History of Computer Hindi Notes

SIRAJ SIR rock_siraj@ymail.com
History of computer
dEi;wVj “kCn ‘ Latin language’ dk compute 'kCn ls cuk gSA bldk vFkZ
x.kuk djuk gSA
dEi;wVj dk dk;Z user }kjk fn;s x;s funsZ’kkadks dks accept djrk gSA
mldk process djrk gSA ckn esa result dks nsrk gSA mls dEI;wVj dgrs gSaA
dEI;wVj ,d electronic data processing machine gSaA
dEi;wVj dh 'kq:vkr yxHkx 3000 bZlk iwoZ esa (AABACU-3000BC)
ehlksiksVkfe;k ds yksxksa us dhA ;g ,d methamatical device FkkA bldk
mi;ksx tksM+us] ?kVkus] xq.kk rFkk Hkkx djus ds fy, cukbZ xbZ FkhA
Bleize Pascal:- lu~ 1642 esa fo”o dk igyk ;kfU=d dsydqysVj cuk;kA blls
pascaline uke fn;k x;kA
Josej Jacuard:- lu~ 1804 esa loom uked ,d e’khu cukbZ FkhA blls
punched ds card oxZ use fd;k x;k FkkA bl machine }kjk instruction
dks use esa ysdj operation esa ysrs FksA
Charles Babbage:- bldks ’father of computer’ dgrs A bUgksaus
difference engine ,oa analytical engine cukbZA Difference engine esa
automatic mechanical calculater dk;Z djrs FksA
Analytical engine esa instruction igys Hkh punched tk card ldrs
FksA bl e”khu store dh speed 60 instruction ij minute excite ldrk
FkkA
Keyboard machine dk use 1880 esa “kq: gqvk FkkA
IBM(International Business machine) us 1937 mark-1 uke dh ,d
e”khu cukbZ FkhA1940 esa ,d vo/kku.kk vkbZ FkhA ftlls john von new man

ds uke ls tkuh tkrh FkhA ftlus crkbZ;k Fkk fd Data & instruction dks
computer esa store djds j[kk tk ldrk gSA
1943 ds vUnj lcls igys electronic ENIAC (electronic numerical
Integrated and calculator) bldks university of Pennsylvania ds
J.prespea Eckert and john mauchly cuk;k FkkA ;g 50 QqV yEck rFkk 30
QqV pkSM+k FkkA bldk out 30 Vu FkkA vkSj blesa 18000 oSD;qe V~;wckssa dk mi;ksx
gqvk Fkk rFkk 150000 okV fctyh dh vko”;drk gksrh FkhA bldks value dks
add esa 200 macro second yxrs FksA
dEI;wVj ,d system unit ds :I esa dk;Z djrk gSA blds vyx vyx unit gksrh
gSA
Characteristics of computer
High speed:- dEI;wVj fdlh Hkh e’khu dh vis+{kk fast speed ls work djrk
gSA tSls%&nks uEcj dks add djus esa micro second ls Hkh de le; yxrk gSaA
Accuracy:- tc Hkh fdlh O;fDr dks ,d gh izdkj dk work ckj&ckj djuk
iM+rk gS rks mls Fkdku gksus yxrh gSa vkSj ml dk;Z esa xyfr;ksa gksuh dh lEHkkouk
cM tkrh gSA dEI;qVj ds lkFk fdlh dk;Z dks ckj&ckjdjus ds ckn dHkh Hkh ,slk
ugh gksrk gSA process fdlh result dks vyx&vyx ns vkSj xyr djrk gS rks
mldk dkj.k dEI;wVj result display ugha usergS tks xyr data and
program use fy;k gSA
Varsaliti:- dEI;wVj fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ls mi;ksxh gSA tSls%&Bills
create djuk] xf.krh; gy djuk] fp= cukuk etc.
Diligent:- euq’; dh rjg dEI;wVj Fkdrk ugha gS rFkk tgka fdlh ,d gh rjg ds
dk;Z ds fy, dk;Z djuk gksA ogka dEI;qVj ,d vPNk vf”k”kVsUV gks ldrk gSaA

