
Jerusalem
Jerash
0 (km) 20
PHILISTINE
STATES
KINGDOM OF
MOAB
NABATU TRIBES
KINGDOM OF EDOM
ARABU
TRIBES
KINGDOM OF
AMMON
KINGDOM OF
ARAM-DAMASCUS
ARAMEAN
TRIBES
ASSYRIAN EMPIRESIZU
PHOENICIAN
STATES
Mediterranean
Sea
The United Monarchy breaks up, with Jeroboam ruling over the
northern Kingdom of Israel (blue on the map) and Rehoboam
ruling the Kingdom of Judah to the south.
political aspects. As the builder of the First Temple in
Jerusalem and last ruler of the united Kingdom of Israel
before its division into the northern Kingdom of Israel
and the southern Kingdom of Judah, Solomon is associ-
ated with the peak “golden age” of the independent King-
dom of Israel as well as a source of judicial and religious
wisdom. According to Jewish tradition, King Solomon
wrote three books of the Bible:
• Mishlei (Book of Proverbs), a collection of fables
and wisdom of life
• Kohelet (Ecclesiastes), a book of contemplation and
his self-reflection.
• Shir ha-Shirim (Song of Songs), an unusual collec-
tion of poetry interspersed with verse, whose inter-
pretation is either literal (i.e., a romantic and sex-
ual relationship between a man and a woman) or
metaphorical (a relationship between God and his
people).
The Hebrew word “To Solomon” (which can also be
translated as “by Solomon”) appears in the title of two
hymns in the book of Psalms (Tehillim), suggesting to
some that Solomon wrote them.
1.3 Apocryphal texts
Rabbinical tradition attributes the Wisdom of Solomon to
Solomon, although this book was probably written in the
2nd century BC. In this work, Solomon is portrayed as an
astronomer. Other books of wisdom poetry such as the
Odes of Solomon and the Psalms of Solomon also bear his
name. The Jewish historian Eupolemus, who wrote about
157 BC, included copies of apocryphal letters exchanged
between Solomon and the kings of Egypt and Tyre.
The Gnostic Apocalypse of Adam, which may date to the
1st or 2nd century, refers to a legend in which Solomon
sends out an army of demons to seek a virgin who had
fled from him, perhaps the earliest surviving mention of
the later common tale that Solomon controlled demons
and made them his slaves. This tradition of Solomon’s
control over demons appears fully elaborated in the early
pseudographical work called the Testament of Solomon
with its elaborate and grotesque demonology.[22]
1.4 Historicity
See also: David: Historicity
Historical evidence of King Solomon other than the bib-
An engraving, Judgment of Solomon, by Gustave Doré (19th
century)
lical accounts is minimal. Josephus in Against Apion, cit-
ing Tyrian court records and Menander, gives a specific
year during which King Hiram I of Tyre sent materials to
Solomon for the construction of the temple.[23]
However,
no material evidence indisputably of Solomon’s reign
has been found. Yigael Yadin's excavations at Hazor,
Megiddo, Beit Shean and Gezer uncovered structures that
he and others have argued date from his reign,[24]
but oth-
ers, such as Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, argue
6 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON
that they should be dated to the Omride period, more than
a century after Solomon.[25]
Solomon’s Wealth and Wisdom, as in 1 Kings 3:12–13, illustra-
tion from a Bible card published 1896 by the Providence Litho-
graph Company.
According to Finkelstein and Silberman, authors of The
Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Is-
rael and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts,[26]
at the time of
the kingdoms of David and Solomon, Jerusalem was pop-
ulated by only a few hundred residents or less, which is in-
sufficient for an empire stretching from the Euphrates to
Eilath. According to The Bible Unearthed, archaeological
evidence suggests that the kingdom of Israel at the time
of Solomon was little more than a small city state, and so
it is implausible that Solomon received tribute as large as
666 talents of gold per year. Although both Finkelstein
and Silberman accept that David and Solomon were real
kings of Judah about the 10th century BC,[27]
they claim
that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom
of Israel is about 890 BC, and for Judah about 750 BC.
They suggest that due to religious prejudice, the authors
of the Bible suppressed the achievements of the Omrides
(whom the Hebrew Bible describes as being polytheist),
and instead pushed them back to a supposed golden age of
Judaism and monotheists, and devotees of Yahweh. Some
Biblical minimalists like Thomas L. Thompson go fur-
ther, arguing that Jerusalem became a city and capable of
being a state capital only in the mid-7th century.[28]
Like-
wise, Finkelstein and others consider the claimed size of
Solomon’s temple implausible.
These views are criticized by William G. Dever,[29]
and
André Lemaire,[30]
among others. Lemaire states in
Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruc-
tion of the Temple[30]
that the principal points of the
biblical tradition of Solomon are generally trustworthy.
Kenneth Kitchen agrees, arguing that Solomon ruled over
a comparatively wealthy “mini-empire”, rather than a
small city-state, and considers 666 gold talents a modest
amount of money. Kitchen calculates that over 30 years,
such a kingdom might have accumulated up to 500 tons
of gold, which is small compared to other examples, such
as the 1,180 tons of gold that Alexander the Great took
from Susa.[31]
Similarly Kitchen[32]
and others consider
the temple of Solomon a reasonable and typically sized
structure for the region at the time. Dever states “that
we now have direct Bronze and Iron Age parallels for ev-
ery feature of the 'Solomonic temple' as described in the
Hebrew Bible”.[33]
The archaeological remains that are considered to date
from the time of Solomon are notable for the fact that
Canaanite material culture appears to have continued un-
abated; there is a distinct lack of magnificent empire, or
cultural development – indeed comparing pottery from
areas traditionally assigned to Israel with that of the
Philistines points to the Philistines having been signifi-
cantly more sophisticated. However, there is a lack of
physical evidence of its existence, despite some archae-
ological work in the area.[25]
This is not unexpected be-
cause the area was devastated by the Babylonians, then
rebuilt and destroyed several times.[32]
Little archaeolog-
ical excavation has been done around the area known as
the Temple Mount, in what is thought to be the founda-
tion of Solomon’s Temple, because attempts to do so are
met with protest by Muslims.[34]
From a critical point of view, Solomon’s building of a
temple for Yahweh should not be considered an act of
particular devotion to Yahweh because Solomon is also
described as building places of worship for a number
of other deities[19]
(1 Kings 11:4). Some scholars and
historians argue that Solomon’s apparent initial devotion
to Yahweh, described in passages such as his dedica-
tion prayer (1 Kings 8:14–66), were written much later,
after Jerusalem had become the religious centre of the
kingdom, replacing locations such as Shiloh and Bethel.
Some scholars believe that passages such as these in the
Books of Kings were not written by the same authors
who wrote the rest of the text, instead probably by the
Deuteronomist.[33]
Such views have been challenged by
other historians who maintain that there is evidence that
these passages in Kings are derived from official court
records at the time of Solomon and from other writings of
that time that were incorporated into the canonical books
of Kings.[35][36][37]
1.4.1 Chronology
The conventional dates of Solomon’s reign derived from
biblical chronology are from c. 970 to 931 BC. Regard-
ing the Davidic dynasty to which King Solomon belongs,
its chronology can be checked against datable Babylonian
and Assyrian records at a few points, and these correspon-
dences have allowed archeologists to date its kings in a
1.5. WEALTH 7
modern framework. According to the most widely used
chronology, based on that by Edwin R. Thiele, the death
of Solomon and the division of his kingdom would have
occurred in the spring of 931 BC.[38]
1.5 Wealth
Solomon and the plan for the First Temple, illustration from a
Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Co.
A sketch of Solomon’s Temple, based on descriptions in the Scrip-
tures.
See also: Solomon’s Temple
According to the Hebrew Bible, the Israelite monarchy
gained its highest splendour and wealth during Solomon’s
Artist’s depiction of Solomon’s court (Ingobertus, c. 880)
reign of 40 years. In a single year, according to 1
Kings 10:14, Solomon collected tribute amounting to 666
talents (39,960 pounds) of gold. Solomon is described as
surrounding himself with all the luxuries and the grandeur
of an Eastern monarch, and his government prospered.
He entered into an alliance with Hiram I, king of Tyre,
who in many ways greatly assisted him in his numerous
undertakings.
For some years before his death, David was engaged in
collecting materials for building a temple in Jerusalem
as a permanent home for Yahweh and the Ark of the
Covenant. Solomon is described as completing its con-
struction, with the help of an architect, also named
Hiram, and other materials, sent from King Hiram of
Tyre.
After the completion of the temple, Solomon is de-
scribed as erecting many other buildings of importance
in Jerusalem. For 13 years, he was engaged in the build-
ing of a royal palace on Ophel (a hilly promontory in cen-
tral Jerusalem). Solomon also constructed great works for
the purpose of securing a plentiful supply of water for the
city, and the Millo (Septuagint, Acra) for the defense of
the city. However, excavations of Jerusalem have shown
a distinct lack of monumental architecture from the era,
and remains of neither the Temple nor Solomon’s palace
have been found.
Solomon is also described as rebuilding cities elsewhere
in Israel, creating the port of Ezion-Geber, and construct-
ing Palmyra in the wilderness as a commercial depot and
military outpost. Although the location of the port of
8 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON
Ezion-Geber is known, no remains have ever been found.
More archaeological success has been achieved with the
major cities Solomon is said to have strengthened or re-
built, for example, Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer.[39]
These
all have substantial ancient remains, including impressive
six-chambered gates, and ashlar palaces, however it is no
longer the scholarly consensus that these structures date to
the time, according to the Bible, when Solomon ruled.[25]
According to the Bible, during Solomon’s reign, Israel en-
joyed great commercial prosperity, with extensive traffic
being carried on by land with Tyre, Egypt, and Arabia,
and by sea with Tarshish, Ophir, and South India.
1.6 Religious views
1.6.1 Judaism
King Solomon sinned by acquiring many foreign wives
and horses because he thought he knew the reason for
the Biblical prohibition and thought it did not apply to
him. When King Solomon married the daughter of the
Egyptian Pharaoh, a sandbank formed which eventually
formed the “great nation of Rome” – the nation that de-
stroyed the Second Temple (Herod’s Temple). Solomon
gradually lost more and more prestige until he became
like a commoner. Some say he regained his status while
others say he did not. In the end however, he is regarded
as a righteous king and is especially praised for his dili-
gence in building the Temple.[40]
1.6.2 Christianity
Christianity has traditionally accepted the historical exis-
tence of Solomon, though some modern Christian schol-
ars have also questioned at least his authorship of those
biblical texts ascribed to him. Such disputes tend to di-
vide Christians into traditionalist and modernist camps.
Of the two genealogies of Jesus given in the Gospels,
Matthew mentions Solomon, but Luke does not. Some
commentators see this as an issue that can be reconciled
while others disagree. For instance, it has been suggested
that Luke is using Joseph’s genealogy and Matthew is us-
ing Mary’s, but Darrell Bock states that this would be un-
precedented, “especially when no other single woman ap-
pears in the line”. Other suggestions include the use by
one of the royal and the other of the natural line, one us-
ing the legal line and the other the physical line, or that
Joseph was adopted.[41]
Jesus makes reference to Solomon, using him for compar-
ison purposes in his admonition against worrying about
your life. This account is recorded in Matthew 6:29 and
the parallel passage in Luke 12:27
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Solomon is commemo-
rated as a saint, with the title of “Righteous Prophet and
Russian icon of King Solomon. He is depicted holding a model
of the Temple (18th century, iconostasis of Kizhi monastery,
Russia).
King”. His feast day is celebrated on the Sunday of the
Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the Great Feast of
the Nativity of the Lord).
The staunchly Catholic King Philip II of Spain sought
to model himself after King Solomon. Statues of King
David and Solomon stand on either side of the entrance to
the basilica of El Escorial, Philip’s palace, and Solomon
is also depicted in a great fresco at the center of El Es-
corial’s library. Philip identified the warrior-king David
with his own father Charles V, and himself sought to em-
ulate the thoughtful and logical character which he per-
ceived in Solomon. Moreover, Escorial’s structure was
inspired by that of Solomon’s Temple.[42][43]
1.6.3 Islam
Mausoleum of Solomon, Aqsa Mosque compound, Jerusalem
1.7. LEGENDS 9
Main article: Solomon in Islam
In Islamic tradition, Solomon is venerated as a prophet
and a messenger of God, as well as a divinely appointed
monarch, who ruled over the Kingdom of Israel. As in
Judaism, Islam recognizes Solomon as the son of King
David, who is also considered a prophet and a king but
contrary to Judaism, Islam completely denies the claim
that Solomon had sinned or turned to idolatry.
{{And they followed what the devils taught during the
reign of Solomon. It was not Solomon who disbelieved,
but it was the devils who disbelieved. They taught the peo-
ple witchcraft and what was revealed in Babylon to the
two angels Harut and Marut. They did not teach anybody
until they had said, “We are a test, so do not lose faith.”
But they learned from them the means to cause separation
between man and his wife. But they cannot harm any-
one except with God’s permission. And they learned what
would harm them and not benefit them. Yet they knew
that whoever deals in it will have no share in the Here-
after. Miserable is what they sold their souls for, if they
only knew.}}.[44]
Quran ascribes to Solomon a great level of wisdom,
knowledge and power Quran 27/15–17 Quran 21/79–82.
According to Islamic holy scripture, he knew the “lan-
guage of the birds” (Mantiq al-tayr) The Quran 27:16.
Solomon was also known in the Islam to have other super-
natural abilities (bestowed upon him by God after a spe-
cial request by Solomon himself) The Quran 38/35–38
such as controlling the wind, ruling over the Jinn, demons
and one mention to the hearing of distant sounds mani-
fested in Quran by ants’ speech :
{{And to Solomon (We made) the wind (obedient): its
early morning (stride) was a month’s (journey), and its
evening (stride) was a month’s (journey); and We made
a font of molten brass to flow for him; and there were
Jinns that worked in front of him, by the leave of his Lord,
and if any of them turned aside from Our command, We
made him taste of the Penalty of the Blazing Fire. (34:12)
and At length, when they came to a (lowly) valley of ants,
one of the ants said: “O ye ants, get into your habitations,
lest Solomon and his hosts crush you (under foot) without
knowing it.” – So he smiled, amused at her speech; and he
said: “O my Lord! So order me that I may be grateful for
Thy favors, which Thou hast bestowed on me and on my
parents, and that I may work the righteousness that will
please Thee: and admit me, by Thy Grace, to the ranks of
Thy righteous Servants.}} (18–19:27). Islamic tradition
attributes to Solomon the saying: “The beginning of wis-
dom is the fear of God” (ra’s al-hikmah makhafat Allah).
The Qur'an mentions Solomon 17 times.
1.6.4 Bahá'í
In the Bahá'í Faith, Solomon is regarded as one of
the lesser prophets along with David, Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Ezekiel, along with others.[45]
Baha'is see Solomon as a
prophet who was sent by God to address the issues of
his time.[46]
Baha'ullah wrote about Solomon in the Hid-
den Words.[47]
He also mentions Solomon in the Tablet
of Wisdom, where he is depicted as a contemporary of
Pythagoras.[48]
1.7 Legends
1.7.1 One Thousand and One Nights
A well-known story in the collection One Thousand and
One Nights describes a genie who had displeased King
Solomon and was punished by being locked in a bottle
and thrown into the sea. Since the bottle was sealed with
Solomon’s seal, the genie was helpless to free himself,
until freed many centuries later by a fisherman who dis-
covered the bottle.[49]
In other stories which are found in
One Thousand and One Nights, protagonists who had to
leave their homeland and travel to the unknown places
of the world saw signs which proved that Solomon had
already been there. Sometimes, protagonists discovered
Solomon’s words which aimed to help those who were
lost and unluckily reached those forbidden and deserted
places.
1.7.2 Angels and magic
According to the Rabbinical literature, on account of his
modest request for wisdom only, Solomon was rewarded
with riches and an unprecedented glorious realm, which
extended over the upper world inhabited by the angels and
over the whole of the terrestrial globe with all its inhab-
itants, including all the beasts, fowl, and reptiles, as well
as the demons and spirits. His control over the demons,
spirits, and animals augmented his splendor, the demons
bringing him precious stones, besides water from distant
countries to irrigate his exotic plants. The beasts and
fowl of their own accord entered the kitchen of Solomon’s
palace, so that they might be used as food for him, and
extravagant meals for him were prepared daily by each of
his 700 wives and 300 concubines, with the thought that
perhaps the king would feast that day in her house.
