Architecture and Town Planning _Unit 6_SPPU_Spacial Township, SEZ, CRZ, Smart City, AMRUT, GIS, GPS and RS in Planning by S. R. Kate

ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN
PLANNING
UNIT 6
SPECIAL TOWNSHIP, SEZ, CRZ,
SMART CITY, AMRUT, GIS, GPS
AND RS IN PLANNING
Mr. Shrikant R. Kate
M. Tech (Civil-CM)

SYLLABUS OF UNIT 6 (6 HRS.)
 Special townships, SEZ, CRZ, Smart City,
AMRUT Guidelines
 Application of GIS, GPS, remote sensing in
planning.

SPECIAL ECONOMIC
ZONE’S IN INDIA

WHAT IS A SEZ ?
 A Special Economic zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that
is designed to export goods and provide employment.
SEZs are exempt from federal laws regarding taxes, quotas,
FDI-bans, labor laws and other restrictive laws in order to
make the goods manufactured in the SEZ at a globally
competitive price.
 It is a specifically delineated duty-free enclave and shall
deemed to be a foreign territory for the purposes of trade
operations and duties and tariffs.
 To provide and internationally competitive and hassle-
free environment for exports

WHAT IS A SEZ ?
 The concept of SEZ is expected to bring large
dividends to the State in terms of economic and
industrial development and the generation of new
employment opportunities.
 The SEZs are expected to be engines for economic
growth.

OBJECTIVES OF SEZ ACT
Generation of additional economic activity
Promotion of exports of goods and services
Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign
sources
Creation of employment opportunities
Development of infrastructure facilities

ROLE OF SEZ IN INDIAN ECONOMY
• To provide internationally competitive
environment
• Toencourage FDI and enhance GDP
• Toincrease share in global exports
SEZ exports accounting for 26% of India’s total
export in 2011.

SALIENT FEATURES OF SEZ
• Self certification for export and import
 Import and export movements of goods are based on
self declaration
 No routine examination is made unless specific order
from Development Commissioner or authority.
• Sub contracting
 A SEZ unit may sub contract a part of it’s product or
production process to different units, even in abroad.

• Fiscal incentives-Tax
Exemption from excise and customers duty on
procurement of capital assets, consumable stores, raw-
materials from domestic market
 Exemption from sales tax, import duty, Income tax,
minimum alternative tax and dividend distribution tax
• Single Window Clearance
 Submit regularity documents at single locations
 Less proceedings and save time

SOME OF IMPORTANT SEZ IN INDIA
 INDIA
• Karnataka Biotechnology and Information Technology
Services - SEZ on biotechnology sector in Bangalore's
Electronics City, over an area of 43 acres
•Shree Renuka Sugars Limited - SEZ on sugarcane
processing complex covering 100 hectares, comprising a
sugar plant, power station and distillery, at Burlatti in
Belgaum district

Ittina Properties Private Limited and three other - SEZs
in IT sector, covering electronics, hardware and
software sectors in Bangalore, over an area of 15.732
hectares
 Wipro Infotech - SEZ on IT / ITES at Electronics City,
Sarajpur Bangalore
 Hewlett Packard India Software Operation Pvt. Ltd. -
SEZ on IT

 SEZs on pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and chemical
sectors in Hassan, covering of 281.21 hectares
 SEEPZ - Andheri (East), Mumbai
 Khopata - Multi-product, Mumbai
 Navi Mumbai - Multi-product, Mumbai
 Salt Lake Electronic City, West Bengal
 Manikanchan - Jems and jewelery, West Bengal
 Calcutta Leather Complex, West Bengal
 Falta food processing unit, West Bengal
• services in Food processing and related SEZ Hassan,
over an area of 157.91 hectares

ADVANTAGES OF SEZ
• Growth and development
• Attracts Foreign Direct Investment
• Exposure to technology and global market
• Increasing GDP and Economic Model
• Employment opportunities are created

DISADVANTAGES OF SEZ
• Land acquisition at very low prices
• Farmers loose their livelihood
• Tax holidays affect GDP

BENEFITS & INCENTIVES FOR SEZ UNITS

FLOW CHART FOR SETTING UP SEZ
CONTD..