Storage capacity:- dEI;wVj viuh memory esa dbZ izdkj dk data and
information store djrk gS rFkk vko’;drk ij data and information dks
miyC/kk djk ldrk gSA
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
ALU:- ALU dk iqjk uke Arithmetic Logic Unit gksrk gSA ;g ;qfuV
Arithmetic and logic operations djrh gSA ftlls ,d ,slk electronic
ifjiFk gksrk gS tks vadxf.krh; x.kuk,a djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA ;g lHkh x.kukvksa
dks vadxf.krh; fdz;k esa ckaV ysrk gSaA ALU dUVªksy ;wfuV ls information ysrk
gS memory ls data izkIr djrk gS vkSj memory esa gh lwpuk yksVk nsrk gS
ALU dh dk;Z djus dh xfr rst gksrh gSA blesa dbZ register vkSj
Accumulators gksrs gSA
CU(Control unit):- ;g Hkkx dh vkUrfjd fdz;kvksa dk lapkyu djrk gSA ;g
input, output fdz;kvksa dks fu;af=r djrk gSA lkFk gh memory dks ALU ds
e/; data ds vknku&iznku dks funsZ’ku djrk gSA ;g program dks fdz;kfUor
djus ds fy, funsZ’kksa dks memory ls izkIr djrk gSA funZs’kksa dks fo|qr ladsrksa esa
ifjorhZr djds ;g mfPpr devices rd igqapkrk gSA
MMU:- MMU dk iqjk uke Main Memory Unit gksrk gSA ;g data and
information processing ds le; rd store djrk gS vkSj data and
information dks ALU and CU dks iznku djrk gSA
Type of computer
Based on size:- Microcomputer:- rduhdh {ks= esa lu~ 1970 ,d
dzkUrhdkjh vkfo’dkj gqvk FkkA ;g vkfo’dkj Microcomputer {ks= dk FkkA
ftlds mi;ksx ls lLrh dEI;wVj iz.kkyh cukuk “kq: gqvkA ;g dEI;wVj ,d AS
ij vFkok ,d fczQdsl ckWDLk esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g NksVs dEI;wVj
Microcomputer dgykrs gSA Microcomputer lLrs ,oa vkdkj esa NksVs gksrs
gSA blfy, bls office, Home vkfn LFkku ij easily ls mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk
gSA

Minicomputer:- ;g dEI;wVj e/;e vkdkj ds dEI;wVj gksrs gSA micro
computer ds lkis{k vf/kd dk;Z fdz;k djrk gSA ;g O;fDr :I ls ugh [kjhns
tk ldrs gSA bUgsa NksVh ;k e/;e vkdkj okyh company dke esa ysrs gSA bl ij
,d ls vf/kd O;fDr dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj ,d ls vf/kd CPUgksrs gS bufd eSeksjh
vksj xfr micro ls vf/kd vkSj main frame ls de gksrh gSA
Main frame computer:- ;g dEI;wVj vkdkj ls cgqr cM+s gksrs gSA lkFkgh
budh storage {kerk Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSAblesa data ij process djus dh {kerk
gksrh gS blfy, budk mi;ksx cSad rFkk ljgkjh foHkkx ,d dsfUnaz; dEI;wVj ds :I
esa dk;Z djrs gSA ;g 24 ?k.Vs dk;Z dj ldrs gS bu ij lSadM+ksa O;fDr dk;Z dj
ldrs gSA bldks ,d network ;kmicrocomputerls ijLij tksM+k tk ldrk
gSa bldk mi;ksx purchase detail, sales detail, sent bills, sent notes,
salary paid, tax paid etc. Exp.:- IBM-4381, ICL-39, CDC CYBEA
SEIRES ETC.
Super computer:- ;g dEI;wVj dh lHkh Jsf.k;ksa esa lcls cM+s vkdkj o lcls
vf/kd data ij process rFkk lcls vf/kd xfr okys gksrs gSA buesa vusd CPU
lekUrj dze esa gksrs gS bl izfdz;k dks lekUrj izfdz;k dgk tkrk gS bldk mi;ksx
fuEufyf[kr dk;Z esa gksrk gSA cM+h oSKkfud vkSj “kq} iz;ksx”kyk esa “kks) rFkk
[kkst djukA
Exp:- uk”kk vkSj bZ”kjksA
Capacities of computer
dk;Z {kerk] mi;ksfxrk] mRiknd ds dkj.k vkt dEI;wVj ekuo thou dk vax cu
x;k gSaA vkt dEI;wVj dk mi;ksx fuEufyf[kr fQyVj esa dj ldrs gSa%&]
Education:- dEI;wVj dk vkfo’dkj xf.kr ds leL;k dks gy djus ds fy, gqvk
Fkk rFkk bldks mi;ksx xf.kr] bdksukfel] bLVsVhd tSlh tVhy leL;k dks le>us
ds fy, gqvk FkkA
Business and commerce:- dEI;wVj dk use business esa fd;k tkrk gSSA
Hkkjr esa vfHk dEI;wVjkbZt LVsM ,oa business vfHk pkyw fLFkrh esa gh gSA e-