Seal of Solomon
A magic ring called the "Seal of Solomon" was suppos-
edly given to Solomon and gave him power over demons.
The magical symbol said to have been on the Seal of
Solomon which made it work is now better known as the
Star of David. Asmodeus, king of demons, was one day,
10 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON
according to the classical Rabbis, captured by Benaiah
using the ring, and was forced to remain in Solomon’s
service. In one tale, Asmodeus brought a man with two
heads from under the earth to show Solomon; the man,
unable to return, married a woman from Jerusalem and
had seven sons, six of whom resembled the mother, while
one resembled the father in having two heads. After
their father’s death, the son with two heads claimed two
shares of the inheritance, arguing that he was two men;
Solomon decided that the son with two heads was only one
man. The Seal of Solomon, in some legends known as the
Ring of Aandaleeb, was a highly sought after symbol of
power. In several legends, different groups or individuals
attempted to steal it or attain it in some manner.
Solomon and Asmodeus
One legend concerning Asmodeus goes on to state that
Solomon one day asked Asmodeus what could make
demons powerful over man, and Asmodeus asked to be
freed and given the ring so that he could demonstrate;
Solomon agreed but Asmodeus threw the ring into the sea
and it was swallowed by a fish. Asmodeus then swallowed
the king, stood up fully with one wing touching heaven
and the other earth, and spat out Solomon to a distance
of 400 miles. The Rabbis claim this was a divine pun-
ishment for Solomon’s having failed to follow three di-
vine commands, and Solomon was forced to wander from
city to city, until he eventually arrived in an Ammonite
city where he was forced to work in the king’s kitchens.
Solomon gained a chance to prepare a meal for the Am-
monite king, which the king found so impressive that the
previous cook was sacked and Solomon put in his place;
the king’s daughter, Naamah, subsequently fell in love
with Solomon, but the family (thinking Solomon a com-
moner) disapproved, so the king decided to kill them both
by sending them into the desert. Solomon and the king’s
daughter wandered the desert until they reached a coastal
city, where they bought a fish to eat, which just hap-
pened to be the one which had swallowed the magic ring.
Solomon was then able to regain his throne and expel As-
modeus. The element of a ring thrown into the sea and
found back in a fish’s belly also appeared in Herodotus'
account of Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos from c. 538
BC to 522 BC.
In another familiar version of the legend of the Seal of
Solomon, Asmodeus disguises himself. In some myths,
he’s disguised as King Solomon himself, while in more
frequently heard versions he’s disguised as a falcon, call-
ing himself Gavyn (Gavinn or Gavin), one of King
Solomon’s trusted friends. The concealed Asmodeus tells
travelers who have ventured up to King Solomon’s grand
lofty palace that the Seal of Solomon was thrown into the
sea. He then convinces them to plunge in and attempt to
retrieve it, for if they do they would take the throne as
king.
Artifacts
Other magical items attributed to Solomon are his key
and his Table. The latter was said to be held in Toledo,
Spain during Visigoth rule and was part of the loot taken
by Tarik ibn Ziyad during the Umayyad Conquest of
Iberia, according to Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the
Conquest of Spain. The former appears in the title of the
Lesser Key of Solomon, a grimoire whose framing story
is Solomon capturing demons using his ring, and forcing
them to explain themselves to him.
Angels
Angels also helped Solomon in building the Temple;
though not by choice. The edifice was, according to rab-
binical legend, miraculously constructed throughout, the
large heavy stones rising and settling in their respective
places of themselves. The general opinion of the Rabbis
is that Solomon hewed the stones by means of a shamir, a
mythical worm whose mere touch cleft rocks. Accord-
ing to Midrash Tehillim, the shamir was brought from
paradise by Solomon’s eagle; but most of the rabbis state
that Solomon was informed of the worm’s haunts by As-
modeus. The shamir had been entrusted by the prince of
the sea to the mountain rooster alone, and the rooster had
sworn to guard it well, but Solomon’s men found the bird’s
nest, and covered it with glass. When the bird returned,
it used the shamir to break the glass, whereupon the men
scared the bird, causing it to drop the worm, which the
men could then bring to Solomon.
In the Kabbalah
Early adherents of the Kabbalah portray Solomon as hav-
ing sailed through the air on a throne of light placed on
an eagle, which brought him near the heavenly gates as
well as to the dark mountains behind which the fallen an-
gels Uzza and Azzazel were chained; the eagle would rest
on the chains, and Solomon, using the magic ring, would
compel the two angels to reveal every mystery he desired
to know.
The palace without entrance
According to one legend, while traveling magically,
Solomon noticed a magnificent palace to which there ap-
peared to be no entrance. He ordered the demons to climb
to the roof and see if they could discover any living being
within the building but the demons only found an eagle,
which said that it was 700 years old, but that it had never
seen an entrance. An elder brother of the eagle, 900 years
old, was then found, but it also did not know the entrance.
The eldest brother of these two birds, which was 1,300
years old, then declared it had been informed by its father
that the door was on the west side, but that it had become
1.8. FREEMASONRY 11
hidden by sand drifted by the wind. Having discovered
the entrance, Solomon found an idol inside that had in
its mouth a silver tablet saying in Greek (a language not
thought by modern scholars to have existed 1000 years
before the time of Solomon) that the statue was of Shad-
dad, the son of 'Ad, and that it had reigned over a million
cities, rode on a million horses, had under it a million vas-
sals and slew a million warriors, yet it could not resist the
angel of death.
1.7.3 Throne
Solomon at his throne, painting by Andreas Brugger, 1777
Solomon’s throne is described at length in Targum Sheni,
which is compiled from three different sources, and in
two later Midrash. According to these, there were on
the steps of the throne twelve golden lions, each facing
a golden eagle. There were six steps to the throne, on
which animals, all of gold, were arranged in the following
order: on the first step a lion opposite an ox; on the sec-
ond, a wolf opposite a sheep; on the third, a tiger opposite
a camel; on the fourth, an eagle opposite a peacock, on
the fifth, a cat opposite a cock; on the sixth, a sparrow-
hawk opposite a dove. On the top of the throne was a
dove holding a sparrow-hawk in its claws, symbolizing the
dominion of Israel over the Gentiles. The first midrash
claims that six steps were constructed because Solomon
foresaw that six kings would sit on the throne, namely,
Solomon, Rehoboam, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Amon, and
Josiah. There was also on the top of the throne a golden
candelabrum, on the seven branches of the one side of
which were engraved the names of the seven patriarchs
Adam, Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Job,
and on the seven of the other the names of Levi, Ko-
hath, Amram, Moses, Aaron, Eldad, Medad, and, in ad-
dition, Hur (another version has Haggai). Above the can-
delabrum was a golden jar filled with olive-oil and be-
neath it a golden basin which supplied the jar with oil and
on which the names of Nadab, Abihu, and Eli and his two
sons were engraved. Over the throne, twenty-four vines
were fixed to cast a shadow on the king’s head.
By a mechanical contrivance the throne followed
Solomon wherever he wished to go. Supposedly, due to
another mechanical trick, when the king reached the first
step, the ox stretched forth its leg, on which Solomon
leaned, a similar action taking place in the case of the
animals on each of the six steps. From the sixth step the
eagles raised the king and placed him in his seat, near
which a golden serpent lay coiled. When the king was
seated the large eagle placed the crown on his head, the
serpent uncoiled itself, and the lions and eagles moved up-
ward to form a shade over him. The dove then descended,
took the scroll of the Law from the Ark, and placed it
on Solomon’s knees. When the king sat, surrounded by
the Sanhedrin, to judge the people, the wheels began to
turn, and the beasts and fowls began to utter their respec-
tive cries, which frightened those who had intended to
bear false testimony. Moreover, while Solomon was as-
cending the throne, the lions scattered all kinds of fra-
grant spices. After Solomon’s death, Pharaoh Shishak,
when taking away the treasures of the Temple (I Kings
xiv. 26), carried off the throne, which remained in Egypt
until Sennacherib conquered that country. After Sen-
nacherib’s fall Hezekiah gained possession of it, but when
Josiah was slain by Pharaoh Necho, the latter took it away.
However, according to rabbinical accounts, Necho did
not know how the mechanism worked and so acciden-
tally struck himself with one of the lions causing him
to become lame; Nebuchadnezzar, into whose possession
the throne subsequently came, shared a similar fate. The
throne then passed to the Persians, whose king Darius was
the first to sit successfully on Solomon’s throne after his
death; subsequently the throne came into the possession
of the Greeks and Ahasuerus.
1.8 Freemasonry
Masonic rituals refer to King Solomon and the building
of his Temple.[50]
Masonic Temples, where a Masonic
Lodge meets, are an allegorical reference to King
Solomon’s Temple.[51]
1.9 In literature, art and music
1.9.1 Literature
• In H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon’s Mines the pro-
tagonists discover multiple settings said to belong to,
or having been built at the request of King Solomon,
such as 'Solomon’s Great Road' and the mines them-
selves. Also, the two mountains which form the en-
trance to Kukuana Land (where the mines are lo-
cated in the novel) are referred to as 'Sheba’s Breasts’
which could well be an allusion to the Queen of
12 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON
Sheba, with whom King Solomon had a relation-
ship; or alternatively Solomon’s mother, who was
named Bathsheba. When in the mines the characters
also contemplate what must have occurred to pre-
vent King Solomon from ever returning to retrieve
the massive amounts of diamonds, gold and ivory
tusks that were found buried in his great 'Treasure
Chamber'.
• In The Divine Comedy the spirit of Solomon appears
to Dante Alighieri in the Heaven of the Sun with
other exemplars of inspired wisdom.
• In Friedrich Dürrenmatt's Die Physiker, the physicist
Möbius claims that Solomon appears to him and dic-
tates the “theory of all possible inventions” (based
on Unified Field Theory).
• Solomon appears in Kipling’s Just So Stories.
• In Neal Stephenson's three-volume The Baroque Cy-
cle, 17th-century alchemists like Isaac Newton be-
lieve that Solomon created a kind of “heavier” gold
with mystical properties and that it was cached in
the Solomon Islands where it was accidentally dis-
covered by the crew of a wayward Spanish galleon.
In the third volume of The Baroque Cycle, The Sys-
tem of the World, a mysterious member of the en-
tourage of Czar Peter I of Russia, named “Solomon
Kohan" appears in early 18th-century London. The
czar, traveling incognito to purchase English-made
ships for his navy, explains that he added him to
his court after the Sack of Azov, where Kohan had
been a guest of the Pasha. Solomon Kohan is later
revealed as one of the extremely long-lived “Wise”
Enoch Root, and compares a courtyard full of in-
ventors’ workstations to “an operation I used to have
in Jerusalem a long time ago,” denominating either
facility as “a temple.”
• In Bartimaeus: The Ring of Solomon, both King
Solomon and the Queen of Sheba are featured
prominently.
• In the Japanese manga series Magi: The Labyrinth
of Magic, Solomon was a powerful magician which
united all of the world under his peaceful rule. How-
ever, when this world was destroyed by a calamity,
he created the world Magi is set in and saved
mankind by sending them there. A special power
originated from him, the “Wisdom of Solomon”, al-
lows the main character Aladdin to talk directly with
the soul of a person, alive or dead.
• In Makai Ouji: Devils and Realist, Solomon is a
friend of Lucifer and is the “Elector” – the one who
can choose the interim ruler over Hell as its em-
peror rests to regain his strength and had powers
over demons known as his seventy-two pillars. He’s
also known who can control Hell or Heaven with the
power of his ring.
• Chapter 14 of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
ends with Huck and Jim debating over how wise
Solomon really was.
• In Francis Bacon’s Essay 'Of Revenge', Solomon is
paraphrased: “And Solomon, I am sure, saith, It is
the glory of a man, to pass by an offence.”
1.9.2 Film
• Solomon and Sheba (1959) – Epic film directed by
King Vidor, starring Yul Brynner and Gina Lollob-
rigida
• Solomon & Sheba (1995) – Showtime film directed
by Robert M. Young starring Halle Berry and Jimmy
Smits
• Solomon (1997, TNT) – directed by Roger Young,
starring Ben Cross
• The Kingdom of Solomon (2009) – Iranian produc-
tion directed by Shahriar Bahrani
1.9.3 Music
• Marc-Antoine Charpentier, a French composer of
the Baroque Era, composed an oratorio entitled
Solomon’s Judgement.[52]
• Handel composed an oratorio entitled Solomon in
1748. The story follows the basic Biblical plot.[53]
• Ernest Bloch composed a Hebraic Rhapsody for
cello and orchestra entitled Schelomo, based on King
Solomon.
• Toivo Tulev composed a piece for choir, soloists and
chamber orchestra entitled “Songs” in 2005. The
text is taken directly from the Song of Songs in its
English, Spanish and Latin translations.
• Junior Murvin has a reggae song titled Solomon, in
which Murvin warns a woman that he is wiser than
Solomon in the ways of women.
1.10 See also
• Solomon in Islam
• Goetia
• Heichal Shlomo
• Solomon and Marcolf
• Solomon’s Pools
• Solomonic column
1.12. REFERENCES 13
• The Judgement of Salomon (Giorgione)
• This too shall pass
• List of Jewish monarchs
1.11 Notes
[1] Recent History Channel promotional production about In-
diana Jones’s positive impact on archaeology (released
Mid-May 2008, the week before the 22 May 2008 USA
release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal
Skull); History Channel producers were shown interview-
ing the guardian priest, and expert discussions about the
Ark were part of the fare.
1.12 References
[1] “In Our Time With Melvyn Bragg: King Solomon”. UK:
BBC Radio 4. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
[2] Williamson, H. G. M. (1976). “The Accession of
Solomon in the Books of Chronicles”. Vetus Testamen-
tum 26 (3): 351–361. doi:10.1163/156853376X00510.
JSTOR 10.2307/1517303.
[3] Barton, George A. (1967). “Temple of Solomon”. Jewish
Encyclopedia 215 (5105). New York, NY: Funk & Wag-
nalls. pp. 98–101. doi:10.1038/2151043a0. Retrieved
2007-05-15.
[4] Rashi, to Megillah, 14a
[5] Leithart, Peter J (2000). A House for My Name. Canon
Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-885767-69-1.
[6] “Archaeology, Culture, and other Religions”. FMC terra
santa. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
[7] 1 Chronicles 14:4
[8] 1 Chronicles 3:5
[9] 1 Chronicles 3:1–4
[10] “1 Kings 1 (ESV)". Bible gateway. Retrieved 2010-03-
03.
[11] Hoerber, Robert G., ed. (1984) Concordia Self-Study
Bible (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House) p. 473
[12] Peter J. Leithart, A House for My Name, 164, Canon
Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-885767-69-1
[13] “Jewish Encyclopedia”. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
[14] “I Kings”, KJV, The Bible, 3:4–9
[15] “New International Version” (Passage Lookup). Bible
Gateway. 10. Retrieved 2010-03-03. |contribution= ig-
nored (help)
[16] Coogan 2009, p. 375.
[17] H Diane Russell (ed), Eva/Ave; Women in Renaissance
and Baroque Prints, pp. 162–164, National Gallery of
Art, Washington, 1990, ISBN 1558610391
[18] 1 Kings 14:21 and 2 Chronicles 12:13
[19] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain: Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906.
[20] “NIV”. Bible Gateway. 11 – Solomon’s Wives – King
Solomon. Retrieved 2013-06-21. |contribution= ignored
(help)
[21] “The Kingdom of Israel”. Jewish Virtual Library. Re-
trieved 2010-03-03.
[22] “Solomon, Testament of”. Jewish Encyclopedia. Re-
trieved 2010-03-03.
[23] Against Apion i:17,18.
[24] Dever 2001.
[25] Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, pp. 186–195
[26] Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, p. 133.
[27] Finkelstein & Silberman 2006, p. 20.
[28] Thompson, Thomas L., 1999, The Bible in History: How
Writers Create a Past, Jonathan Cape, London, ISBN 978-
0-224-03977-2 p. 207
[29] Dever 2001, p. 160.
[30] Shanks, Hershel, Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Ro-
man Destruction of the Temple, p. 113
[31] Kitchen 2003, p. 135.
[32] Kitchen 2003, p. 123
[33] Dever 2001, p. 145
[34] “Temple Mount: Excavation Controversy”. Sacred desti-
nations. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
[35] Harrison, RK (1969), Introduction to the Old Testament,
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, pp. 722–24
[36] Archer, GL (1964), A Survey of Old Testament Introduc-
tion, Chicago: Moody Press, pp. 276–77
[37] Thiele 1983, p. 193–204.