Coastal States: 9
Coastal UTs: 4
Coast line :7517 Km
mainland coast line : 5423 Km
Offshore Islands : 2094 Km
Total Islands :1382
Mainland islands:- 514
Lakshadweep: 32
Andaman & Nicobar:836
INDIAN
COAST

COASTAL CONSERVATION
EVALUATION OF
REGULATION
 Directive by PMO to keep beaches clean -1981
 Guidelines for beach conservation - 1983
 CRZ Notification 1991 under E(P)A,1986 – 19.2.91
 M.S Swaminathan committees -2005, 2009
 CRZ 2011&IPZ 2011 Notifications issued -6.1.2011
 WB assisted ICZM Project initiated – March 2010

CRZ LIMITS- 2011 NOTIFICATION
500
mt
200
mt
HTL
LTL
12
NM

50 MT NDZ IN MAINLAND ISLAND/BACK WATER
ISLANDS

CRZ CLASSIFICATION & REGULATION

8
8
Regulated activities
CRZ I

SPECIAL PROVISIONS:- MUMBAI, KERALA AND GOA
Mumbai Specific Regulation :
(i) Slum redevelopment Schemes and redevelopment of dilapidate
/unsafe buildings : dynamic town and country planning regulations
but stringent norms- C&AG, RTI, 51% State Government stake,
monitoring by High level Oversight Committee and public consultation
of individualprojects.
The list of dilapidated buildings frozen on 6th January2011.
(ii) Koliwadas (fishermen villages) and Goathans
• Declared as CRZ –III in CRZ-II. Thus, NDZ of 200 m applies.
• Restriction on construction and reconstruction of buildings of
fishermen houses
(iii) The islands within the backwaters shall have 50mts NDZ inKerala
(iv)The mangroves along such as khazan land shall be protected and a
management plan for the khazan land prepared and no developmental
activities shall be permitted in the khazan land inGoa

200 mtr
500 mtr
HTL
HTL to 200 mt :-
Ports and harbours
Repairs and reconstruction of
houses of local people with existing
FSI/FAR
Projects of Department of Atomic
Energy
Salt manufactures
Non conventional energy
POL Storage
Weather radars
Basic facilities for local community
STP
ICE Plant, fishing infrastructure
200 to 500 mt:-
Hotels and resorts with 9 mtr
height and 33% FAR
Construction re construction of
houses

12
CRZ - IV
LTL
12 NM
Goa creek (100mt)
Map not to scale

DEVELOPMENTAL
ACTIVITIES
Prohibited activities :-
• New industries and expansion of industries except
projects of ;
• Department of Atomic Energy
• Non conventional Energy
• Repair of houses
• Handling and transfer hazardous substances & POL
• Land reclamation for port facility
• Treated Sewage disposal mechanism
Prohibits untreated Sewage and Solid waste disposal ,
mining of sand rocks other than rare minerals, construction
in CRZ –I except those permissible

PERMISSIBLE ACTIVITIES :-
• Water front and foreshore facilities
• Housing projects
• Erosion control measures
• Projects of Atomic Energy and Defence
• Light houses
• Pipelines convince system
• Oil and Gas extractions
• Cooling water intake
• Non conventional energy, desalination plants
• Demolition and reconstruction of public buildings

ISSUES IN CRZ
i.
ii.
 Housing construction in accordance with local
town and
 country planning
 Tourism to be permitted along beaches
with minimum setback or no setback.
iii. Fishermen houses to be constructed in NDZ
iv. Coastal road and infrastructure to be
permitted
v. Eco friendly development in ESAs
vi. Reclamation to be permitted for construction
vii. No CRZ regulation in Port areas
viii. Thermal power and certain industrial
activities, mining to be permitted.
ix. Pollution, erosion, Stalinization and
destruction of habitats

20m
5m
10m
Predicted erosion in 100 yrs
Predicted 100 year
flood level
Composite 100 year hazard
line
Coastline in 1950
Coastline in 2005
FACTORS OF COASTAL HAZARD LINE

WHAT IS A SMART CITY?
 A Smart City has-
 basic infrastructure,
 uses ‘smart’ solutions to make
infrastructure and services better, and
 relies on Area based development.