commerce dEI;wVj dh ,slh “kk[kk gS ftlds }kjk dksbZ Hkh nks business and
organization viuk business world whiled gSA
Health:- blds lEcfU/kr dk;ksZ esa dEI;wVj dk vf/kd ls vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tk
jgk gSA c.i.scan, ultra sound, x-ray, sonagraphy etc.dk;ksZ esa use esa yh
tkus okyh machine computer ls control gksrh gSA
Administration:- Office esa deZpkfj;ksa ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dks dEI;wVj esa
stored djds j[krs gS vkSj vko”;drk iM+us ij ml lqpukvksa dk mi;ksx esa
fy;k tk ldrk gSA tSls%&police department vijkf/k;ksa ds record store
dj ds j[krk gSA
DTP word and Printing word:- Newspaper, books, invitations card
etc. bu lHkh izdkj ds dk;Z djus ds fy, computer dk use fd;k tk jgk gSA
bls bu dk;ksZ dks speed vPNh gks xbZ gSA DTP ds fy, dqN fo”ks’k izdkj ds
program and software dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA tSls%&photo editing ds
fy, Adobe Photoshop etc.
Massage transmition:- fdlh Hkh ns”k dh vk/kqfudrk mldh lapkj ls yxkbZ
tkrh gSA bZ&esy lapkj dk ,d ,slk ek/;e gS ftls computer and internet
lqfo/kk use djrs gq, lwpuk,a ,d computer ls other computer rd Hksth
tk ldrh gS information Hkstus dk work de le; rFkk de cost ij fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
Astronomy:- blds {ks= esa computer dsk iz;ksx vf/kd ls vf/kd fad;k tk
jgk gS S blesa lkjk dk;Z calculation gksrk gSA dEI;wVj dk main work
calculation djuk gh gS blds fy, dbZ izdkj ds software miyC/k gSA ftu
dk use dksbZ Hkh person dj ldrk gSA ftu dks T;ksrh’k dk Kku u gks rks
dbZ software tSls dqaMyh *u{k=* esa miyC/k gSA
Music:- fiNys dbZ o’kksZ esa cuh films and albums ns[krs gS rks ge ik;saxs fd
laxhrdkjksa us computer dh help ls cuk;k gSA computer dh help ls fdlh
Hkh ;a= dh /ofu create dh tk ldrh gS rFkk muds lg;ksx ls u;s&u;s music

;k sounds cuk;s tk ldrs gS rFkk music dh quality dks vPNk fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
Entertainment:- dEI;wVj dk use video, games, music etc. dks ns[kus o
cukus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA mouices esa dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx special
enfant djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj dh cartoons and
animate computer ij gh cu tkrh gSA
Generation of computer
First generation(1945 to 1955):- bl ih<h ds dEI;wVjequipment;k
midj.k ds :Ik esa vacuum tubes dk use fd;k tkrk FkkA vacuum tubes
electronic signals dks amplify djrh Fkh rFkk mls fu;af=r dj on/off dh
rjg mi;ksx esa ysrh Fkh ijUrq vacuum tubes ds lkFk cM+h leL;k Fkh fd og
vf/kd heat generate djrh Fkh RkFkk mls BaMk j[kus ds fy, AC area dh
vko”;drk FkhA bl ih<h ds dEI;wVj machine language dk use djrs FksA
ftls binary language dgk tkrk gS tks 0 o 1 esa gksrh gSA
fos’skrk,a%&
 bldh size dkQh cM+h FkhA
 bldh processing speed de FkhA
 budk main vacuum tubes FkkA
 AC dh vko”;drk FkhA
 budk operation djus ds fy, binary language dh vPNh tkudkjh
okys dh vko”;drk gksrh Fkh rFkk bldks dksbZ Hkh ugh pyk ldrk Fkk
Second generation(1955 to 1965):- bl ih<h ds dEI;wVj esa vacuum
tabus ds LFkkuij transistor dk mi;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA Transistor,
vacuum tabus ls size esa NksVs rFkk blesa power consummation vf/kd
FksA buds dkj.k dEI;wVj dh fiNyh ih<h dh vis{kk fast gks xbZ gSA