[38] Thiele 1983, p. 78.
[39] 1 Kings 9:15)
[40] “tractate Sanhendrin”, Talmud Bavli, p. 21b
[41] Bock, Darell (1996). Luke. The NIV Application Com-
mentary. Zondervan. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-310-49330-3.
[42] Taylor, René, Arquitectura y Magia. Consideraciones
sobre la Idea de El Escorial [Architecture and magic.
Considerations on the idea of the Escorial] (in Spanish),
Madrid: Siruela, enhanced from monograph in Rudolph
Wittkower’s 1968 festschrift.
14 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON
[43] Wittkower, Rudolf; Jaffe, Irma, “Hermetism and the Mys-
tical Architecture of the Society of Jesus”, Baroque Art:
The Jesuit Contribution
[44] The Quran 2 :102
[45] Smith, Peter (2008), An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith,
p. 108
[46] Steier, E Joseph, III; Timmering, Dianne H (2008), My
God! Our God?, p. 176
[47] Ryba, Thomas; Bond, George D; Tull, Herman (2004),
The Comity and Grace of Method: Essays in Honor of Ed-
mund F. Perry, p. 399
[48] Garlington, William (2005), The Baha'i Faith in America,
p. 160
[49] “The Story of the Fisherman”, Stories from the Thousand
and One Nights, The Harvard Classics, 1909–14
[50] “Index of /". lodgechelmsford.com. Retrieved 2014-08-
29.
[51] “Freemasons NSW & ACT – Home”. masons.org.au. Re-
trieved 2014-08-29.
[52] Antony, James R. (March 1, 2003). French Baroque Mu-
sic from Beaujoyeulx to Rameau: (2nd ed.). Hal Leonard
Corporation. p. 278. ISBN 978-0393009675.
[53] “G. F. Handel’s Compositions”. The Handel Institute. Re-
trieved 2013-09-28.
1.13 Bibliography
• Coogan, Michael D (2009). A Brief Introduction to
the Old Testament. Oxford University Press.
• Dever, William G. (2001). What Did the Biblical
Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What
Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient
Israel. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Pub. ISBN
978-0-8028-4794-2. OCLC 45487499.
• ——— (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and
Where Did They Come From?. William B Eermans.
ISBN 0-8028-0975-8.
• Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001).
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of
Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. Si-
mon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2338-1.
• ———; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) [2001]. The
Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision. Simon
& Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86913-1.
• ———; Silberman, Neil Asher (2006). David and
Solomon: In Search of the Bible’s Sacred Kings and
the Roots of the Western Tradition. Free Press. ISBN
0-7432-4362-5.
• Levy, Thomas E; Higham, Thomas, eds. (2005).
The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology,
Text and Science. London; Oakville, CT: Equinox.
ISBN 978-1-84553-056-3. OCLC 60453952.
• Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003). On the reliability of
the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.
• Thiele, ER (1983). The Mysterious Numbers of the
Hebrew Kings (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Zonder-
van/Kregel.
1.14 External links
• A collection of King Solomon links on the Web, LT:
VDU, archived from the original on 2008-01-15.
• Oussani, Gabriel (1913), “Solomon”, Catholic En-
cyclopedia (entry).
• Solomon at the Internet Movie Database Animated
depiction of the life of Solomon
• Solomon at the Internet Movie Database Artistic
movie about the rise and the reign of King Solomon
• “The Wars of King Solomon: Summaries and Stud-
ies”, Wars of Israel.
• Salomon engravings, The De Verda collection.
Chapter 2
Solomon’s Pools
Solomon’s pools, between 1890 and 1905
Solomon’s pools, in 1981
Solomon’s Pools (Arabic: ‫سليمان‬ ‫برك‬, Burak Suleīmān,
Solomon’s Pools, or simply el-Burak, the pools; Hebrew:
‫שלמה‬ ‫בריכות‬, Breichot Shlomo) are three ancient reser-
voirs located in the south-central West Bank, immedi-
ately to the south of the Palestinian village of al-Khader,
about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of Bethlehem and
near the road to Hebron.[1]
2.1 Description
The three large reservoirs, following each other in line,
stand several dozen meters apart, each pool with a roughly
6 metres (20 ft) drop to the next. They are rectangular or
The lower pool at Solomon’s pools, 2013
View from inside a Roman aqueduct from the Pools of Solomon
to Jerusalem.
trapezoidal in shape, partly hewn into the bedrock and
partly built, between 118 and 179 metres (387-587 ft)
long and 8 to 16 metres (26-52 ft) deep, with a total ca-
pacity of well over a quarter of a million cubic metres
(some 290,000 m³ or 75 million US gallons).[2]
The pools were part of a complex ancient water system,
initially built between sometime around 100 BCE and ca.
30 CE. At its high point the system was providing wa-
ter to the city and Jewish Temple of Jerusalem, as well
as to the desert fortress and town of Herodium. At that
time the pools were fed by two aqueducts, by several
springs of the surrounding countryside including one sit-
15
16 CHAPTER 2. SOLOMON’S POOLS
uated underneath the lower pool, as well as by rainwa-
ter that descended from the overlooking hills. The pools
acted as a storage and distribution facility, with the two
feeder aqueducts bringing water to the pools from hills
to the south. The collected water was then distributed by
two other aqueducts leading from the pools northwards
to Jerusalem, plus another one heading eastwards to the
Herodium. Traces of all five initial aqueducts have been
found.[2]
Below the middle pool are the remains of the British
pump station that took the water by pipe to the Old City
of Jerusalem. Another, more recent pumping station be-
low the lower pool is still providing water to the town of
Bethlehem.[2]
Near the Upper Pool stands a small Turkish fort, known
either as Qal'at el-Burak (the “castle of the pools”),
or as Qal'at Murad (the “castle of [Sultan] Murad”).
The rectangular structure with four square corner towers
was built by the Ottoman sultan Osman II in 1618.[3]
It
served as barracks for the Turkish soldiers guarding the
Pools of Solomon and the commercial caravans between
Jerusalem and Hebron, as well as a staging post on the lo-
cal hajj route to Mecca. For a long time it was also used
as a caravanserai or khan. After being allowed to decay
since the middle of the 19th century, the ruined fortress
has been largely rebuilt and developed as part of a new
tourist complex.[3][4][5]
2.2 Name
The pools are named after the biblical King Solomon
(around 950 BC), connecting them with the story de-
scribed in the Book of Ecclesiastes 2.6: “I made myself
pools from which to water the forest of growing trees.”
Josephus added to the story, writing that Solomon used
to enjoy the beauty of the water-rich “Etham” (one of the
main springs here is called 'Ain Attan or Ein Eitam), and
the legend has it that the wise king built the pools for his
wives, reportedly one thousand in number, so that they
could bathe in their waters.[6]
2.3 History
The growing water needs of the Jerusalem Temple and
the pilgrims it attracted during the later part of the Second
Temple period, led to efforts to create a conduit able to
reach the relatively high top of the Temple Mount by grav-
ity alone. The hills south of Jerusalem are higher than
the city and its Temple Mount, and contain a number of
perennial springs, offering a good choice to the ancient
engineers. The water system gradually created consisted
of two aqueducts feeding the pools, which themselves
acted as a collection and distribution facility, and of three
further aqueducts carrying the water north to Jerusalem
(two) and to Herodium (the third one). Together, the five
aqueducts totalled some 80 kilometres in length.[2]
Recent evidence suggests that the lower pool was proba-
bly constructed during the Hasmonean period, between
mid-second and mid-first century BCE. It is connected to
the so-called Lower or Low Level Aqueduct, built at the
same time, which carries the water over a distance of 21.5
km to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.[2]
A second phase occurred when Herod the Great, using
Roman engineering and in connection with his rebuilding
program of the Second Temple, created the sophisti-
cated Wadi el-Byiar Aqueduct, which fed the upper pool.
The aqueduct was partially built as a tunnel which col-
lected underground water from the aquifer it was passing
through, in the way of a qanat, to supplement the spring
water and surface runoff it was also carrying. Water from
the same upper pool was taken to Jerusalem’s Upper City,
where Herod had erected his new palace, through the
king’s ambitious so-called Upper or High Level Aque-
duct. North of Bethlehem a tall bridge consisting of two
levels of arches helped pass a deep valley.[2]
In a third phase, Roman prefect Pontius Pilate built 39
kilometres (24 mi) of aqueduct bringing yet more water to
Solomon’s Pools from the large collection pools at Arrub
to the south. [7]
The water system based on Solomon’s Pools has provided
water to Jerusalem, on and off, for two millennia, all
until 1967. The Low Level Aqueduct was the longest
serving of the Jerusalem-bound ones. It started at the
lower pool and once it reached Jerusalem, it crossed the
Tyropoeon Valley over a bridge to find its way onto the
Temple Mount platform, where it ended inside the great
cisterns hidden underneath its surface.[2]
Major repairs to the water system were done by the 10th
Roman Legion, Legio Fretensis during the second cen-
tury CE, later by the Mamluks, the Ottomans and the
British. In 1902 for instance, a new 16 km pipeline to
Jerusalem was inaugurated to mark the 60th birthday of
the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II[8][2]
2.4 Springs feeding the pools
The pools are directly fed by four different springs: the
most prominent is 'Ain Saleh, at the head of the Wadi
Urtas, about 200 metres (660 ft) to the north-west of the
upper pool. The spring water is transferred to the upper
pool by a large subterranean passage.[9]
From the same
direction comes the water of 'Ain Burak. 'Ain Attan or
Ein Eitam is located south-east of the lower pool, while
'Ain Farujeh is right underneath that pool.[2]
2.7. REFERENCES 17
2.5 Present day
Today the water from the pools reaches only to Bethle-
hem. The aqueduct beyond this has been destroyed once
taken out of use in 1967.[2]
The three pools are surrounded by pine trees. The area
around them has provided a pleasant atmosphere for pic-
nics and relaxation over the centuries. On the north side,
at the entry to the park, the Ottoman fort has been de-
veloped as part of a new tourist complex, housing among
other things a museum of ethnography and history, and
a restaurant with a garden area. The larger complex
is planned to include the entire area around the three
pools, including a conference center, recreational spaces,
a mosque and more. As of December 2014, much of the
complex is still being developed.[5]
While development is painfully needed in the area, there
are concerns about the preservation of this remarkable
archaeological and historical site.
2.6 See also
• Molten Sea
2.7 References
[1] “About Solomons Pools”. Mapcarta. Retrieved 22 De-
cember 2014.
[2] “Solomon’s Pools and relating aqueducts, the heart of
Jerusalem’s past water supply”. HYDRIA Project. 2009.
Retrieved 2014-12-18.
[3] “Solomon’s Pools”. Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved
22 December 2014.
[4] Mahmoud Hawari, Hamish Auld, Julian Hudson (1 Jan-
uary 2000). “Qal'at al-Burak. A Fort of the Ottoman Pe-
riod South of Bethlehem”. Levant: The Journal of the
Council for British Research in the Levant. Volume 32,
Issue 1: 101-120. doi:10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.101. Re-
trieved 22 December 2014.
[5] “Solomon’s Poolsi”. Solomon’s Pools/Kani Mani. Re-
trieved 22 December 2014.