OBJECTIVES
 Provide basic infrastructure.
 Quality of life.
 Clean and sustainable environment.
 Apply Smart Solutions.
 Set examples to be replicated both within
and outside the Smart City and catalyze
the creation of similar Smart Cities.

SMART CITIES MISSION STRATEGY
 Pan-city initiative in which at least one Smart
Solution is applied city-wide.
 Develop Areas step-by-step – three models of
area-based developments –
 Retrofitting,
 Redevelopment,
 Greenfield

WHAT IS BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE?
 Basic public infrastructure is built by dovetailing
and synergizing with other Missions and Schemes
– AMRUT
 Basic infrastructure includes,
 Assured water & electricity supply,
 Sanitation & Solid Waste Management,
 Efficient urban mobility & public transport,
 Affordable Housing,
 Robust IT connectivity,
 e-governance & citizen participation,
 Safety & security of citizens,
 Health & Education and
 Economic Activities & Livelihood Opportunities.

CITY WIDE SMART SOLUTIONS
Cities may
add any
number of
smart
solutions to
the area
based
developmen
ts to make
government
funds cost
effective.

WHAT ARE ‘SMART SOLUTIONS’
 Smart solutions are application of IT&C to
municipal services and infrastructure to make
them better.
 Examples –
 Smart water meters and billing systems,
 Remotely controlled automatic distribution valves,
 Real time, online systems of monitoring water
quality,
 City-wide intelligent video surveillance network,
 Using mobile phones for cyber tour of worksites,

AREA BASED DEVELOPMENT MODELS
 Retrofitting
Development of an existing built area greater than 500 acres so as
to achieve the objective of smart cities mission to make it more
efficient and livable e.g. Local Area Development (Ahmedabad)
 Redevelopment
Replace existing built environment in an area of more than 50 acres
and enable co-creation of a new layout, especially enhanced
infrastructure, mixed land use and increased density e.g. Bhendi
Bazar, Mumbai
 Greenfield
Develop a previously vacant area of more than 250 acres using
innovative planning, plan financing and plan implementation tools
with provision for affordable housing, especially for the poor e.g.
New Town, Kolkotta, Naya Raipur, GIFT City.

COMPONENTS OF AREA-BASED
DEVELOPMENT
 Holistic development of existing and new areas.
 One area catalyzes the development of other areas,
and
 Sets an example for other cities.
 Quality of life in Areas meets citizens expectations
and has
 Planned mixed land use,
 Housing, especially for the poor,
public Walkable localities – accessibility to parks,
transport,
 Preservation and development of open space,
 Public transport, last mile connectivity,
 Governance is citizen friendly and cost effective.

FEATURES
 Smart parking
 Intelligent transport system
 Tele-care
 Traffic management
 Smart grids
 Smart urban lighting
 Waste management
 Smart city maintenance
 Smart taxi
 Digital-signage.