fo’ks"krk,a%&
 budh size NksVh Fkh budh processing speed fast FkhA
 main equipment transistor bldh de dher dh FkhA
 buesa power consumption de FkkA ijUrq AC dh vko”;drk FkhA
 blesa assembly language dk mi;ksx FkkA
Third generation(1965 to 1975):- bl ih<h ds dEI;wVj esa main
equipment IC(Integrated circuit) dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA IC cgqr NksVh
silicon chip gksrh gSA ftl ij gtkjksa circuits print gksrs gSAchip ds iz;ksx ls
dEI;wVj dk vkdkj cgqr NksVk rFkk dher o ykxr esa dkQh de gks x;kA bl
le; esa DEC(Digital Equipment Corporation) cktkj esa launch fd;kA
fo’ks"krk,a%&
 Storage capacity esa o`f)A
 Network dh lqfo/kkA
 Time sharing technic iz;ksxA
 High language dk use basic fortran
 Size esa NksVs FksA
 de dher ds FksA
 AC dh vko”;drk ughA
 vf/kd capable programs tSls%&operating system dk use.
Fourth Generation(1975 to vc rd):- bl ih<h ds dEI;wVj esa LSI(Large
Scale Integrated Circuits)ls cuh microchip dk iz;ksx fda;k tkus yxk
ftls microprocessor dgrs gSA bls ;qDr dEI;wVj Hkh micro computer ls
dgk tkus yxsA micro computer dk O;fDrxr mi;ksx cM x;k gSA bu
micro computer dks personal computer ;k PC dgrs gSA
fo”ks’krk,a%&
 vf/kd fo”ouh;A

 NksVk vkdkjA
 LSI rduhd dk mi;ksxA
 Processing speed fast.
 de dherA
 more storage capacity tSlas%&fox pro, oracal, sql.
Fifth Generation:- bl ih<h ds dEI;wVj esa main equipment VLSI(Very
Large Scale Integrated circuits) bl ih<h ds dEI;wVj dh lkspus dh {kerk
decision ysus dh {kerk vkfn dk fodkl fd;k tk jgk gSA bl ih<h ds dEI;wVj
fodkl ds {ks= esa gSA ;g machine lekUrj gksxhA tks ,d le; esa dbZ dk;Z dj
ldsxhA blds fy, artificial intelligence dk concept dks mi;ksx esa fy;k
tk jgk gS blesa use language prolog, lisp gSA]
fo’ks"krk,a%&
 budh size cM+hA
 dher vf/kdA
 Data storage capacity rFkk processing speed fast gksxhA
Memory
Memory:- dIE;wVj esa data storage media dks memory dgrs gSA
I. Primary memory:- bldks main memory or internal memory or
temporarily memory Hkh dgrs gSA dEI;wVj ds vUnj bl dk dk;Z
only working time gksrk gSA ;fn power cut/off gks tkrh gS rks
memory useless gks tkrh gSA
Two types of primary memory:-
I. RAM:- bldk iqjk uke random access memory gksrk gSAbldk use
working ds time tc rd power supply jgrh gS rc rd work