[6] Flavius, Josephus Antiquities 8:186
[7] Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008) The Holy Land: An
Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to
1700 Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0-19-923666-6
p 483
[8] Bussow, 2011, pp. 497, 536
[9] Bromiley Geoffrey W (1995). The International Standard
Bible Encyclopedia: E-J Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,
ISBN 0-8028-3782-4 p 1025
2.7.1 Bibliography
• Bromiley Geoffrey W (1995). The International
Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J Wm. B. Eerd-
mans Publishing, ISBN 0-8028-3782-4
• Bussow, Johann (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Pol-
itics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872-
1908. BRILL. ISBN 9004205691.
• Flavius, Josephus Antiquities
• Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008) The Holy Land:
An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest
Times to 1700 Oxford University Press US, ISBN
0-19-923666-6
• Sawsan and Qustandi Shomali. A Guide to Bethle-
hem and its Surroundings. Flamm Druck, Wagener
GMBH, Waldbrol
• Media related to Solomon’s Pools at Wikimedia
Commons
Coordinates: 31°41′20.37″N 35°10′11.35″E /
31.6889917°N 35.1698194°E
18 CHAPTER 2. SOLOMON’S POOLS
2.8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
2.8.1 Text
• Solomon Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon?oldid=683656360 Contributors: Koyaanis Qatsi, Andre Engels, Danny, Rmher-
men, William Avery, DavidLevinson, Graft, B4hand, Hephaestos, Olivier, Chris Q, Stevertigo, Frecklefoot, Michael Hardy, Paul Barlow,
Booyabazooka, Llywrch, DopefishJustin, David Martland, IZAK, Sannse, Paul A, Ahoerstemeier, Den fjättrade ankan~enwiki, Jebba,
Poor Yorick, Jallan, Reddi, Rednblu, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Rvalles, Maximus Rex, Nv8200pa, Lord Emsworth, Bloodshedder,
Wetman, Jerzy, Jeffq, KuatofKDY, Dimadick, Robbot, ChrisO~enwiki, Chris 73, Jredmond, Altenmann, Peak, Sparky, Securiger, Rur-
sus, Humus sapiens, UtherSRG, Saforrest, Phthoggos, Mandel, DigiBullet, JerryFriedman, GreatWhiteNortherner, Raphael Liraz, Dave6,
Xyzzyva, DocWatson42, Barbara Shack, Netoholic, Tom harrison, Lupin, Everyking, Henry Flower, Jfdwolff, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Mbover-
load, Matthead, Iceberg3k, Edcolins, Utcursch, Pgan002, Andycjp, Antandrus, Jossi, Ellsworth, Husnock, Salvadors, Neutrality, Scout32,
Ukexpat, Zondor, Adashiel, Gemini4t, Mike Rosoft, D6, Sdrawkcab, Jayjg, Lectiodifficilior, Pyrop, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough,
KillerChihuahua, Wclark, Qutezuce, YUL89YYZ, Xezbeth, Carptrash, JPX7, Mani1, Baastuul, Bender235, Aranel, Carlon, Kwamik-
agami, Hayabusa future, Summer Song, Art LaPella, Smalljim, Sivaraj, Olve Utne, Dungodung, Jguk 2, Sriram sh, Nk, Physicistjedi,
Tra, Storm Rider, Kuratowski’s Ghost, Alansohn, Eleland, Ricky81682, Craigy144, CheeseDreams, RoySmith, Ynhockey, Redfarmer,
Mbimmler, Fivetrees, Melaen, Velella, AndreasPraefcke, NickMartin, Jheald, Dave.Dunford, Metju~enwiki, Spyclub, Nightstallion, Zn-
trip, Mogigoma, Jason Diamond, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Isomeme, Sesmith, PatGallacher, Alakhriveion, Pol098, Commander Keane,
Tylerni7, Twthmoses, Bennetto, Grika, Striver, Thebogusman, Mangojuice, Toussaint, Mandarax, Kesla, Graham87, Cuchullain, Kb-
dank71, FreplySpang, Melesse, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Agrumer, Nightscream, Koavf, Isaac Rabinovitch, Jake Wartenberg,
Cyberchimp, BlueMoonlet, GOD, The wub, Plastictv, FuriousFreddy, Osprey39, Naraht, Awotter, Fischersc, MacRusgail, Rune.welsh,
Tombombadil, RexNL, Str1977, Valentinian, CiaPan, Chobot, Scoops, Haldrik, The One True Fred, Bgwhite, Hall Monitor, Roboto de
Ajvol, Satanael, YurikBot, Pip2andahalf, RussBot, Sputnikcccp, Michael Slone, Boticario, Kmorrow, Fabartus, WAvegetarian, Morrislevy,
DanMS, Jenks1987, RadioFan, Hydrargyrum, Chensiyuan, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Theelf29, Msikma, ChadThomson,
Siddiqui, NickBush24, JDoorjam, Johantheghost, Dppowell, CaliforniaAliBaba, Larry laptop, RUL3R, Lockesdonkey, Cerejota, Dead-
EyeArrow, Everyguy, Gfannick, Wknight94, Avraham, Smkolins, Jcrook1987, KingKane, Psyco Syd, Nick Watts, Mike Dillon, Saranghae
honey, Closedmouth, FDuffy, NielsenGW, Oswax, Haisook, Yaron Livne, Katieh5584, Archola, Huldra, PRehse, DVD R W, That Guy,
From That Show!, Palapa, Attilios, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, PiCo, Bobet, Federalist51, Zazaban, Unyoyega, Pgk, C.Fred, Od
Mishehu, AtilimGunesBaydin, Eaglizard, Delldot, Eskimbot, Canthusus, Gilliam, Portillo, Skizzik, Linguiste, Bandora, Kevinalewis, Chris
the speller, Cush, LinguistAtLarge, DocKrin, Jprg1966, Master of Puppets, Jack324, Miquonranger03, Jerome Charles Potts, Energysword,
Darth Panda, CharonM72, Deenoe, Dethme0w, Pt1234, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Egsan Bacon, John Hyams, JRPG, Drsmoo, Zah00r,
JonHarder, Rrburke, Million-dollarmobey, Unknown Dragon, Clapyourfeet, Khukri, Nakon, LBM, John D. Croft, Dreadstar, Monosig, Paul
Rako, Understandable science, DMacks, Wizardman, Smerus, Barney Hill, Nmpenguin, Kukini, Nesher, ZScarpia, SashatoBot, Mukad-
derat, Eliyak, ArglebargleIV, Mksword, Wikicleric, DA3N, Ktdreyer, Writtenonsand, Mathiasrex, Heimstern, Mbralchenko, Rahul4real,
Shlomke, Tim Q. Wells, JohnWittle, IronGargoyle, Melody Concerto, Chrisch, A. Parrot, MarkSutton, Shamrox, Optakeover, Maksim L.,
Bruce IV, CharlesMartel, Ryulong, Daniel E. Romero, Squirepants101, Pejman47, Norm mit, DouglasCalvert, BananaFiend, Iridescent,
Clarityfiend, Joseph Solis in Australia, Skapur, Jive Dadson, Blubberbrein2, Tawkerbot2, Bmecoli, Astiolo, SteveofCaley, SkyWalker, Mora
mami, CmdrObot, Dycedarg, ToddMiner, El aprendelenguas, Cumulus Clouds, Anil1956, Dan Fuhry, Chicheley, Nilfanion, Cydebot, Gogo
Dodo, Warrior234, Hebrides, Tawkerbot4, Shirulashem, Doug Weller, Chrislk02, Smileybone, DBaba, Biblbroks, MindSpirit, Theadder,
Zalgo, Sweetmoose6, FrancoGG, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Colin4C, The Captain Returns, Tchirimar, John254, Tirkfl, Dfrg.msc, SteveS-
tuWill, Mentifisto, AntiVandalBot, CommanderCool1654, Widefox, Quintote, Julia Rossi, Zachwoo, Fayenatic london, TTN, Tigeroo,
Onezeroeight, DanPride, Greatmuslim10, JAnDbot, Gatemansgc, The Fifth Horseman, Amoruso, Qasamaan~enwiki, East718, PhilKnight,
Cynwolfe, Bencherlite, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, JNW, Yandman, Shmuelakam, Keith H., Stijn Vermeeren, Nyttend, Slartibartfast1992,
Giggy, Jaakobou, Malwaber, Suntrader, Syranthil, Martynas Patasius, Averyk, Dr Pukhtunyar Afghan, Gurko, Robin S, Chrisportelli,
Sameerkale, Clancop, MartinBot, Chon kah, STBot, Counterboint, Kiore, Wowaconia, Fahadumer, Rettetast, Roastytoast, Anaxial, Mete-
orMaker, Kostisl, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy, Sasajid, Soy muy loco, DrKiernan, BuraqRider, LoveNeverFade, Bogey97, 72Dino,
Phalanxes, Carelink, Ian.thomson, Blademaster75, Écrasez l'infâme, BrokenSphere, Johnbod, Itohacs, Ctwink, MarcoLittel, (jarbarf),
Longcroft, Junafani, Plasticup, NewEnglandYankee, Mdmahir, Jkeka, Scoterican, Enix150, Juliancolton, Vanished user 39948282, Y2H,
Guyzero, MishaPan, Ja 62, Godlvall2, Useight, BernardZ, Idioma-bot, 49590439584 , X!, Sam Blacketer, VolkovBot, Trea-
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TXiKiBoT, Batman080580, Java7837, Tyctyc, Technopat, Wittym, Cihangir21, Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseriffic, Andreas Kaganov,
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Al Ameer son, Exther, AussieOzborn, SieBot, StAnselm, Scarian, Max Shakhray, Weeliljimmy, Kratoz78, Hertz1888, Ozzy oldman,
THE MIST, Brazzouk, Legion fi, Dawn Bard, Astrovega, Til Eulenspiegel, Happysailor, Flyer22, Radon210, Ethiosolo, JD554, K7-1481,
JMBRUH, Dangerousnerd, Sucker9, Oxymoron83, Baseball Bugs, KPH2293, Abdowiki, WingkeeLEE, Mátyás, Fratrep, Acrid Gun-
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Mr. Stradivarius, Rambamfan, WickerGuy, Amazonien, Gr8opinionater, Martarius, Mr. Flemming, Ecjmartin, ClueBot, LAX, Rear-
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Hafspajen, Rfly05, PMDrive1061, Fastabbas, Excirial, Canis Lupus, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Goodone121, Carninia, Feline Hymnic, Abrech,
Gwguffey, Asdfasf1, TheResearchPersona, Cocomickey, Jcstrummer, Jonjames1986, Replysixty, Razorflame, Takabeg, SchreiberBike,
Shiftmain~enwiki, ChrisHodgesUK, Al-Andalusi, Thingg, Aitias, Murraytheb, DoctorEric, Eluksar22492, Berean Hunter, SoxBot III,
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• Solomon’s Pools Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon’{}s_Pools?oldid=680801707 Contributors: Dave.Dunford, Deror avi,
Sfrantzman, JBellis, Tabletop, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Vegaswikian, RussBot, Huldra, SmackBot, Zozoulia, John Hyams, Mukadderat, Gi-
labrand, Cydebot, Ashley kennedy3, Hugo999, Fences and windows, Al Ameer son, Ori, Jack1956, Lightmouse, Clivemacd, Good Olfac-
tory, Addbot, Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Djampa, Padres Hana, DenisKrivosheev, Lotje, Look2See1, Greyshark09, ClueBot NG, Helpful
Pixie Bot, Arminden, ChrisGualtieri, Qshomali, ‫יהודה‬ ‫אריה‬ ‫גור‬ and Anonymous: 14
2.8.2 Images
• File:'The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon',_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter,_1890,_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wal
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_
oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Art Gallery of New South Wales Original artist: Edward Poynter
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Cornelis_de_Vos_003.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Cornelis_de_Vos_003.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Cornelis de Vos
• File:De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
4/48/De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.rijksmuseum.
nl/collectie/SK-A-757 Original artist: Willem de Poorter
• File:Ingobertus_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ingobertus_001.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Ingobertus
• File:Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/med-yuliya/view/169458/?page=8 Original artist: Isaak Asknaziy
• File:Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/King-Solomon-Russian-icon.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Iconostasis of Kizhi monastery, Russia Original artist: 18 century icon painter
• File:Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Kingdoms_of_
Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
• Oldtidens_Israel_&_Judea.svg Original artist: Oldtidens_Israel_&_Judea.svg: FinnWikiNo
• File:Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/3/3b/Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web
Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/g/giordano/dream_s.jpg' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Inkscape.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.svg.png' width='20' height='20'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='60' data-file-height='60'
/></a> Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/g/giordano/dream_s.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png' width='20'
height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png
1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-file-
width='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Luca Giordano
• File:Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
I (Md iet (talk)) created this work entirely by myself. Original artist:
Md iet (talk)
20 CHAPTER 2. SOLOMON’S POOLS
• File:Plaque_Castelli_Salomon_Musée_de_Lille_130108.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Plaque_
Castelli_Salomon_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Lille_130108.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Vassil
• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
• File:Roman_aqueduct_from_Pools_of_Solomon_to_Jerusalem.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/
Roman_aqueduct_from_Pools_of_Solomon_to_Jerusalem.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the
United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID matpc.13401.
This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.
Original artist: Taken either by the American Colony Photo Department or its successor, the Matson Photo Service.
• File:Saabaghiberti.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Saabaghiberti.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work, Camera: Canon Powershot A95 Original artist: Photographer: Richardfabi
• File:Salomons_dom.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Salomons_dom.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: www.smk.dk and soeg.smk.dk Original artist: Peter Paul Rubens
• File:Solomon’{}s_Wealth_and_Wisdom.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Solomon%27s_Wealth_
and_Wisdom.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://thebiblerevival.com/clipart/1896/1kings4.jpg Original artist: the Providence
Lithograph Company
• File:Solomon’{}s_pools2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Solomon%27s_pools2.jpg License: CC
BY 2.5 Contributors: self photo Original artist: User:Magister
• File:Solomon_and_the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Solomon_and_
the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://thebiblerevival.com/clipart/1896/1kings425.jpg Original artist:
the Providence Lithograph Company
• File:SolomonsTemple.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/SolomonsTemple.png License: CC-BY-SA-
3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Solomonspool3_n.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Solomonspool3_n.jpg License: Attribution
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Roman Klozweg [1]
• File:The_pools_of_Solomon_Bethlehem_ca1890.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/The_pools_of_
Solomon_Bethlehem_ca1890.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original image: Photochrom print (color photo lithograph)
Reproduction number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-02661 from Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Photochrom Prints Collection
Original artist: Unknown
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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Wurzach_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Wurzach_
Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work (own photograph) Original artist: Painting:
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Kings of Israel King Solomon A Full Study of Solomon and Solomon’s Pools

  • 1. Kings of Israel King Solomon A Full Study of Solomon and Solomon’s Pools
  • 2. Contents 1 Solomon 1 1.1 Biblical account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Succession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.3 Wisdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.4 Wives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.5 Relationship with Queen of Sheba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.6 Sins and punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.7 Enemies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.8 Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Jewish scriptures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Apocryphal texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Historicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4.1 Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.5 Wealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.6 Religious views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6.1 Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6.2 Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6.3 Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.6.4 Bahá'í . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.7 Legends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.7.1 One Thousand and One Nights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.7.2 Angels and magic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.7.3 Throne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.8 Freemasonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.9 In literature, art and music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.9.1 Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.9.2 Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.9.3 Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.10 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.11 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 i
  • 3. ii CONTENTS 1.13 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.14 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2 Solomon’s Pools 15 2.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2 Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.4 Springs feeding the pools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.5 Present day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.7.1 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.8.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.8.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.8.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
  • 4. Chapter 1 Solomon For other uses, see Solomon (disambiguation). “King Solomon” redirects here. For the Ghanaian football team, see King Solomon F.C.. Solomon (/ˈsɒləmən/; Hebrew: ‫ֹה‬‫מ‬ֹ‫ל‬ְׁ‫,ש‬ Modern Shlomo, Tiberian Šəlōmō ISO 259-3 Šlomo; Syriac: Shle- mun; Arabic: ‫ُليمان‬‫س‬ Sulaymān, also colloquially: Sil- imān or Slemān; Greek: Σολομών Solomōn), also called Jedidiah (Hebrew ‫ּה‬‫י‬ָ‫ד‬ְ‫י‬‫ִד‬‫י‬ְ), was, according to the Bible (Book of Kings: 1 Kings 1–11; Book of Chronicles: 1 Chronicles 28–29, 2 Chronicles 1–9), Qur'an, and Hidden Words[2] a king of Israel and the son of David.[3] The conventional dates of Solomon’s reign are circa 970 to 931 BC. He is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, which would break apart into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah shortly after his death. Following the split, his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone. According to the Talmud, Solomon is one of the 48 prophets.[4] In the Qur'an, he is considered a major prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him by the Ara- bic variant Sulayman, son of David. The Hebrew Bible credits Solomon as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem.[3] It portrays him as great in wisdom, wealth, and power, but ultimately as a king whose sins, including idolatry and turning away from Yahweh, led to the kingdom’s being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam.[5] Solomon is the subject of many other later references and legends, most notably in the 1st-century apocryphal work known as the Testament of Solomon. In later years, in mostly non-biblical cir- cles, Solomon also came to be known as a magician and an exorcist, with numerous amulets and medallion seals dating from the Hellenistic period invoking his name.[6] 1.1 Biblical account 1.1.1 Childhood Solomon was born in Jerusalem,[7] the second born child to David and his wife Bathsheba, widow of Uriah the Hit- tite. The first child (unnamed in that account), a son con- ceived adulterously during Uriah’s lifetime, had died be- fore Solomon was conceived. Solomon had three named full brothers through Bathsheba, Nathan, Shammua, and Shobab,[8] besides six known older half-brothers through as many mothers.[9] 1.1.2 Succession Cornelis de Vos, The Anointing of Solomon. According to 1 Kings 1:39, Solomon was anointed by Zadok. According to the biblical First Book of Kings, when David was old, “he could not get warm.”[10] “So they sought for a beautiful young woman throughout all the territory of Israel, and found Abishag the Shunammite, and brought her to the king. The young woman was very beautiful, and she was of service to the king and attended to him, but the king knew her not.”[10] While David was in this state, his fourth son Adonijah, heir apparent to the throne after the death of his el- der brothers Amnon and Absalom, acted to have him- self declared king, but Bathsheba, a wife of David and Solomon’s mother, along with the prophet Nathan, con- vinced David to proclaim Solomon king. Adonijah fled and took refuge at the altar, and received pardon for his conduct from Solomon on the condition that he show him- self “a worthy man” (1 Kings 1:5–53). Adonijah asked to marry Abishag the Shunammite, 1