Provision of basic services to households and build amenities in
cities will improve quality of life for all.
During 2011 a High Power Expert Committee (HPEC) estimated
an amount of 39.2 Lakh crore for creation of urban infrastructure.
Learnings from earlier Mission have shown that infrastructure
creation should have a lot of impact on real needs of people such
as providing tap and toilet connection for households.
“Focus should be on creation of infrastructure which has a direct
link to connect to
provision of better services to the people” - President of INDIA
(on 09-june -2014 and 23-February-2015 at join sessions of
Parliament)

• Pursuit of better outcomes will not stop by providing taps &
sewerage connections to
all.(Universal coverage)
• Other benchmarks will be targeted following a step by step
process after achieving bench mark of universal coverage.
Such a gradual process of achieving benchmarks is
“incrementalism”.
• Before: MoUD used to give project by project sanctions
• Now: Replaced by State Annual Action Plan once a year by
MoUD and states haveto give sanctions and approval at end.
• States are equal partners in planning and implementation of
projects, thus actualizing the spirit of cooperative federalism.

MISSION:
Transforming 500 cities and towns into efficient
urban living spaces
SPECIALFOCUS:
Healthy and green environment
for children.
COST:
Rs 50,000 crore for next
five years.

MISSION FOCUS:
 Supply of water and a sewerage connection to every household
 Storm water drains to reduce Flooding
 Increase the amenity value of cities by developing greenery and
well maintained open
spaces (parks)
 Reduce pollution by switching to public transport or
constructing facilities for non- motorized transport (e.g.
walking and cycling).

Criteria of selection :
 Cities and Towns with population > 1 Lakh (Notified
municipalities & Cantonment boards)
 All Capital Cities/Towns of states/UT’s
 All Cities / Towns classified as Heritage cities by MoUD
under Hriday scheme
 13 cities and towns on stem of main rivers with population
>75,000 & < 1,00,000
 10 cities from Hill states, Islands and Tourist destinations (
not > 1 from each state)
Central govt. provides 30% if the population is >10 Lakhs
and 50% if <10 Lakhs

Total 500 cities under the scheme
• Uttar Pradesh-64
• Maharashtra: 37
• Tamil Nadu: 33
• Gujarat: 31
• Andhra Pradesh: 31
• Rajasthan: 30
• West Bengal: 28
• Bihar: 27
• Karnataka: 21
• Odisha: 19
• Haryana: 19
• Kerala: 18
• Punjab: 17
• Telangana: 15
• Chhattisgarh: 10

MISSION COMPONENTS:
Water Supply :
• Water supply systems including augmentation of existing water
supply, water treatment
plants, and universal metering.
• Rehabilitation of old water supply systems, including treatment
plants.
• Rejuvenation of water bodies specifically for drinking water
supply and recharging of ground water.
• Special water supply arrangement for difficult areas, hill and
coastal cities, including those having water quality problems.

Sewerage:
• Decentralized, networked underground sewerage systems,
including augmentation of
existing sewerage systems and sewage water treatment plans.
• Rehabilitation of old sewerage systems, treatment plants.
• Recycling of water for beneficial purposes and reuse of
wastewater.

Septage:
Faecal sludge management- cleaning, transportation and treatment in
cost effective manner.
Mechanical and biological cleaning of sewers and septic tanks and
recovery of operationalcost in full.

STORM WATER DRAINAGE:
Construction and improvement of drains and storm water rains
in order to reduce and eliminate flooding

Urban Transpotrt:
• Ferry vessels for inland waterways (excluding port/bay
infrastructure) and buses
• Footpaths/Walkways, sidewalks, foot over-bridges and
facilities for non motorized Transport (eg. bicycle)
• Multi-level parking.
• Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS)

GREEN SPACE PARKS:
Development of green space and parks with special
provision for child-friendly components.

Indicative list of inadmissible components:
i.Purchase of land for projects or project related works
ii.Staff salaries of both the state Governement/ULBs,
iii.iii Power
iv Telecom
v Health
vi.Education
vii.Wage employment programme and staff component

PROGRAM
MANAGEMENT:
 NATIONALLEVEL:
APEX COMMITTEE
 STATE LEVEL:
STATE LEVEL HIGH POWERED STEERING
COMMITTEE (SHPSC)
 CITY LEVEL:
Urban Local Bodies (ULB) will be responsible for
mission

APEX COMMITTEE
• Secretary MoUD - CHAIRMAN including secretaries of
relevant departments as Members and Mission director as
member secretary.
• Approves SAAP from SHPSC
• Allocates funds to states / UT’s
• Overall monitor and supervise the mission
• Advises state/UT’s on innovative ways of mobilizing resources,
private financing and land leveraging.

