plagiarism

1. Lesson 3
PLAGIARISM
Discussion by: Prof. Sheryl R. Morales

2. PLAGIARISM
• Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own,
with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work
without full acknowledgement.
• All published and unpublished material, whether in manuscript,
printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition. Plagiarism
may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional. Under the
regulations for examinations, intentional or reckless plagiarism is a
disciplinary offence (Oxford University).

3. PLAGIARISM
• “Plagiarism is a species of intellectual fraud. It consists of
unauthorized copying that the copier claims (whether explicitly or
implicitly, and whether deliberately or carelessly) is original with him
and the claim causes the copier’s audience to behave otherwise than
it would if it knew the truth.”(Posner, 2007)
• In the Philippines, according to Department of Justice, plagiarism
itself is not a crime but that plagiarism that also amounts to copyright
infringement is. Such plagiarism now carries a penalty of 3-6 years
imprisonment and a fine of P50,000 - P150,000 ($1,200 - $3,600), if
prosecuted under the law. the Philippines Cybercrime Prevention Act
(RA 10175)

4. Types of Plagiarism
1. Not crediting a source
2. Paraphrasing too closely, even if you do credit the source
3. Using statistics from someone else's work without crediting
the source
4. Using images, photographs, maps or other illustrative
devices without citing sources
5. Buying or copying another person's paper or assignment or
hiring an essay-writing service to write your paper

5. Types of Plagiarism
6. Sharing code for a computer program with another student
or taking code from the Web or another source without
citing that source
7. Downloading material from the Internet without proper
citation
8. Padding a Bibliography or Reference List, to suggest that
you have done research when you haven't
9. Making up statistics or other important facts, and citing a
false source

6. (1) Not crediting a source
• Copying word-for-word from another source (example a) without
putting the original words within quotation marks and adding a
citation referring to the original source. Even if you are putting the
ideas from that source into your own words (example b), you still
must credit the source. Here is an illustration of how both these
situations work in an excerpt from an imaginary student paper. The
words plagiarized from the original author are highlighted. (The
following examples use the American Psychological Association
referencing style (APA), which is common in the social sciences):

7. a. Quoting directly the original text…
• Original text
• "It is not a fragment society, but exhibits the ideological diversity of
European societies, although it has a more liberal cast."
• (a)Quoting directly:
(Plagiarism). . . . Canada, unlike the United States, did not stop importing
ideological developments from Europe when it was founded. It is not a
fragment society, but exhibits the ideological diversity of European
societies, although it has a more liberal cast…
(Correct). . . . Canada, unlike the United States, did not stop importing
ideological developments from Europe when it was founded. As Christian
and Campbell state, "[i]t is not a fragment society, but exhibits the
ideological diversity of European societies, although it has a more liberal
cast"(1990, 283) . . . .

8. b. Paraphrasing
(Plagiarism). . . . Unlike the United States, Canada is influenced by the
on-going development of a variety of political ideologies in Europe,
although these ideologies have never been as extreme in their
Canadian versions.
(Correct). . . . Christian and Campbell have noted that, unlike the
United States, Canada is influenced by the on-going development of a
variety of political ideologies in Europe, although these ideologies have
never been as extreme in their Canadian versions (1990, 283).

9. example
Original text
• "It is not a fragment society, but exhibits the ideological diversity of
European societies, although it has a more liberal cast."
• (Plagiarism). . . . Christian and Campbell have noted that, unlike the United
States, Canada is not a society that has broken away from ideological
developments in Europe, but, even if it has a more liberal cast, it
demonstrates the ideological diversity of European societies (1990, 283).
• (Correct) . . . . Christian and Campbell have noted that, unlike the United
States, Canada is influenced by the on-going development of a variety of
political ideologies in Europe, although these ideologies have never been
as extreme in their Canadian versions (1990, 283).