  • 5. 2 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON but Solomon disallowed that, although Bathsheba now pleaded on Adonijah’s behalf. He was then seized and put to death (1 Kings 2:13–25). As made clear in the earlier story of Absalom’s rebellion, to possess the royal harem was in this society tantamount to claiming the throne;[11] this applied even to a woman who had shared the bed of a king advanced in age, though she had no intimate rela- tions with King David. David’s general Joab was killed, in accord with David’s deathbed request to Solomon, because he had killed gen- erals Abner and Amasa during a peace (2 Samuel 20:8– 13; 1 Kings 2:5). David’s priest Abiathar was exiled by Solomon because he had sided with Adonijah. Abiathar is a descendent of Eli, which has important prophetic significance (1 Kings 2:27).[12] Shimei was confined to Jerusalem and killed three years later, when he went to Gath to retrieve some runaway servants, in part because he had cursed David when David’s son Absalom rebelled against David (1 Kings 2:1–46).[13] 1.1.3 Wisdom Luca Giordano – Dream of Solomon – God promises Solomon Wisdom. One of the qualities most ascribed to Solomon is his wisdom. The book of 1 Kings recounts how Solomon prays for wisdom: And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there; for that was the great high place: a thou- sand burnt offerings did Solomon offer upon that altar. In Gibeon the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream by night: and God said, Ask what I shall give thee. And Solomon said, Thou hast shewed unto thy servant David my father great mercy, according as he walked be- fore thee in truth, and in righteousness, and in uprightness of heart with thee; and thou hast kept for him this great kindness, that thou hast given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day. And now, O Lord my God, thou hast made thy servant king instead of David my fa- ther: and I am but a little child: I know not how to go out or come in. And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for multitude. Give therefore thy ser- vant an understanding heart to judge thy peo- ple, that I may discern between good and bad: for who is able to judge this thy so great a peo- ple? (1 Kings 3:4–9)[14] “So God said to him, 'Since you have asked for this and not for long life or wealth for yourself, nor have asked for the death of your enemies but for discernment in ad- ministering justice, I will do what you have asked...'" (1 Kings 3:11–12).[14] The Hebrew Bible also states that “The whole world sought audience with Solomon to hear the wisdom God had put in his heart.” (1 Kings 10:24)[15] The judgment of Solomon, painting on ceramic, Castelli, 18th century, Lille Museum of Fine Arts In one account, known as the Judgment of Solomon, two women came before Solomon to resolve a quarrel over which was the true mother of a baby. When Solomon suggested they should divide the living child in two with a sword, one woman said she would rather give up the child than see it killed. Solomon then declared the woman who showed compassion to be the true mother, and gave the baby to her. Solomon is also noted as one of many authors of wisdom literature. The apocryphal/deuterocanonical Wisdom of Solomon, along with the Book of Sirach, “are the famil- iar personalities and the events of Israel’s history com- bined with the wisdom tradition. Much of this litera- ture, however, is attributed to Solomon.”[16] Solomon be- came a favorite author and contributor of different kinds of wisdom literature, “including not only the collections of Proverbs, but also of Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon and the later apocryphal book the Wisdom of Solomon.”[16]
  • 6. 1.1. BIBLICAL ACCOUNT 3 1.1.4 Wives According to the Bible, Solomon had 700 wives and 300 concubines. The wives are described as foreign princesses, including Pharaoh’s daughter and women of Moab, Ammon, Sidon and of the Hittites. In a subject called in art the Idolatry of Solomon, the foreign wives are depicted as leading Solomon away from Yahweh to- ward idolatry because they worshiped gods other than Yahweh (1 Kings 11:1–3). This forms part of the Power of Women topos in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, showing the dangers women posed to even the most virtuous men.[17] The only wife mentioned by name is Naamah, who is described as the Ammonite.[18] She was the mother of Solomon’s successor, Rehoboam. 1.1.5 Relationship with Queen of Sheba Main article: Queen of Sheba In a brief, unelaborated, and enigmatic passage, the He- The Visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon', oil on canvas painting by Edward Poynter, 1890 brew Bible describes how the fame of Solomon’s wisdom and wealth spread far and wide, so much so that the queen of Sheba decided that she should meet him. The queen is described as visiting with a number of gifts including gold, spices and precious stones. When Solomon gave her “all her desire, whatsoever she asked,” she left satisfied (1 Kings 10:10). Whether the passage is simply to provide a brief to- ken, foreign witness of Solomon’s wealth and wisdom, or whether there is meant to be something more significant to the queen’s visit is unknown; nevertheless the visit of the Queen of Sheba has become the subject of numerous stories. Sheba is typically identified as Saba, a nation once span- ning the Red Sea on the coasts of what are now Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia and Yemen, in Arabia Felix. In a Rab- binical account (e.g., Targum Sheni), Solomon was ac- customed to ordering the living creatures of the world to dance before him (Rabbinical accounts say that Solomon had been given control over all living things by Yahweh), Renaissance relief of the Queen of Sheba meeting Solomon – gate of Florence Baptistry but one day upon discovering that the mountain-cock or hoopoe (Hebrew name: shade) was absent, he summoned it to him, and the bird told him that it had been searching for somewhere new. The bird had discovered a land in the east, exceedingly rich in gold, silver, and plants, whose capital was called Kitor and whose ruler was the Queen of Sheba, and the bird, on its own advice, was sent by Solomon to request the queen’s immediate attendance at Solomon’s court. An Ethiopian account from the 14th century (Kebra Na- gast) maintains that the Queen of Sheba had sexual re- lations with King Solomon and gave birth by the Mai Bella stream in the province of Hamasien, Eritrea. The Ethiopian tradition has a detailed account of the affair. The child was a son who went on to become Menelik I, King of Axum, and founded a dynasty that would reign as the first Jewish, then Christian Empire of Ethiopia for 2,900+ years (less one usurpation episode, an inter- val of c. 133 years until a legitimate male heir regained the crown) until Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974. Menelik was said to be a practicing Jew who was given a replica of the Ark of the Covenant by King Solomon; and, moreover, that the original was switched and went to Axum with him and his mother, and is still there, guarded by a single priest charged with caring for the artifact as his life’s task. The claim of such a lineage and of possession of the Ark has been an important source of legitimacy and prestige for the Ethiopian monarchy throughout the many cen- turies of its existence, and had important and lasting ef- fects on Ethiopian culture as a whole. The Ethiopian gov- ernment and church deny all requests to view the alleged ark.[lower-alpha 1] Some classical-era Rabbis, attacking Solomon’s moral
  • 7. 4 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON character, have claimed instead that the child was an an- cestor of Nebuchadnezzar II, who destroyed Solomon’s temple some 300 years later.[19] 1.1.6 Sins and punishment "Vanity of vanities; all is vanity.” Old and meditative king Solomon by Isaac Asknaziy. According to 1 Kings 11:4 Solomon’s “wives turned his heart after other gods”, their own national deities, to whom Solomon built temples, thus incurring divine anger and retribution in the form of the division of the king- dom after Solomon’s death (1 Kings 11:9–13). 1 Kings 11 describes Solomon’s descent into idolatry, particularly his turning after Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and after Milcom, the abomination of the Ammonites. In Deuteronomy 17:16–17, a king is commanded not to multiply horses or wives, neither greatly multiply to him- self gold or silver. Solomon sins in all three of these ar- eas. Solomon collects 666 talents of gold each year (1 Kings 10:14), a huge amount of money for a small nation like Israel. Solomon gathers a large number of horses and chariots and even brings in horses from Egypt. Just as Deuteronomy 17 warns, collecting horses and chari- ots takes Israel back to Egypt. Finally, Solomon marries foreign women, and these women turn Solomon to other gods. According to 1 Kings 11:30–34, it was because of these sins that “the Lord punishes Solomon by removing 10 of the 12 Tribes of Israel from the Israelites.[20] And the Lord was angry with Solomon, be- cause his heart had turned away from the Lord, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods. But he did not keep what the Lord commanded. Therefore the Lord said to Solomon, “Since this has been your practice and you have not kept my covenant and my statutes that I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom from you and will give it to your servant. Yet for the sake of David your father I will not do it in your days, but I will tear it out of the hand Solomon sinned by acquiring many foreign wives. Solomon’s de- scent into idolatry, Willem de Poorter, Rijksmuseum. of your son. However, I will not tear away all the kingdom, but I will give one tribe to your son, for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem that I have chosen. 1.1.7 Enemies Near the end of his life, Solomon was forced to contend with several enemies, including Hadad of Edom, Rezon of Zobah, and one of his officials named Jeroboam who was from the tribe of Ephraim.[5] 1.1.8 Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division According to the Hebrew Bible, Solomon died of natu- ral causes[21] at around 80 years of age. Upon Solomon’s death, his son, Rehoboam, succeeded him as king. How- ever, ten of the Tribes of Israel refused to accept him as king, causing the United Monarchy to split and form the northern Kingdom of Israel ruled by Jeroboam, while Re- hoboam continued to reign in the southern Kingdom of Judah. 1.2 Jewish scriptures King Solomon is one of the central Biblical figures in Jewish heritage that have lasting religious, national and
  • 8. 1.4. HISTORICITY 5 Byblos Beirut Sidon Tyre Acre Samaria Umomium Damascus Shechem Rabbath-Ammon Beit El Lachish Hebron Dibon Beersheba Petra Ashdod Ashkelon Gaza Jericho Jaffa Jerusalem Jerash 0 (km) 20 PHILISTINE STATES KINGDOM OF MOAB NABATU TRIBES KINGDOM OF EDOM ARABU TRIBES KINGDOM OF AMMON KINGDOM OF ARAM-DAMASCUS ARAMEAN TRIBES ASSYRIAN EMPIRESIZU PHOENICIAN STATES Mediterranean Sea The United Monarchy breaks up, with Jeroboam ruling over the northern Kingdom of Israel (blue on the map) and Rehoboam ruling the Kingdom of Judah to the south. political aspects. As the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem and last ruler of the united Kingdom of Israel before its division into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah, Solomon is associ- ated with the peak “golden age” of the independent King- dom of Israel as well as a source of judicial and religious wisdom. According to Jewish tradition, King Solomon wrote three books of the Bible: • Mishlei (Book of Proverbs), a collection of fables and wisdom of life • Kohelet (Ecclesiastes), a book of contemplation and his self-reflection. • Shir ha-Shirim (Song of Songs), an unusual collec- tion of poetry interspersed with verse, whose inter- pretation is either literal (i.e., a romantic and sex- ual relationship between a man and a woman) or metaphorical (a relationship between God and his people). The Hebrew word “To Solomon” (which can also be translated as “by Solomon”) appears in the title of two hymns in the book of Psalms (Tehillim), suggesting to some that Solomon wrote them. 1.3 Apocryphal texts Rabbinical tradition attributes the Wisdom of Solomon to Solomon, although this book was probably written in the 2nd century BC. In this work, Solomon is portrayed as an astronomer. Other books of wisdom poetry such as the Odes of Solomon and the Psalms of Solomon also bear his name. The Jewish historian Eupolemus, who wrote about 157 BC, included copies of apocryphal letters exchanged between Solomon and the kings of Egypt and Tyre. The Gnostic Apocalypse of Adam, which may date to the 1st or 2nd century, refers to a legend in which Solomon sends out an army of demons to seek a virgin who had fled from him, perhaps the earliest surviving mention of the later common tale that Solomon controlled demons and made them his slaves. This tradition of Solomon’s control over demons appears fully elaborated in the early pseudographical work called the Testament of Solomon with its elaborate and grotesque demonology.[22] 1.4 Historicity See also: David: Historicity Historical evidence of King Solomon other than the bib- An engraving, Judgment of Solomon, by Gustave Doré (19th century) lical accounts is minimal. Josephus in Against Apion, cit- ing Tyrian court records and Menander, gives a specific year during which King Hiram I of Tyre sent materials to Solomon for the construction of the temple.[23] However, no material evidence indisputably of Solomon’s reign has been found. Yigael Yadin's excavations at Hazor, Megiddo, Beit Shean and Gezer uncovered structures that he and others have argued date from his reign,[24] but oth- ers, such as Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, argue
  • 9. 6 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON that they should be dated to the Omride period, more than a century after Solomon.[25] Solomon’s Wealth and Wisdom, as in 1 Kings 3:12–13, illustra- tion from a Bible card published 1896 by the Providence Litho- graph Company. According to Finkelstein and Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Is- rael and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts,[26] at the time of the kingdoms of David and Solomon, Jerusalem was pop- ulated by only a few hundred residents or less, which is in- sufficient for an empire stretching from the Euphrates to Eilath. According to The Bible Unearthed, archaeological evidence suggests that the kingdom of Israel at the time of Solomon was little more than a small city state, and so it is implausible that Solomon received tribute as large as 666 talents of gold per year. Although both Finkelstein and Silberman accept that David and Solomon were real kings of Judah about the 10th century BC,[27] they claim that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel is about 890 BC, and for Judah about 750 BC. They suggest that due to religious prejudice, the authors of the Bible suppressed the achievements of the Omrides (whom the Hebrew Bible describes as being polytheist), and instead pushed them back to a supposed golden age of Judaism and monotheists, and devotees of Yahweh. Some Biblical minimalists like Thomas L. Thompson go fur- ther, arguing that Jerusalem became a city and capable of being a state capital only in the mid-7th century.[28] Like- wise, Finkelstein and others consider the claimed size of Solomon’s temple implausible. These views are criticized by William G. Dever,[29] and André Lemaire,[30] among others. Lemaire states in Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruc- tion of the Temple[30] that the principal points of the biblical tradition of Solomon are generally trustworthy. Kenneth Kitchen agrees, arguing that Solomon ruled over a comparatively wealthy “mini-empire”, rather than a small city-state, and considers 666 gold talents a modest amount of money. Kitchen calculates that over 30 years, such a kingdom might have accumulated up to 500 tons of gold, which is small compared to other examples, such as the 1,180 tons of gold that Alexander the Great took from Susa.[31] Similarly Kitchen[32] and others consider the temple of Solomon a reasonable and typically sized structure for the region at the time. Dever states “that we now have direct Bronze and Iron Age parallels for ev- ery feature of the 'Solomonic temple' as described in the Hebrew Bible”.[33] The archaeological remains that are considered to date from the time of Solomon are notable for the fact that Canaanite material culture appears to have continued un- abated; there is a distinct lack of magnificent empire, or cultural development – indeed comparing pottery from areas traditionally assigned to Israel with that of the Philistines points to the Philistines having been signifi- cantly more sophisticated. However, there is a lack of physical evidence of its existence, despite some archae- ological work in the area.[25] This is not unexpected be- cause the area was devastated by the Babylonians, then rebuilt and destroyed several times.[32] Little archaeolog- ical excavation has been done around the area known as the Temple Mount, in what is thought to be the founda- tion of Solomon’s Temple, because attempts to do so are met with protest by Muslims.[34] From a critical point of view, Solomon’s building of a temple for Yahweh should not be considered an act of particular devotion to Yahweh because Solomon is also described as building places of worship for a number of other deities[19] (1 Kings 11:4). Some scholars and historians argue that Solomon’s apparent initial devotion to Yahweh, described in passages such as his dedica- tion prayer (1 Kings 8:14–66), were written much later, after Jerusalem had become the religious centre of the kingdom, replacing locations such as Shiloh and Bethel. Some scholars believe that passages such as these in the Books of Kings were not written by the same authors who wrote the rest of the text, instead probably by the Deuteronomist.[33] Such views have been challenged by other historians who maintain that there is evidence that these passages in Kings are derived from official court records at the time of Solomon and from other writings of that time that were incorporated into the canonical books of Kings.[35][36][37] 1.4.1 Chronology The conventional dates of Solomon’s reign derived from biblical chronology are from c. 970 to 931 BC. Regard- ing the Davidic dynasty to which King Solomon belongs, its chronology can be checked against datable Babylonian and Assyrian records at a few points, and these correspon- dences have allowed archeologists to date its kings in a