STATE LEVEL HIGH POWERED STEERING COMMITTEE
(SHPSC)
• Headed by state chief secretary with Pr.Secrataries of related
departments and Personal secretry of UD as Member secretary.
• Identify the gaps in infrastructure and ways to achieve urban
reforms, finalization
of financial layouts.
• Prepare the SAAP based on the SLIPS and ULB’s of state
prioritising cities based on Resources available.
• Approves the projects after they are technically approved by SLTC.
• Monitor the quality, efficiency and other legal aspects etc..

Urban Local Bodies (ULB) will be responsible for
mission
• Muncipal commissioner look over preparation of slip
• Ulb’s will develop road map and are responsible for
building coordination and collaboration among stake
holders for timely completion of projects without
exceeding the budget allocated.

Preparation of Service Level Improvement Plans
(SLIPs):
The Service Level Improvement Plan (SLIP), has to be
prepared by each ULB and the strategic steps are given
below:
• Assess the service level gap
• Bridge the gap
• Examine alternatives
• Estimate the cost
• Prioritize
• Financing
• Reforms

State Annual Action Plan(SAAP):
The basic building block for the SAAP will be the SLIPs
prepared by the ULBs
At the State level, the SLIPs of all Mission cities will be
aggregated into the SAAP
Therefore SAAP is basically a State level service
improvement plan indicatingthe year wise improvements in
water supply and sewerage connections to households.

Principles of Prioritization
Importance of O&M
Financing of projects
Approval of SAAP
The AMRUT will provide project funds to ULBs through the States.
Criteria to evaluate the SAAP by the MoUD are :
How well has the State Government diagnosed service level gaps?
How well has the State planned and financed capital expenditure?
What is the expected level of the financial support from the Central
Government and how
have the state/Ulb and other Source of finance been identified and
accessed?

FundAllocation
The total outlay for AMRUT is Rs. 50,000 crore for five years from FY2015-
16 to FY2019-20 and the Mission will be operated as a Centrally
Sponsored Scheme. The AMRUT may be continued thereafter in the light
of an evaluation done by the MoUD and incorporating learnings in the
Mission. The Mission funds will consist of the following four parts:
Project fund - 80% of the annual budgetary allocation.
Incentive for Reforms - 10% of the annual budgetary allocation.
State funds for Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE) - 8% of the
annual budgetary allocation
MoUD funds for Administrative & Office Expenses (A&OE) - 2% of the
annual budgetary
allocation

RELEASE OF FUNDS
Three installments of 20:40:40.
The funds will be kept in separate bank account by the implementing agency.
Advance of Rs. 25 lakh for preparation of SLIP/individual capacity building
Upon approval of the SAAP by the Apex Committee the first
instalment (20%) of the Central Assistance is
released.
The States submit their claims for release of second or the third
instalment of CA for projects during April, August, November and
February for all ULBs that have metthe AMRUT conditions for
instalment release
The second and the third instalments of 40% each of the approved cost are
released, quarterly, after submission of UCs, Project Funds Request (only
summary report in Annexure 6.2) and the Score Card showing progress on

CONTENTS
 Basic Concept of GIS
 Basic Functions of GIS
 Basic Elements or Components of GIS
 Benefits of GIS
 GIS Data
 Area and Applications
GIS

BASIC CONCEPT OF GIS
 Geographic Information System
An Information System that is used to input, store,
retrieve, manipulate, analyze and output geographically
referenced data or geospatial data, in order to support
decision making for planning and management of land use,
natural resources, environment, transportation, urban
facilities, and other administrative records
GIS