10. (2) Paraphrasing too Closely, even if you do
Credit the Source
• you cannot take the ideas from another text, even when you are
putting them completely into your own words, without citing the
source. But there is a more insidious kind of plagiarism that can take
place when you are paraphrasing someone else's work. If you change
the order of words or ideas from the original source, and use some of
your own words mixed in with the original words, you are still
plagiarizing even when you cite the source.

11. (3) Using statistics from someone else's work without
crediting the source
• Charts, tables, or statistics inside a text or in other forms are the
intellectual property of those who created them. For this reason the
original creator must be cited in your text. You can see that there is also a
rhetorical advantage to citing the source, because the very fact that a
published author has arrived at statistics which support the claims you are
making in your paper strengthens your own argument.
• (Plagiarism) If we simply inserted this table into our paper, either by
scanning, photocopying, or by re-typing it ourselves, and we did not cite
the source, it would be plagiarism, because readers are led to believe that
the author of the paper is the person who compiled the statistics and made
up the graph.

12. (Correct)
Source: Canada. Statistics Canada, 2004)

13. (4) Using images, photographs, maps or other
illustrative devices without citing sources
• (Plagiarism) To insert the photograph into your text with your own
explanatory text or the text taken from the original source beneath it
but with no acknowledgment of the original source would be
plagiarism. Even if you have taken a photograph yourself it is wise to
cite yourself as the creator. This will make the source clear to any
reader.
• (Correct) Just as with tables and charts, the source of the original
photograph must be acknowledged, as in this example.

14. Fig.1. "Troop Front" Canadian Mounted Rifles
with Second
Contingent South Africa (Source: Library and
Archives
Canada. photo # PA-028895)

15. (5) Buying or copying another person's paper or assignment or
hiring an essay-writing service to write your paper
• Although it must be obvious to everyone that hiring another person
to write an essay for you is plagiarism, copying portions of another
person's work is also bad. Copying a paper or portions of a paper
from an essay bank of old papers or copying old lab reports would be
an example of this kind of plagiarism.

16. (6) Sharing code for a computer program with another student or taking
code from the Web or another source without citing that source
• (Plagiarism) When you are working on a group project that is to be
graded individually, and you share the same code with each other, it is
very clear that you have collaborated illegally.
• (Correct) When you are working on a group project that is to be
graded individually, you should discuss the problem without reference
to code. Do not share code with the others in your group; nor should
you look at any part of another student's solution, whether it be on
paper or the computer screen.

17. (7) Downloading material from the Internet without proper
citation
• (Plagiarism) The following passage is included in a student text
without citing the source:. . . . A little searching quickly reveals that
Sahr's site is not the only repository for plagiarizable papers. There
are several large sites which sell papers, and even more which
maintain small collections available for free. There are even some
which promise custom-written papers.
• (Correct) . . . .As Leland says, "A little searching quickly reveals that
Sahr's site is not the only repository for plagiarizable papers. There
are several large sites which sell papers, and even more which
maintain small collections available for free. There are even some
which promise custom-written papers " (2002, ¶ 3).

18. (8) Padding a Bibliography or Reference List, to suggest
that you have done research when you haven't
• This type of academic misconduct often occurs when students leave
their writing assignments to the last moment, or when they want to
appear to have done more work than they really have, perhaps
because their professor has required that they have a certain number
of books and articles in their reference list. But if you think of
plagiarism as defined as the intent to deceive someone about the
work you have done, then you can understand that saying you have
read something you haven't read also falls into this category.

19. (9) Making up statistics or other important facts, and citing a
false source
• This kind of invention, pretending that the information or source you
are including in your paper is real, is serious because it strikes at the
heart of the climate of trust that must exist in academia. If people are
not honest about reporting their results, their research is invalid, and
cannot be a basis for further work.

20. References:
• University of Oxford from
https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism?
wssl=1 accessed on June 27, 2018.
• Posner, Richard A. (2007). The Little Book of Plagiarism. Pantheon
• The Philippines Cybercrime Prevention Act (RA 10175).
• https://academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/plagiarism/types-plagiarism