  • 10. 1.5. WEALTH 7 modern framework. According to the most widely used chronology, based on that by Edwin R. Thiele, the death of Solomon and the division of his kingdom would have occurred in the spring of 931 BC.[38] 1.5 Wealth Solomon and the plan for the First Temple, illustration from a Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Co. A sketch of Solomon’s Temple, based on descriptions in the Scrip- tures. See also: Solomon’s Temple According to the Hebrew Bible, the Israelite monarchy gained its highest splendour and wealth during Solomon’s Artist’s depiction of Solomon’s court (Ingobertus, c. 880) reign of 40 years. In a single year, according to 1 Kings 10:14, Solomon collected tribute amounting to 666 talents (39,960 pounds) of gold. Solomon is described as surrounding himself with all the luxuries and the grandeur of an Eastern monarch, and his government prospered. He entered into an alliance with Hiram I, king of Tyre, who in many ways greatly assisted him in his numerous undertakings. For some years before his death, David was engaged in collecting materials for building a temple in Jerusalem as a permanent home for Yahweh and the Ark of the Covenant. Solomon is described as completing its con- struction, with the help of an architect, also named Hiram, and other materials, sent from King Hiram of Tyre. After the completion of the temple, Solomon is de- scribed as erecting many other buildings of importance in Jerusalem. For 13 years, he was engaged in the build- ing of a royal palace on Ophel (a hilly promontory in cen- tral Jerusalem). Solomon also constructed great works for the purpose of securing a plentiful supply of water for the city, and the Millo (Septuagint, Acra) for the defense of the city. However, excavations of Jerusalem have shown a distinct lack of monumental architecture from the era, and remains of neither the Temple nor Solomon’s palace have been found. Solomon is also described as rebuilding cities elsewhere in Israel, creating the port of Ezion-Geber, and construct- ing Palmyra in the wilderness as a commercial depot and military outpost. Although the location of the port of
  • 11. 8 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON Ezion-Geber is known, no remains have ever been found. More archaeological success has been achieved with the major cities Solomon is said to have strengthened or re- built, for example, Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer.[39] These all have substantial ancient remains, including impressive six-chambered gates, and ashlar palaces, however it is no longer the scholarly consensus that these structures date to the time, according to the Bible, when Solomon ruled.[25] According to the Bible, during Solomon’s reign, Israel en- joyed great commercial prosperity, with extensive traffic being carried on by land with Tyre, Egypt, and Arabia, and by sea with Tarshish, Ophir, and South India. 1.6 Religious views 1.6.1 Judaism King Solomon sinned by acquiring many foreign wives and horses because he thought he knew the reason for the Biblical prohibition and thought it did not apply to him. When King Solomon married the daughter of the Egyptian Pharaoh, a sandbank formed which eventually formed the “great nation of Rome” – the nation that de- stroyed the Second Temple (Herod’s Temple). Solomon gradually lost more and more prestige until he became like a commoner. Some say he regained his status while others say he did not. In the end however, he is regarded as a righteous king and is especially praised for his dili- gence in building the Temple.[40] 1.6.2 Christianity Christianity has traditionally accepted the historical exis- tence of Solomon, though some modern Christian schol- ars have also questioned at least his authorship of those biblical texts ascribed to him. Such disputes tend to di- vide Christians into traditionalist and modernist camps. Of the two genealogies of Jesus given in the Gospels, Matthew mentions Solomon, but Luke does not. Some commentators see this as an issue that can be reconciled while others disagree. For instance, it has been suggested that Luke is using Joseph’s genealogy and Matthew is us- ing Mary’s, but Darrell Bock states that this would be un- precedented, “especially when no other single woman ap- pears in the line”. Other suggestions include the use by one of the royal and the other of the natural line, one us- ing the legal line and the other the physical line, or that Joseph was adopted.[41] Jesus makes reference to Solomon, using him for compar- ison purposes in his admonition against worrying about your life. This account is recorded in Matthew 6:29 and the parallel passage in Luke 12:27 In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Solomon is commemo- rated as a saint, with the title of “Righteous Prophet and Russian icon of King Solomon. He is depicted holding a model of the Temple (18th century, iconostasis of Kizhi monastery, Russia). King”. His feast day is celebrated on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the Great Feast of the Nativity of the Lord). The staunchly Catholic King Philip II of Spain sought to model himself after King Solomon. Statues of King David and Solomon stand on either side of the entrance to the basilica of El Escorial, Philip’s palace, and Solomon is also depicted in a great fresco at the center of El Es- corial’s library. Philip identified the warrior-king David with his own father Charles V, and himself sought to em- ulate the thoughtful and logical character which he per- ceived in Solomon. Moreover, Escorial’s structure was inspired by that of Solomon’s Temple.[42][43] 1.6.3 Islam Mausoleum of Solomon, Aqsa Mosque compound, Jerusalem
  • 12. 1.7. LEGENDS 9 Main article: Solomon in Islam In Islamic tradition, Solomon is venerated as a prophet and a messenger of God, as well as a divinely appointed monarch, who ruled over the Kingdom of Israel. As in Judaism, Islam recognizes Solomon as the son of King David, who is also considered a prophet and a king but contrary to Judaism, Islam completely denies the claim that Solomon had sinned or turned to idolatry. {{And they followed what the devils taught during the reign of Solomon. It was not Solomon who disbelieved, but it was the devils who disbelieved. They taught the peo- ple witchcraft and what was revealed in Babylon to the two angels Harut and Marut. They did not teach anybody until they had said, “We are a test, so do not lose faith.” But they learned from them the means to cause separation between man and his wife. But they cannot harm any- one except with God’s permission. And they learned what would harm them and not benefit them. Yet they knew that whoever deals in it will have no share in the Here- after. Miserable is what they sold their souls for, if they only knew.}}.[44] Quran ascribes to Solomon a great level of wisdom, knowledge and power Quran 27/15–17 Quran 21/79–82. According to Islamic holy scripture, he knew the “lan- guage of the birds” (Mantiq al-tayr) The Quran 27:16. Solomon was also known in the Islam to have other super- natural abilities (bestowed upon him by God after a spe- cial request by Solomon himself) The Quran 38/35–38 such as controlling the wind, ruling over the Jinn, demons and one mention to the hearing of distant sounds mani- fested in Quran by ants’ speech : {{And to Solomon (We made) the wind (obedient): its early morning (stride) was a month’s (journey), and its evening (stride) was a month’s (journey); and We made a font of molten brass to flow for him; and there were Jinns that worked in front of him, by the leave of his Lord, and if any of them turned aside from Our command, We made him taste of the Penalty of the Blazing Fire. (34:12) and At length, when they came to a (lowly) valley of ants, one of the ants said: “O ye ants, get into your habitations, lest Solomon and his hosts crush you (under foot) without knowing it.” – So he smiled, amused at her speech; and he said: “O my Lord! So order me that I may be grateful for Thy favors, which Thou hast bestowed on me and on my parents, and that I may work the righteousness that will please Thee: and admit me, by Thy Grace, to the ranks of Thy righteous Servants.}} (18–19:27). Islamic tradition attributes to Solomon the saying: “The beginning of wis- dom is the fear of God” (ra’s al-hikmah makhafat Allah). The Qur'an mentions Solomon 17 times. 1.6.4 Bahá'í In the Bahá'í Faith, Solomon is regarded as one of the lesser prophets along with David, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, along with others.[45] Baha'is see Solomon as a prophet who was sent by God to address the issues of his time.[46] Baha'ullah wrote about Solomon in the Hid- den Words.[47] He also mentions Solomon in the Tablet of Wisdom, where he is depicted as a contemporary of Pythagoras.[48] 1.7 Legends 1.7.1 One Thousand and One Nights A well-known story in the collection One Thousand and One Nights describes a genie who had displeased King Solomon and was punished by being locked in a bottle and thrown into the sea. Since the bottle was sealed with Solomon’s seal, the genie was helpless to free himself, until freed many centuries later by a fisherman who dis- covered the bottle.[49] In other stories which are found in One Thousand and One Nights, protagonists who had to leave their homeland and travel to the unknown places of the world saw signs which proved that Solomon had already been there. Sometimes, protagonists discovered Solomon’s words which aimed to help those who were lost and unluckily reached those forbidden and deserted places. 1.7.2 Angels and magic According to the Rabbinical literature, on account of his modest request for wisdom only, Solomon was rewarded with riches and an unprecedented glorious realm, which extended over the upper world inhabited by the angels and over the whole of the terrestrial globe with all its inhab- itants, including all the beasts, fowl, and reptiles, as well as the demons and spirits. His control over the demons, spirits, and animals augmented his splendor, the demons bringing him precious stones, besides water from distant countries to irrigate his exotic plants. The beasts and fowl of their own accord entered the kitchen of Solomon’s palace, so that they might be used as food for him, and extravagant meals for him were prepared daily by each of his 700 wives and 300 concubines, with the thought that perhaps the king would feast that day in her house. Seal of Solomon A magic ring called the "Seal of Solomon" was suppos- edly given to Solomon and gave him power over demons. The magical symbol said to have been on the Seal of Solomon which made it work is now better known as the Star of David. Asmodeus, king of demons, was one day,
  • 13. 10 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON according to the classical Rabbis, captured by Benaiah using the ring, and was forced to remain in Solomon’s service. In one tale, Asmodeus brought a man with two heads from under the earth to show Solomon; the man, unable to return, married a woman from Jerusalem and had seven sons, six of whom resembled the mother, while one resembled the father in having two heads. After their father’s death, the son with two heads claimed two shares of the inheritance, arguing that he was two men; Solomon decided that the son with two heads was only one man. The Seal of Solomon, in some legends known as the Ring of Aandaleeb, was a highly sought after symbol of power. In several legends, different groups or individuals attempted to steal it or attain it in some manner. Solomon and Asmodeus One legend concerning Asmodeus goes on to state that Solomon one day asked Asmodeus what could make demons powerful over man, and Asmodeus asked to be freed and given the ring so that he could demonstrate; Solomon agreed but Asmodeus threw the ring into the sea and it was swallowed by a fish. Asmodeus then swallowed the king, stood up fully with one wing touching heaven and the other earth, and spat out Solomon to a distance of 400 miles. The Rabbis claim this was a divine pun- ishment for Solomon’s having failed to follow three di- vine commands, and Solomon was forced to wander from city to city, until he eventually arrived in an Ammonite city where he was forced to work in the king’s kitchens. Solomon gained a chance to prepare a meal for the Am- monite king, which the king found so impressive that the previous cook was sacked and Solomon put in his place; the king’s daughter, Naamah, subsequently fell in love with Solomon, but the family (thinking Solomon a com- moner) disapproved, so the king decided to kill them both by sending them into the desert. Solomon and the king’s daughter wandered the desert until they reached a coastal city, where they bought a fish to eat, which just hap- pened to be the one which had swallowed the magic ring. Solomon was then able to regain his throne and expel As- modeus. The element of a ring thrown into the sea and found back in a fish’s belly also appeared in Herodotus' account of Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos from c. 538 BC to 522 BC. In another familiar version of the legend of the Seal of Solomon, Asmodeus disguises himself. In some myths, he’s disguised as King Solomon himself, while in more frequently heard versions he’s disguised as a falcon, call- ing himself Gavyn (Gavinn or Gavin), one of King Solomon’s trusted friends. The concealed Asmodeus tells travelers who have ventured up to King Solomon’s grand lofty palace that the Seal of Solomon was thrown into the sea. He then convinces them to plunge in and attempt to retrieve it, for if they do they would take the throne as king. Artifacts Other magical items attributed to Solomon are his key and his Table. The latter was said to be held in Toledo, Spain during Visigoth rule and was part of the loot taken by Tarik ibn Ziyad during the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia, according to Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the Conquest of Spain. The former appears in the title of the Lesser Key of Solomon, a grimoire whose framing story is Solomon capturing demons using his ring, and forcing them to explain themselves to him. Angels Angels also helped Solomon in building the Temple; though not by choice. The edifice was, according to rab- binical legend, miraculously constructed throughout, the large heavy stones rising and settling in their respective places of themselves. The general opinion of the Rabbis is that Solomon hewed the stones by means of a shamir, a mythical worm whose mere touch cleft rocks. Accord- ing to Midrash Tehillim, the shamir was brought from paradise by Solomon’s eagle; but most of the rabbis state that Solomon was informed of the worm’s haunts by As- modeus. The shamir had been entrusted by the prince of the sea to the mountain rooster alone, and the rooster had sworn to guard it well, but Solomon’s men found the bird’s nest, and covered it with glass. When the bird returned, it used the shamir to break the glass, whereupon the men scared the bird, causing it to drop the worm, which the men could then bring to Solomon. In the Kabbalah Early adherents of the Kabbalah portray Solomon as hav- ing sailed through the air on a throne of light placed on an eagle, which brought him near the heavenly gates as well as to the dark mountains behind which the fallen an- gels Uzza and Azzazel were chained; the eagle would rest on the chains, and Solomon, using the magic ring, would compel the two angels to reveal every mystery he desired to know. The palace without entrance According to one legend, while traveling magically, Solomon noticed a magnificent palace to which there ap- peared to be no entrance. He ordered the demons to climb to the roof and see if they could discover any living being within the building but the demons only found an eagle, which said that it was 700 years old, but that it had never seen an entrance. An elder brother of the eagle, 900 years old, was then found, but it also did not know the entrance. The eldest brother of these two birds, which was 1,300 years old, then declared it had been informed by its father that the door was on the west side, but that it had become