 Literal Definition
 Geographic relates to the surface of the earth.
 Information is a knowledge derived from study,
experience, or instruction.
 System is a group of interacting, interrelated, or
interdependent elements forming a complex
whole.
 Functional Definition
 GIS is a system for inputting, storing,
manipulating, analyzing, and reporting data.
 Component Definition
 GIS is an organized collection of computer hardware,
software, geographic data, procedures, and personnel
designed to handle all phases of geographic data
capture, storage, analysis, query, display, and output.
BASIC CONCEPT OF GIS
GIS

 Functions of GIS
 Data collection
 Capture data
 Data storing,
processing & analysis
 Store data
 Query data
 Analyze data
 Output production
 Display data
 Produce output
 Components of GIS
•Data collection
- using GPS & RS
- paper maps are
also sources of
data
•Output production
- statistical report, maps
•Data storing, processing
& analysis
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF GIS
c d
Sources (Photos):
a) http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/fashion/
jewelry/watch%20brands/garmin.html
b) b), c), d) Lwin & Murayama (2008)
Source: Schuurman (2004)
a b
GIS

 People
 Data
 Software
 Hardware
 Procedures/Methods
BASIC ELEMENTS OF GIS
Adopted from:
Brooks (undated)
http://www.mapsofindia.com/gis/gis-components.html
http://bgis.sanbi.org/gis-primer/page_12.htm
http://www.sfu.ca/rdl/GIS/tour/comp_gis.html
GIS

 define and develop
the procedures used
by a GIS
 can overcome
shortcoming of the
other 4 elements
(data, software,
hardware,
procedure), but not
vice-versa
a
 1. People
 are the most
important part of a
GIS
b c
•Ground truth data collection
•Data storing, processing and analysis
Sources (Photos):
a) Brooks (undated)
b) http://www.asdi.com/remote-sensing/
applications/ground-truthing
c), d) Lwin & Murayama (2008)
d
GIS

 2. Data
 Data is the
information used
within a GIS
 Since a GIS often
incorporates data
from multiple sources,
its accuracy defines
the quality of the GIS.
 GIS quality
determines the types
of questions and
problems that may be
asked of the GIS
12
Remote Sensing and topographic data
Ground truth data
Source: Rahman (2009)
GIS

 2. Data – more examples
GIS

 3. GIS software
 It encompasses not only to
the GIS package, but all
the software used for
databases, drawings,
statistics, and imaging.
 The functionality of the
software used to manage
the GIS determines the
type of problems that the
GIS may be used to solve.
 The software used must
match the needs and skills
of the end user.
 Popular GIS Software
 Vector-based GIS
 ArcGIS (ESRI)
 ArcView
 MapInfo
 GRASS
 QGIS
 MapInfo
 Raster-based GIS
 Erdas Imagine (Leica)
 ENVI (RSI)
 ILWIS (ITC)
 IDRISI (Clark Univ.)
GIS

 4. Hardware
 The type of
hardware
determines, to an
extent, the speed
at which a GIS will
operate.
 Additionally, it
may influence the
type of software
used.
 To a small degree,
it may influence
the types/
personalities of the
people working
with the GIS.
Source: Schuurman (2004)
GIS

 5. Procedures/
Methods
 The procedures used to
input, analyze, and
query data determine the
quality and validity of
the final product.
 The procedures used are
simple the steps taken in a
well defined and consistent
method to produce correct
and reproducible results
from the GIS system.
Source: ESRI
GIS

 Geospatial data are better maintained in a
standard format.
 Revision and updating are easier.
 Geospatial data and information are easier to
search, analysis and represent.
 Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged
freely.
 Productivity of the staff improved and more
efficient.
 Time and money are saved.
 Better decision can be made.
BENEFITS OF GIS
GIS