  • 14. 1.8. FREEMASONRY 11 hidden by sand drifted by the wind. Having discovered the entrance, Solomon found an idol inside that had in its mouth a silver tablet saying in Greek (a language not thought by modern scholars to have existed 1000 years before the time of Solomon) that the statue was of Shad- dad, the son of 'Ad, and that it had reigned over a million cities, rode on a million horses, had under it a million vas- sals and slew a million warriors, yet it could not resist the angel of death. 1.7.3 Throne Solomon at his throne, painting by Andreas Brugger, 1777 Solomon’s throne is described at length in Targum Sheni, which is compiled from three different sources, and in two later Midrash. According to these, there were on the steps of the throne twelve golden lions, each facing a golden eagle. There were six steps to the throne, on which animals, all of gold, were arranged in the following order: on the first step a lion opposite an ox; on the sec- ond, a wolf opposite a sheep; on the third, a tiger opposite a camel; on the fourth, an eagle opposite a peacock, on the fifth, a cat opposite a cock; on the sixth, a sparrow- hawk opposite a dove. On the top of the throne was a dove holding a sparrow-hawk in its claws, symbolizing the dominion of Israel over the Gentiles. The first midrash claims that six steps were constructed because Solomon foresaw that six kings would sit on the throne, namely, Solomon, Rehoboam, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Amon, and Josiah. There was also on the top of the throne a golden candelabrum, on the seven branches of the one side of which were engraved the names of the seven patriarchs Adam, Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Job, and on the seven of the other the names of Levi, Ko- hath, Amram, Moses, Aaron, Eldad, Medad, and, in ad- dition, Hur (another version has Haggai). Above the can- delabrum was a golden jar filled with olive-oil and be- neath it a golden basin which supplied the jar with oil and on which the names of Nadab, Abihu, and Eli and his two sons were engraved. Over the throne, twenty-four vines were fixed to cast a shadow on the king’s head. By a mechanical contrivance the throne followed Solomon wherever he wished to go. Supposedly, due to another mechanical trick, when the king reached the first step, the ox stretched forth its leg, on which Solomon leaned, a similar action taking place in the case of the animals on each of the six steps. From the sixth step the eagles raised the king and placed him in his seat, near which a golden serpent lay coiled. When the king was seated the large eagle placed the crown on his head, the serpent uncoiled itself, and the lions and eagles moved up- ward to form a shade over him. The dove then descended, took the scroll of the Law from the Ark, and placed it on Solomon’s knees. When the king sat, surrounded by the Sanhedrin, to judge the people, the wheels began to turn, and the beasts and fowls began to utter their respec- tive cries, which frightened those who had intended to bear false testimony. Moreover, while Solomon was as- cending the throne, the lions scattered all kinds of fra- grant spices. After Solomon’s death, Pharaoh Shishak, when taking away the treasures of the Temple (I Kings xiv. 26), carried off the throne, which remained in Egypt until Sennacherib conquered that country. After Sen- nacherib’s fall Hezekiah gained possession of it, but when Josiah was slain by Pharaoh Necho, the latter took it away. However, according to rabbinical accounts, Necho did not know how the mechanism worked and so acciden- tally struck himself with one of the lions causing him to become lame; Nebuchadnezzar, into whose possession the throne subsequently came, shared a similar fate. The throne then passed to the Persians, whose king Darius was the first to sit successfully on Solomon’s throne after his death; subsequently the throne came into the possession of the Greeks and Ahasuerus. 1.8 Freemasonry Masonic rituals refer to King Solomon and the building of his Temple.[50] Masonic Temples, where a Masonic Lodge meets, are an allegorical reference to King Solomon’s Temple.[51] 1.9 In literature, art and music 1.9.1 Literature • In H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon’s Mines the pro- tagonists discover multiple settings said to belong to, or having been built at the request of King Solomon, such as 'Solomon’s Great Road' and the mines them- selves. Also, the two mountains which form the en- trance to Kukuana Land (where the mines are lo- cated in the novel) are referred to as 'Sheba’s Breasts’ which could well be an allusion to the Queen of
  • 15. 12 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON Sheba, with whom King Solomon had a relation- ship; or alternatively Solomon’s mother, who was named Bathsheba. When in the mines the characters also contemplate what must have occurred to pre- vent King Solomon from ever returning to retrieve the massive amounts of diamonds, gold and ivory tusks that were found buried in his great 'Treasure Chamber'. • In The Divine Comedy the spirit of Solomon appears to Dante Alighieri in the Heaven of the Sun with other exemplars of inspired wisdom. • In Friedrich Dürrenmatt's Die Physiker, the physicist Möbius claims that Solomon appears to him and dic- tates the “theory of all possible inventions” (based on Unified Field Theory). • Solomon appears in Kipling’s Just So Stories. • In Neal Stephenson's three-volume The Baroque Cy- cle, 17th-century alchemists like Isaac Newton be- lieve that Solomon created a kind of “heavier” gold with mystical properties and that it was cached in the Solomon Islands where it was accidentally dis- covered by the crew of a wayward Spanish galleon. In the third volume of The Baroque Cycle, The Sys- tem of the World, a mysterious member of the en- tourage of Czar Peter I of Russia, named “Solomon Kohan" appears in early 18th-century London. The czar, traveling incognito to purchase English-made ships for his navy, explains that he added him to his court after the Sack of Azov, where Kohan had been a guest of the Pasha. Solomon Kohan is later revealed as one of the extremely long-lived “Wise” Enoch Root, and compares a courtyard full of in- ventors’ workstations to “an operation I used to have in Jerusalem a long time ago,” denominating either facility as “a temple.” • In Bartimaeus: The Ring of Solomon, both King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba are featured prominently. • In the Japanese manga series Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic, Solomon was a powerful magician which united all of the world under his peaceful rule. How- ever, when this world was destroyed by a calamity, he created the world Magi is set in and saved mankind by sending them there. A special power originated from him, the “Wisdom of Solomon”, al- lows the main character Aladdin to talk directly with the soul of a person, alive or dead. • In Makai Ouji: Devils and Realist, Solomon is a friend of Lucifer and is the “Elector” – the one who can choose the interim ruler over Hell as its em- peror rests to regain his strength and had powers over demons known as his seventy-two pillars. He’s also known who can control Hell or Heaven with the power of his ring. • Chapter 14 of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ends with Huck and Jim debating over how wise Solomon really was. • In Francis Bacon’s Essay 'Of Revenge', Solomon is paraphrased: “And Solomon, I am sure, saith, It is the glory of a man, to pass by an offence.” 1.9.2 Film • Solomon and Sheba (1959) – Epic film directed by King Vidor, starring Yul Brynner and Gina Lollob- rigida • Solomon & Sheba (1995) – Showtime film directed by Robert M. Young starring Halle Berry and Jimmy Smits • Solomon (1997, TNT) – directed by Roger Young, starring Ben Cross • The Kingdom of Solomon (2009) – Iranian produc- tion directed by Shahriar Bahrani 1.9.3 Music • Marc-Antoine Charpentier, a French composer of the Baroque Era, composed an oratorio entitled Solomon’s Judgement.[52] • Handel composed an oratorio entitled Solomon in 1748. The story follows the basic Biblical plot.[53] • Ernest Bloch composed a Hebraic Rhapsody for cello and orchestra entitled Schelomo, based on King Solomon. • Toivo Tulev composed a piece for choir, soloists and chamber orchestra entitled “Songs” in 2005. The text is taken directly from the Song of Songs in its English, Spanish and Latin translations. • Junior Murvin has a reggae song titled Solomon, in which Murvin warns a woman that he is wiser than Solomon in the ways of women. 1.10 See also • Solomon in Islam • Goetia • Heichal Shlomo • Solomon and Marcolf • Solomon’s Pools • Solomonic column
  • 16. 1.12. REFERENCES 13 • The Judgement of Salomon (Giorgione) • This too shall pass • List of Jewish monarchs 1.11 Notes [1] Recent History Channel promotional production about In- diana Jones’s positive impact on archaeology (released Mid-May 2008, the week before the 22 May 2008 USA release of Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull); History Channel producers were shown interview- ing the guardian priest, and expert discussions about the Ark were part of the fare. 1.12 References [1] “In Our Time With Melvyn Bragg: King Solomon”. UK: BBC Radio 4. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-10. [2] Williamson, H. G. M. (1976). “The Accession of Solomon in the Books of Chronicles”. Vetus Testamen- tum 26 (3): 351–361. doi:10.1163/156853376X00510. JSTOR 10.2307/1517303. [3] Barton, George A. (1967). “Temple of Solomon”. Jewish Encyclopedia 215 (5105). New York, NY: Funk & Wag- nalls. pp. 98–101. doi:10.1038/2151043a0. Retrieved 2007-05-15. [4] Rashi, to Megillah, 14a [5] Leithart, Peter J (2000). A House for My Name. Canon Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-885767-69-1. [6] “Archaeology, Culture, and other Religions”. FMC terra santa. Retrieved 2013-06-21. [7] 1 Chronicles 14:4 [8] 1 Chronicles 3:5 [9] 1 Chronicles 3:1–4 [10] “1 Kings 1 (ESV)". Bible gateway. Retrieved 2010-03- 03. [11] Hoerber, Robert G., ed. (1984) Concordia Self-Study Bible (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House) p. 473 [12] Peter J. Leithart, A House for My Name, 164, Canon Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-885767-69-1 [13] “Jewish Encyclopedia”. Retrieved 2010-03-03. [14] “I Kings”, KJV, The Bible, 3:4–9 [15] “New International Version” (Passage Lookup). Bible Gateway. 10. Retrieved 2010-03-03. |contribution= ig- nored (help) [16] Coogan 2009, p. 375. [17] H Diane Russell (ed), Eva/Ave; Women in Renaissance and Baroque Prints, pp. 162–164, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1990, ISBN 1558610391 [18] 1 Kings 14:21 and 2 Chronicles 12:13 [19] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Jewish Encyclopedia. 1901–1906. [20] “NIV”. Bible Gateway. 11 – Solomon’s Wives – King Solomon. Retrieved 2013-06-21. |contribution= ignored (help) [21] “The Kingdom of Israel”. Jewish Virtual Library. Re- trieved 2010-03-03. [22] “Solomon, Testament of”. Jewish Encyclopedia. Re- trieved 2010-03-03. [23] Against Apion i:17,18. [24] Dever 2001. [25] Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, pp. 186–195 [26] Finkelstein & Silberman 2001, p. 133. [27] Finkelstein & Silberman 2006, p. 20. [28] Thompson, Thomas L., 1999, The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past, Jonathan Cape, London, ISBN 978- 0-224-03977-2 p. 207 [29] Dever 2001, p. 160. [30] Shanks, Hershel, Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Ro- man Destruction of the Temple, p. 113 [31] Kitchen 2003, p. 135. [32] Kitchen 2003, p. 123 [33] Dever 2001, p. 145 [34] “Temple Mount: Excavation Controversy”. Sacred desti- nations. Retrieved 2010-03-03. [35] Harrison, RK (1969), Introduction to the Old Testament, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, pp. 722–24 [36] Archer, GL (1964), A Survey of Old Testament Introduc- tion, Chicago: Moody Press, pp. 276–77 [37] Thiele 1983, p. 193–204. [38] Thiele 1983, p. 78. [39] 1 Kings 9:15) [40] “tractate Sanhendrin”, Talmud Bavli, p. 21b [41] Bock, Darell (1996). Luke. The NIV Application Com- mentary. Zondervan. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-310-49330-3. [42] Taylor, René, Arquitectura y Magia. Consideraciones sobre la Idea de El Escorial [Architecture and magic. Considerations on the idea of the Escorial] (in Spanish), Madrid: Siruela, enhanced from monograph in Rudolph Wittkower’s 1968 festschrift.
  • 17. 14 CHAPTER 1. SOLOMON [43] Wittkower, Rudolf; Jaffe, Irma, “Hermetism and the Mys- tical Architecture of the Society of Jesus”, Baroque Art: The Jesuit Contribution [44] The Quran 2 :102 [45] Smith, Peter (2008), An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith, p. 108 [46] Steier, E Joseph, III; Timmering, Dianne H (2008), My God! Our God?, p. 176 [47] Ryba, Thomas; Bond, George D; Tull, Herman (2004), The Comity and Grace of Method: Essays in Honor of Ed- mund F. Perry, p. 399 [48] Garlington, William (2005), The Baha'i Faith in America, p. 160 [49] “The Story of the Fisherman”, Stories from the Thousand and One Nights, The Harvard Classics, 1909–14 [50] “Index of /". lodgechelmsford.com. Retrieved 2014-08- 29. [51] “Freemasons NSW & ACT – Home”. masons.org.au. Re- trieved 2014-08-29. [52] Antony, James R. (March 1, 2003). French Baroque Mu- sic from Beaujoyeulx to Rameau: (2nd ed.). Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 278. ISBN 978-0393009675. [53] “G. F. Handel’s Compositions”. The Handel Institute. Re- trieved 2013-09-28. 1.13 Bibliography • Coogan, Michael D (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford University Press. • Dever, William G. (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Pub. ISBN 978-0-8028-4794-2. OCLC 45487499. • ——— (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. William B Eermans. ISBN 0-8028-0975-8. • Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts. Si- mon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2338-1. • ———; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) [2001]. The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86913-1. • ———; Silberman, Neil Asher (2006). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible’s Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-4362-5. • Levy, Thomas E; Higham, Thomas, eds. (2005). The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. London; Oakville, CT: Equinox. ISBN 978-1-84553-056-3. OCLC 60453952. • Kitchen, Kenneth A. (2003). On the reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1. • Thiele, ER (1983). The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Zonder- van/Kregel. 1.14 External links • A collection of King Solomon links on the Web, LT: VDU, archived from the original on 2008-01-15. • Oussani, Gabriel (1913), “Solomon”, Catholic En- cyclopedia (entry). • Solomon at the Internet Movie Database Animated depiction of the life of Solomon • Solomon at the Internet Movie Database Artistic movie about the rise and the reign of King Solomon • “The Wars of King Solomon: Summaries and Stud- ies”, Wars of Israel. • Salomon engravings, The De Verda collection.
  • 18. Chapter 2 Solomon’s Pools Solomon’s pools, between 1890 and 1905 Solomon’s pools, in 1981 Solomon’s Pools (Arabic: ‫سليمان‬ ‫برك‬, Burak Suleīmān, Solomon’s Pools, or simply el-Burak, the pools; Hebrew: ‫שלמה‬ ‫בריכות‬, Breichot Shlomo) are three ancient reser- voirs located in the south-central West Bank, immedi- ately to the south of the Palestinian village of al-Khader, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of Bethlehem and near the road to Hebron.[1] 2.1 Description The three large reservoirs, following each other in line, stand several dozen meters apart, each pool with a roughly 6 metres (20 ft) drop to the next. They are rectangular or The lower pool at Solomon’s pools, 2013 View from inside a Roman aqueduct from the Pools of Solomon to Jerusalem. trapezoidal in shape, partly hewn into the bedrock and partly built, between 118 and 179 metres (387-587 ft) long and 8 to 16 metres (26-52 ft) deep, with a total ca- pacity of well over a quarter of a million cubic metres (some 290,000 m³ or 75 million US gallons).[2] The pools were part of a complex ancient water system, initially built between sometime around 100 BCE and ca. 30 CE. At its high point the system was providing wa- ter to the city and Jewish Temple of Jerusalem, as well as to the desert fortress and town of Herodium. At that time the pools were fed by two aqueducts, by several springs of the surrounding countryside including one sit- 15
  • 19. 16 CHAPTER 2. SOLOMON’S POOLS uated underneath the lower pool, as well as by rainwa- ter that descended from the overlooking hills. The pools acted as a storage and distribution facility, with the two feeder aqueducts bringing water to the pools from hills to the south. The collected water was then distributed by two other aqueducts leading from the pools northwards to Jerusalem, plus another one heading eastwards to the Herodium. Traces of all five initial aqueducts have been found.[2] Below the middle pool are the remains of the British pump station that took the water by pipe to the Old City of Jerusalem. Another, more recent pumping station be- low the lower pool is still providing water to the town of Bethlehem.[2] Near the Upper Pool stands a small Turkish fort, known either as Qal'at el-Burak (the “castle of the pools”), or as Qal'at Murad (the “castle of [Sultan] Murad”). The rectangular structure with four square corner towers was built by the Ottoman sultan Osman II in 1618.[3] It served as barracks for the Turkish soldiers guarding the Pools of Solomon and the commercial caravans between Jerusalem and Hebron, as well as a staging post on the lo- cal hajj route to Mecca. For a long time it was also used as a caravanserai or khan. After being allowed to decay since the middle of the 19th century, the ruined fortress has been largely rebuilt and developed as part of a new tourist complex.[3][4][5] 2.2 Name The pools are named after the biblical King Solomon (around 950 BC), connecting them with the story de- scribed in the Book of Ecclesiastes 2.6: “I made myself pools from which to water the forest of growing trees.” Josephus added to the story, writing that Solomon used to enjoy the beauty of the water-rich “Etham” (one of the main springs here is called 'Ain Attan or Ein Eitam), and the legend has it that the wise king built the pools for his wives, reportedly one thousand in number, so that they could bathe in their waters.[6] 2.3 History The growing water needs of the Jerusalem Temple and the pilgrims it attracted during the later part of the Second Temple period, led to efforts to create a conduit able to reach the relatively high top of the Temple Mount by grav- ity alone. The hills south of Jerusalem are higher than the city and its Temple Mount, and contain a number of perennial springs, offering a good choice to the ancient engineers. The water system gradually created consisted of two aqueducts feeding the pools, which themselves acted as a collection and distribution facility, and of three further aqueducts carrying the water north to Jerusalem (two) and to Herodium (the third one). Together, the five aqueducts totalled some 80 kilometres in length.[2] Recent evidence suggests that the lower pool was proba- bly constructed during the Hasmonean period, between mid-second and mid-first century BCE. It is connected to the so-called Lower or Low Level Aqueduct, built at the same time, which carries the water over a distance of 21.5 km to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.[2] A second phase occurred when Herod the Great, using Roman engineering and in connection with his rebuilding program of the Second Temple, created the sophisti- cated Wadi el-Byiar Aqueduct, which fed the upper pool. The aqueduct was partially built as a tunnel which col- lected underground water from the aquifer it was passing through, in the way of a qanat, to supplement the spring water and surface runoff it was also carrying. Water from the same upper pool was taken to Jerusalem’s Upper City, where Herod had erected his new palace, through the king’s ambitious so-called Upper or High Level Aque- duct. North of Bethlehem a tall bridge consisting of two levels of arches helped pass a deep valley.[2] In a third phase, Roman prefect Pontius Pilate built 39 kilometres (24 mi) of aqueduct bringing yet more water to Solomon’s Pools from the large collection pools at Arrub to the south. [7] The water system based on Solomon’s Pools has provided water to Jerusalem, on and off, for two millennia, all until 1967. The Low Level Aqueduct was the longest serving of the Jerusalem-bound ones. It started at the lower pool and once it reached Jerusalem, it crossed the Tyropoeon Valley over a bridge to find its way onto the Temple Mount platform, where it ended inside the great cisterns hidden underneath its surface.[2] Major repairs to the water system were done by the 10th Roman Legion, Legio Fretensis during the second cen- tury CE, later by the Mamluks, the Ottomans and the British. In 1902 for instance, a new 16 km pipeline to Jerusalem was inaugurated to mark the 60th birthday of the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II[8][2] 2.4 Springs feeding the pools The pools are directly fed by four different springs: the most prominent is 'Ain Saleh, at the head of the Wadi Urtas, about 200 metres (660 ft) to the north-west of the upper pool. The spring water is transferred to the upper pool by a large subterranean passage.[9] From the same direction comes the water of 'Ain Burak. 'Ain Attan or Ein Eitam is located south-east of the lower pool, while 'Ain Farujeh is right underneath that pool.[2]