 Vector
 Based on discrete points
 In the vector data model,
features on the earth are
represented as:
Points
Lines
Polygons
 Raster
 Based on pixel
 In the raster data model, a
geographic feature like land
cover is represented as:
single square cells
 Attribute
 Attribite values in a GIS
are stored as relational
database tables.
 Each feature (point, line,
polygon, or raster) within each
GIS layer will be represented as
a record in a table.
 A GIS stores information about the
world as layers of spatial features
(customers, buildings, streets, etc
on).
Source: ESRI
TYPES OF GIS DATA
GIS

1 2 3 4 5 6
REAL WORLD
7 8 9 10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
GRID RASTER VECTOR
TYPES OF GIS DATA
Source: Brooks (undated)
GIS

Raster data attributes Vector data attributes
 The Real World
 In this example, our
landscape consists
of:
 Points rolling hills
 Lines grassland
 Polygons lake
 rivers
 forest stands
 marsh
Raster Vector
 Each cell has a coordinate representation within
the table and a numeric value (i.e., LU_CODE)
 Each LU_CODE is associated with a full
description through a relational join.
Source:
http://gis.washington.edu/phurvitz/professional/SSI/attrib.html
 Line
attributes
Polygon
attributes
 Because the vector data represent both
linear & polygonal features, there are 2
attribute tables.
TYPES OF GIS DATA
GIS

Area GIS Application
Facilities Management
Locating underground pipes & cables,
planning facility maintenance,
telecommunication network services
Environmental and
Natural Resources
Management
Environmental impact analysis, disaster
management and mitigation
Street Network
Locating houses and streets, car
navigation, transportation planning
Planning and Engineering
Urban planning, regional planning,
development of public facilities
Land Information
Taxation, zoning of land use, land
acquisition
AREA AND APPLICATIONS
GIS

 Suitability analysis for the best site for a new school
24
Criteria
Data
EXAMPLES OF GIS APPLICATIONS
Source: ESRI
GIS

 Mapping population density
25
Source: http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/pdf/512popdn.pdf
GIS

26
Source: http://soils.usda.gov/use/worldsoils/mapindex/erosh2o.html

 Landslide Risk Mapping
Source: http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/perron/files/Booth09.pdf
GIS

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
• The Global Positioning System (GPS),
originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-
based radionavigation system owned by the United
States government and operated by the United
States Air Force.
It is a global navigation satellite system that
provides geolocation and time information to a GPS
receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there
is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites.
Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the
relatively weak GPS signals.

SEGMENTS OF GPS
HOW IT WORKS
 Space Segment
 Control Segment
 User Segment

Control
Segment
Space
Segment
User
Segment
THREE SEGMENTS OF THE GPS
Monitor Stations
Ground
Antennas
Master Station

SPACE SEGMENT
 Five to Eight
Satellites visible at
any time
 Each satellite
transmits data
including both
current location and
time
 Signals move at the
speed of light

CONTROL SEGMENT
 Five Control Stations, Master Control at
Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado
 Monitor satellite health and exact positions
 Makes Corrections

USER SEGMENT
 Consists of Receivers

USER SEGMENT
 Triangulates by measuring distance using the
travel time of radio signals
 (Velocity)*(Time)=Distance
 Very accurate time required (Atomic Clocks on
Satellites)
 Along with distance, Satellite position is required
 Correction of errors

MILITARY APPLICATIONS
 Navigation
 Tracking
 Bomb and Missile guidance
 Rescue
 Facility Management

NAVIGATION
 Used to reach and
destroy vital enemy
installations
 Provides the accurate
positional data

TRACKING
 Track potential targets
 Smart Bombs
 Time space position information

MISSILE GUIDANCE
 Cruise missiles
 Multiple launched
Rocket system
Vehicles
 Reduces the chances
of detection and
counter
Bombardment

RESCUE AND FACILITY
MANAGEMENT
 Co-Opted with GIS
 Can help manage and operates large bases which
cover extensive areas.

GALILEO PROJECT
 Inter-operable with GPS
and GLONASS
 Under civilian control
 Four of the first
operational satellites will
be launched in 2005-
2006
 Consists of 30 satellites
 23616 km altitude above
the Earth
 Coverage from 2008

PRESENT DEVELOPMENTS
 Estimated 3.2 billion Euros
 Investment for the first quarter
 Around 1 billion
 India-350 million Euros
 China-300 million Euros
 More than 600 million by ESA

WHAT IS REMOTE SENSING USED FOR?
Remote sensing is a method for getting information about of
different objects on the planet, without any physical contacts
with it.
Image Source: cimss.ssec.wisc.edu

Remote sensing is a technology foe sampling
electromagnetic radiation to acquire and read
non-immediate geospatial data from which to
pull info more or less features and objects on his
Earths land surface, seas, and air.
- Dr. Nicholas Short
WHAT IS REMOTE SENSING?

ADVANTAGES OF REMOTE SENSING
 Provides a view for the large region
 Offers Geo-referenced information and digital
information
 Most of the remote sensors operate in every season,
every day, every time and even in real tough weather

ELEMENTS OF REMOTE SENSING
Source:staff.aub.edu.lb

REMOTELY SENSED DATA
Landsat/Ikonos/Quickbard/Aster

SATELLITE PICTURES
Satellite imagery consists of
photographs from which
collected by satellites.
Image Source: www.wonderwhizkids.com
Image Source: www.loneotaku.net
Japan Satellite View

SATELLITES OFFER A GLOBAL VIEW
What does satellite imagery give you?
-Information on land cover, land use, habitats, landscape and
infrastructure
-multiple engagements by time series
-Mapping and monitoring changes and predict future

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING
Urbanization & Transportation
 Urban planning
 Roads network and transportation planning
 City expansion
 City boundaries by time
 Wetland delineation
Image source: www.ldeo.columbia.edu
Image source: www.geospectra.net

Agriculture
The application of remote sensing in
agriculture include:
- Soil sensing
- Farm classification
- Farm condition assessment
- Agriculture estimation
- Mapping of farm and agricultural land
characteristics
- Mapping of land management practices
- Compliance monitoring
 Wageningen UR 2002

Natural resource Management
 Forestry: biodiversity, forest, deforestation
 Water source management
 Habitat analysis
 Environmental assessment
 Pest/disease outbreaks
 Impervious surface mapping
 Hydrology
 Mineral province
 Geomorphology
Md. Bodruddoza Mia

SATELLITE IMAGE OF DEFORESTATION
Comparison of an aerial photograph (bottom) with a
radar image (top) of deforestation along a road

Land Use
Land cover means any surface cover on the ground which can
include vegetation, urban infrastructure, water, lake, mountain,
transportation networks, buildings or any other. The attributes
measured by remote sensing techniques relate to land cover,
from which land use can be inferred, particularly with ancillary
data or a priori cognition.

MAPPING
Generating different maps from
remotely sensed data can be so
effective ad valuable. A classification
of sensing elements and methodologies
to generate theses remotely sensed
models are essential for mapping. Two
primary methods of generating
elevation data are:
1. Stereogrammetry techniques by air
photos
2. Radar interferometry
Radar image of a continuously clouded area
Map with the road network

TYPES OF SATELLITES
Geostationary
Satellites
A geostationary satellite is one
of the satellites which is getting
remote sense data and
located satellite at an altitude of
approximately 36000 kilometres
and directly over the equator.
Image Source: cimss.ssec.wisc.edu

Polar-Orbiting
Satellites
A polar orbit is a satellite
which is located near to above
of poles. This satellite mostly
uses for earth observation by
time.
TYPES OF SATELLITES
Image Source: globalmicrowave.org

SOME IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE
 ERDAS Imagine
 ENVI
 ILWIS
 ArcGIS

Architecture and Town Planning _Unit 6_SPPU_Spacial Township, SEZ, CRZ, Smart City, AMRUT, GIS, GPS and RS in Planning by S. R. Kate

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