  • 20. 2.7. REFERENCES 17 2.5 Present day Today the water from the pools reaches only to Bethle- hem. The aqueduct beyond this has been destroyed once taken out of use in 1967.[2] The three pools are surrounded by pine trees. The area around them has provided a pleasant atmosphere for pic- nics and relaxation over the centuries. On the north side, at the entry to the park, the Ottoman fort has been de- veloped as part of a new tourist complex, housing among other things a museum of ethnography and history, and a restaurant with a garden area. The larger complex is planned to include the entire area around the three pools, including a conference center, recreational spaces, a mosque and more. As of December 2014, much of the complex is still being developed.[5] While development is painfully needed in the area, there are concerns about the preservation of this remarkable archaeological and historical site. 2.6 See also • Molten Sea 2.7 References [1] “About Solomons Pools”. Mapcarta. Retrieved 22 De- cember 2014. [2] “Solomon’s Pools and relating aqueducts, the heart of Jerusalem’s past water supply”. HYDRIA Project. 2009. Retrieved 2014-12-18. [3] “Solomon’s Pools”. Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 22 December 2014. [4] Mahmoud Hawari, Hamish Auld, Julian Hudson (1 Jan- uary 2000). “Qal'at al-Burak. A Fort of the Ottoman Pe- riod South of Bethlehem”. Levant: The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant. Volume 32, Issue 1: 101-120. doi:10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.101. Re- trieved 22 December 2014. [5] “Solomon’s Poolsi”. Solomon’s Pools/Kani Mani. Re- trieved 22 December 2014. [6] Flavius, Josephus Antiquities 8:186 [7] Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008) The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0-19-923666-6 p 483 [8] Bussow, 2011, pp. 497, 536 [9] Bromiley Geoffrey W (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 0-8028-3782-4 p 1025 2.7.1 Bibliography • Bromiley Geoffrey W (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J Wm. B. Eerd- mans Publishing, ISBN 0-8028-3782-4 • Bussow, Johann (2011). Hamidian Palestine: Pol- itics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872- 1908. BRILL. ISBN 9004205691. • Flavius, Josephus Antiquities • Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome (2008) The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0-19-923666-6 • Sawsan and Qustandi Shomali. A Guide to Bethle- hem and its Surroundings. Flamm Druck, Wagener GMBH, Waldbrol • Media related to Solomon’s Pools at Wikimedia Commons Coordinates: 31°41′20.37″N 35°10′11.35″E / 31.6889917°N 35.1698194°E
  • 21. 18 CHAPTER 2. SOLOMON’S POOLS 2.8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 2.8.1 Text • Solomon Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon?oldid=683656360 Contributors: Koyaanis Qatsi, Andre Engels, Danny, Rmher- men, William Avery, DavidLevinson, Graft, B4hand, Hephaestos, Olivier, Chris Q, Stevertigo, Frecklefoot, Michael Hardy, Paul Barlow, Booyabazooka, Llywrch, DopefishJustin, David Martland, IZAK, Sannse, Paul A, Ahoerstemeier, Den fjättrade ankan~enwiki, Jebba, Poor Yorick, Jallan, Reddi, Rednblu, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Rvalles, Maximus Rex, Nv8200pa, Lord Emsworth, Bloodshedder, Wetman, Jerzy, Jeffq, KuatofKDY, Dimadick, Robbot, ChrisO~enwiki, Chris 73, Jredmond, Altenmann, Peak, Sparky, Securiger, Rur- sus, Humus sapiens, UtherSRG, Saforrest, Phthoggos, Mandel, DigiBullet, JerryFriedman, GreatWhiteNortherner, Raphael Liraz, Dave6, Xyzzyva, DocWatson42, Barbara Shack, Netoholic, Tom harrison, Lupin, Everyking, Henry Flower, Jfdwolff, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Mbover- load, Matthead, Iceberg3k, Edcolins, Utcursch, Pgan002, Andycjp, Antandrus, Jossi, Ellsworth, Husnock, Salvadors, Neutrality, Scout32, Ukexpat, Zondor, Adashiel, Gemini4t, Mike Rosoft, D6, Sdrawkcab, Jayjg, Lectiodifficilior, Pyrop, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, KillerChihuahua, Wclark, Qutezuce, YUL89YYZ, Xezbeth, Carptrash, JPX7, Mani1, Baastuul, Bender235, Aranel, Carlon, Kwamik- agami, Hayabusa future, Summer Song, Art LaPella, Smalljim, Sivaraj, Olve Utne, Dungodung, Jguk 2, Sriram sh, Nk, Physicistjedi, Tra, Storm Rider, Kuratowski’s Ghost, Alansohn, Eleland, Ricky81682, Craigy144, CheeseDreams, RoySmith, Ynhockey, Redfarmer, Mbimmler, Fivetrees, Melaen, Velella, AndreasPraefcke, NickMartin, Jheald, Dave.Dunford, Metju~enwiki, Spyclub, Nightstallion, Zn- trip, Mogigoma, Jason Diamond, Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Isomeme, Sesmith, PatGallacher, Alakhriveion, Pol098, Commander Keane, Tylerni7, Twthmoses, Bennetto, Grika, Striver, Thebogusman, Mangojuice, Toussaint, Mandarax, Kesla, Graham87, Cuchullain, Kb- dank71, FreplySpang, Melesse, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Agrumer, Nightscream, Koavf, Isaac Rabinovitch, Jake Wartenberg, Cyberchimp, BlueMoonlet, GOD, The wub, Plastictv, FuriousFreddy, Osprey39, Naraht, Awotter, Fischersc, MacRusgail, Rune.welsh, Tombombadil, RexNL, Str1977, Valentinian, CiaPan, Chobot, Scoops, Haldrik, The One True Fred, Bgwhite, Hall Monitor, Roboto de Ajvol, Satanael, YurikBot, Pip2andahalf, RussBot, Sputnikcccp, Michael Slone, Boticario, Kmorrow, Fabartus, WAvegetarian, Morrislevy, DanMS, Jenks1987, RadioFan, Hydrargyrum, Chensiyuan, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Theelf29, Msikma, ChadThomson, Siddiqui, NickBush24, JDoorjam, Johantheghost, Dppowell, CaliforniaAliBaba, Larry laptop, RUL3R, Lockesdonkey, Cerejota, Dead- EyeArrow, Everyguy, Gfannick, Wknight94, Avraham, Smkolins, Jcrook1987, KingKane, Psyco Syd, Nick Watts, Mike Dillon, Saranghae honey, Closedmouth, FDuffy, NielsenGW, Oswax, Haisook, Yaron Livne, Katieh5584, Archola, Huldra, PRehse, DVD R W, That Guy, From That Show!, Palapa, Attilios, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, PiCo, Bobet, Federalist51, Zazaban, Unyoyega, Pgk, C.Fred, Od Mishehu, AtilimGunesBaydin, Eaglizard, Delldot, Eskimbot, Canthusus, Gilliam, Portillo, Skizzik, Linguiste, Bandora, Kevinalewis, Chris the speller, Cush, LinguistAtLarge, DocKrin, Jprg1966, Master of Puppets, Jack324, Miquonranger03, Jerome Charles Potts, Energysword, Darth Panda, CharonM72, Deenoe, Dethme0w, Pt1234, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Egsan Bacon, John Hyams, JRPG, Drsmoo, Zah00r, JonHarder, Rrburke, Million-dollarmobey, Unknown Dragon, Clapyourfeet, Khukri, Nakon, LBM, John D. 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Anderson, Lradrama, Noogster, Waycool27, Liberal Classic, Malus Catulus, Ezf, XCT, Enigmaman, Tvbanfield, Scouttle, An- drew leto, Philmac, Tomaxer, Enviroboy, Softlavender, Kenweeks, Qwr05536, Why Not A Duck, Struway, Thin Smek, Nemozen, Red, Al Ameer son, Exther, AussieOzborn, SieBot, StAnselm, Scarian, Max Shakhray, Weeliljimmy, Kratoz78, Hertz1888, Ozzy oldman, THE MIST, Brazzouk, Legion fi, Dawn Bard, Astrovega, Til Eulenspiegel, Happysailor, Flyer22, Radon210, Ethiosolo, JD554, K7-1481, JMBRUH, Dangerousnerd, Sucker9, Oxymoron83, Baseball Bugs, KPH2293, Abdowiki, WingkeeLEE, Mátyás, Fratrep, Acrid Gun- smoke, AMbot, Pediainsight, Syedjunaid, Maelgwnbot, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, StaticGull, JLSeidman, Mr. Stradivarius, Rambamfan, WickerGuy, Amazonien, Gr8opinionater, Martarius, Mr. Flemming, Ecjmartin, ClueBot, LAX, Rear- gunner, Snigbrook, The Thing That Should Not Be, Voxpuppet, Kafka Liz, Jan1nad, Ewawer, Kathleen.wright5, Boing! said Zebedee, Hafspajen, Rfly05, PMDrive1061, Fastabbas, Excirial, Canis Lupus, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Goodone121, Carninia, Feline Hymnic, Abrech, Gwguffey, Asdfasf1, TheResearchPersona, Cocomickey, Jcstrummer, Jonjames1986, Replysixty, Razorflame, Takabeg, SchreiberBike, Shiftmain~enwiki, ChrisHodgesUK, Al-Andalusi, Thingg, Aitias, Murraytheb, DoctorEric, Eluksar22492, Berean Hunter, SoxBot III, Editor2020, Vanished User 1004, DumZiBoT, Budelberger, JSteinbeck2, Spitfire, Gwandoya, Stickee, Jovianeye, Greek2, WikHead, Sil- vonenBot, Jbeans, LightSpeedBlast, Good Olfactory, Rear gunning, Thatguyflint, Addbot, ERK, Kasfjpasdfk, Otterathome, Solomon is Wise, Freakmighty, Dawynn, M.nelson, LightSpectra, Tony Esopi, Ijnixon, Ronhjones, Ashton1983, CanadianLinuxUser, Aelvis11, Lin- dert, NjardarBot, Cst17, Chickenpoo, CarsracBot, Thom443, Buster7, Glane23, The C of E, Karl gregory jones, DreamHaze, Favonian, ChenzwBot, West.andrew.g, Arteyu, Tyler8779, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Carindian1, Lightbot, Jarble, Ettrig, HerculeBot, Middayexpress, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Pugglewuggle, Reargun, Andreasmperu, Fraggle81, TaBOT-zerem, SEMTEX85, PhonixOfKL, Ayr- ton Prost, Akbaralio, Thew Morte, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Anne McDermott, The One9x9, DemocraticLuntz, Floquen- beam, 1exec1, Chronic2, Jim1138, Galoubet, Ntetos, Kingpin13, Yellow Evan, Ulric1313, RandomAct, Genuis at spelling, Mahmud- masri, Materialscientist, Ckruschke, Citation bot, E2eamon, Serveux, Xqbot, Gister, Cureden, Capricorn42, JSavage85, Tad Lincoln, - ), WorldPowerMan, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, FimusTauri, Earlypsychosis, RibotBOT, C4andrei, 78.26, Shadowjams, Theosopher7, Cal- Bear44, Samwb123, Spongefrog, Malincia, RetiredWikipedian789, Mattis 11, Peppy28, FrescoBot, Originalwana, Lil jeddy, Gråbergs
  • 22. 2.8. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 19 Gråa Sång, BigMikeSpd, Oprahwin, Weetoddid, Wazzup80, Civilizededucation, DivineAlpha, Cannolis, Gesalbte, Shanghainese.ua, DrilBot, Phillie12, Pinethicket, I dream of horses, HRoestBot, Poliocretes, Athena87, Jonesey95, Yahia.barie, Bejinhan, Ozonalayer, RedBot, Serols, Rajeshcheruku, Md iet, Primaler, Lolgirl78, Full-date unlinking bot, Tedency, Koakhtzvigad, Crusoe8181, MatixsMom, Kgrad, FoxBot, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, ‫نوری‬ ‫,ئاراس‬ Dinamik-bot, Vrenator, Seahorseruler, Stalwart111, Theonethatgotaway, Suf- fusion of Yellow, Gigogag, CMA1110, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Nathanjaker, Mean as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Jpr007, Lolman123abc, Salvio giuliano, CanadianPenguin, EmausBot, John of Reading, Broad Wall, Atwarwiththem, PT*42, Uznsa13, GoingBatty, RA0808, Malte- seFalcon25, Rarevogel, Chris Plummer, Matokomaa, Slightsmile, Tommy2010, Winner 42, Wikipelli, K6ka, AsceticRose, Songbear1, Savh, Mwkaempfe, Josve05a, Imadjafar, Moodswingster, OmarPhelps, Phoebemadness, Hoopoe2012, Qassander, SporkBot, Nexia asx, Michaelajine, Tiganusi, Staszek Lem, Brandmeister, L Kensington, Donner60, Bulwersator, Ajdath, Glandorff, Chewings72, Mejcpp15, Orange Suede Sofa, Rodquixote, Alky2000, Tnt123m, Zaza8675, ClueBot NG, LaneyLashea, Samskee, Icandotoo, Yaphehm'odh, Satel- lizer, Yelnats Nagrom, Snedley Jones, Frietjes, Twillisjr, Rezabot, Mannanan51, KevinLuna, Runehelmet, Musamanyama, Widr, Cog- nate247, Capsoul, North Atlanticist Usonian, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, Hewhoamareismyself, Joehairydickshit, Asjklsa1995, Hallows AG, Wiki13, Spointing91, Mark Arsten, Annada Prasad Jena, AdventurousSquirrel, Carlstak, Joydeep, Smeat75, Christmysaviour, Ris- ingstar12, Rococo1700, Gsom7, AntanO, Charels Riggs, Primedark75, JaggedImage, Vvven, BattyBot, Fiddlersmouth, Pratyya Ghosh, Cloptonson, TwindarkChild, TheJJJunk, Khazar2, Lukey4312, JYBot, Christly53, Symphonic Spenguin, Maddace12, Hazem mohamad, Dexbot, FoCuSandLeArN, Jrajniak89, Webclient101, Mogism, BlueWaffle12, Olumaighty, Lugia2453, Fox2k11, Cadillac000, LordXan- der1415, Mdonacid, Ducky59, LimosaCorel, KShvili, MadXymo, Penguins53, UsmanKhanShah, Haydenisepic, Monochrome Monitor, Lý Minh Nhật, AlbariIslam, Glaisher, Psyswordrizvi, Liz, Yitzhaken, MagicatthemovieS, Horrible234, Kadivinity, Bestonewins, Jerm729, Lachimoq, Writers Bond, Japanese Rail Fan, Nomad1079, Sinnersunited, Chelm261, Personne843, MasterofMasters13, AmirSurfLera, Biblioworm, Mevarus, William Solace, Ali69eh, JudeccaXIII, Magyar25, Tpsreport84, Entropyandvodka, TheCoffeeAddict, NiksisNiks, Darlene Hutchins, MikeStevensonTX, Averysoda, Ncomeoveroutcum, Brainfry, Daniel0628, ‫יהודה‬ ‫אריה‬ ‫,גור‬ Totland76, Rdvoller, Kas- parBot, Dakshakti, Ugugsol, FootballRights, 89sec and Anonymous: 1243 • Solomon’s Pools Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon’{}s_Pools?oldid=680801707 Contributors: Dave.Dunford, Deror avi, Sfrantzman, JBellis, Tabletop, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Vegaswikian, RussBot, Huldra, SmackBot, Zozoulia, John Hyams, Mukadderat, Gi- labrand, Cydebot, Ashley kennedy3, Hugo999, Fences and windows, Al Ameer son, Ori, Jack1956, Lightmouse, Clivemacd, Good Olfac- tory, Addbot, Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Djampa, Padres Hana, DenisKrivosheev, Lotje, Look2See1, Greyshark09, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot, Arminden, ChrisGualtieri, Qshomali, ‫יהודה‬ ‫אריה‬ ‫גור‬ and Anonymous: 14 2.8.2 Images • File:'The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon',_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter,_1890,_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wal Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/%27The_Visit_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba_to_King_Solomon%27%2C_ oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Edward_Poynter%2C_1890%2C_Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Art Gallery of New South Wales Original artist: Edward Poynter • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Cornelis_de_Vos_003.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Cornelis_de_Vos_003.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Cornelis de Vos • File:De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 4/48/De_afgoderij_van_koning_Salomo_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-757.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.rijksmuseum. nl/collectie/SK-A-757 Original artist: Willem de Poorter • File:Ingobertus_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ingobertus_001.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Ingobertus • File:Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Isaak_Asknaziy_02.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/med-yuliya/view/169458/?page=8 Original artist: Isaak Asknaziy • File:Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Judgement_of_Solomon.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:King-Solomon-Russian-icon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/King-Solomon-Russian-icon. jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Iconostasis of Kizhi monastery, Russia Original artist: 18 century icon painter • File:Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Kingdoms_of_ Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • Oldtidens_Israel_&_Judea.svg Original artist: Oldtidens_Israel_&_Judea.svg: FinnWikiNo • File:Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/3/3b/Luca_Giordano_-_Dream_of_Solomon_-_WGA09004.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/g/giordano/dream_s.jpg' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Inkscape.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='60' data-file-height='60' /></a> Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/g/giordano/dream_s.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-file- width='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Luca Giordano • File:Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c9/Mausoleum_of_Nabi_Suleman.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: I (Md iet (talk)) created this work entirely by myself. Original artist: Md iet (talk)
  • 23. 20 CHAPTER 2. SOLOMON’S POOLS • File:Plaque_Castelli_Salomon_Musée_de_Lille_130108.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Plaque_ Castelli_Salomon_Mus%C3%A9e_de_Lille_130108.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Vassil • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 • File:Roman_aqueduct_from_Pools_of_Solomon_to_Jerusalem.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/ Roman_aqueduct_from_Pools_of_Solomon_to_Jerusalem.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID matpc.13401. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Original artist: Taken either by the American Colony Photo Department or its successor, the Matson Photo Service. • File:Saabaghiberti.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Saabaghiberti.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: Own work, Camera: Canon Powershot A95 Original artist: Photographer: Richardfabi • File:Salomons_dom.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Salomons_dom.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: www.smk.dk and soeg.smk.dk Original artist: Peter Paul Rubens • File:Solomon’{}s_Wealth_and_Wisdom.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Solomon%27s_Wealth_ and_Wisdom.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://thebiblerevival.com/clipart/1896/1kings4.jpg Original artist: the Providence Lithograph Company • File:Solomon’{}s_pools2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Solomon%27s_pools2.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: self photo Original artist: User:Magister • File:Solomon_and_the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Solomon_and_ the_Plan_for_the_Temple.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://thebiblerevival.com/clipart/1896/1kings425.jpg Original artist: the Providence Lithograph Company • File:SolomonsTemple.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/SolomonsTemple.png License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Solomonspool3_n.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Solomonspool3_n.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: Own work Original artist: Roman Klozweg [1] • File:The_pools_of_Solomon_Bethlehem_ca1890.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/The_pools_of_ Solomon_Bethlehem_ca1890.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original image: Photochrom print (color photo lithograph) Reproduction number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-02661 from Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Photochrom Prints Collection Original artist: Unknown • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wurzach_Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Wurzach_ Pfarrkirche_Decke_Westteil.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work (own photograph) Original artist: Painting: Andreas Brugger; Photo: Andreas Praefcke 2.8.3 Content license • Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0