djrh gS rFkk off ij work cUn dj nsrh gSA mlds vUnj storage
information xk;c gks tkrh gSA bls volatile memory ds uke ls
tkuk tksrk gSA Primary memory RAM ds fdlh Hkh location dks ,d
leku time esa read fda;k tk ldrk gSA blh dkj.k ls bls Random
access memory dgk tkrk gS A RAM nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&
S-RAM (Static RAM) :- Fixed word length memory.
D-RAM (Dynamic Ram) :- Variable word length memory.
II. ROM:- bldk iqjk uke read only memory gksrk gSA blesa data
store djus ds ckn ckj&ckj Ik<k tk ldrk gS ftles nwckjk data or
information i<hugh tk ldrh gSA data write izfdz;k dks ROM esa
burning fd;k tkrk gS ;g non-volatile memory dgykrh gSA ROM
dEI;wVj ds vUnj low level dk;Z djus ds fy, use fd;k tkrk gSA
Exp:- BIOS, Books etc.
2. Secondary memory:- dEI;wVj system esa information dks LFkkbZZ
djus ds fy, bldk use djrs gSA bl esa data store djus ds ckn
future esa use ys ldrs gSA Power dk cut/off or on ugh i³rk gSaA
i. Hard Disk drive:- ;g IBM company }kjk cuk;k x;k storage
devise gSA bldks Winchester disk dgk tkrk gSA ;g magnet
plate ls cuh gksrh gSA ftlesa ,d central soft ij ?kqek;k tkrk gSA
plate ds pkjksa vksj dk {ks= airless ds vUnj j[kk tkrk gSA bu plate
dks ,d liquid ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftlls plate dks dksbZ
loss ugh gksrk gSA plate dks traces esa rFkk traces dks sector esa
ckaVk x;k gSA sector esa 512 bit data store fd;k tkrk gSaA
ii. CD(compact disk):-;g virtual memory gksrh gS rFkk bldks CD
ROM ds }kjk system ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gS blesa audio, vedio,
music, text, photo, movie dh files, presentation vkfn type
store dh tk ldrh gS ;g without CD-ROM useless gSA CD ds

vUnj maximum data 700MB store dj ldrs gS rFkk fofHkUu
company }kjk cuk;k tk jgh gSA tSls%&Sony, I-service etc.
iii. DVD(Digital Video Disk):-;g virtual memory gksrh gSA rFkk
bldks DVD writer ds }kjk dEI;wVj ls tksM+k tkrk gSA DVD esa
maximum data 4.7GB dj ldrs gSA
iv. Blue Ray:-;g CD/DVD dh rjg gh gksrh gSSA ysfdu CD/DVD singal
leyar gksrh gS ijUrq ;g Double layer esa gksrh gSA Disk ds nksuks
side writable site gksrh gSA bldks DVD writer esa ugh pyk;k tk
ldrk gS blds fy, blue ray writer use esa fy;k tkrk gS bl esa
,d ys;j ij 25GB data store djus dh capacity gksrh gS total
size 50GB data rd gksrh gSaA
v. Pen Drive:- Secondary memory esa pen drive flax memory
gksrk gS bl esa hard disk dh rjg data write and read fd;k tk
ldrk gS bldh maximum size 64GB gksrh gSA
Input & Output Device
Input Device:-ftlds ek/;e ls dEI;wVj dks funsZ’khr fd;k tkrk gS ml
devise dks input devise dgrs
1. Key-board:-;g eq[; o easy input devise gS tks data rFkk
program ,d keyboard ds ek/;e ls computer esa input fd;s tkrs gS
blds }kjk user dqN comment computer dks nsrk gSA mldk izHkko
screen ij iM+rk gSA Keyboard keys dks lkr Hkkaxks esa ckaVk tk ldrk
gS&]
i. Alphabet keys (A to Z)
ii. Numerical keys (0 to 9)
iii. Functional keys (F1 to F12)
iv. Arrow keys

v. Symbols keys
vi. Special keys
vii. Control keys
2. Mouse:-;g ,d pointing input devise gSA bldks j[kus ds fy,
mouse pad dk use fd;k tkrk gSA bldks gkFk ls dke djrs gS Space
ij ?kqekus ij ball ?kqerh gS rFkk mouse esa yxs NksVs&NksVs jksyj dks
lfefyr djrh gS ;g signals dks digital value esa ;qDr djrh gS fd
mouse fdl fn”kk esa xfr djrk gSA ;g 1963 esa cuk FkkA ;g
GUI(Graphical User Interface) based ij gksrk gSA bl esa rhu
button gksrs gS&Right, left, scroll button.
3. Track ball:- ;g Hkh ogh dk;Z djrh gS tks mouse djrk gS vUrj ;g gS
fd mouse dks gkFk ls rFkk track boll dks vaxqyh ;k vaxqBs ls ?kqekdj
use djrs gSA tSls&laptop.
4. Joystick:-;g games [ksyus ds dke vkus okyk input device gSA blds
ek/;e ls screen ij present vkdjrh dks blds gsaMy ls pyk;k tk
ldrk gS ;g mouse dh rjg dk;ZZ djrk gSA mouse dks fdlh ,d fn”kk
esa move djds NksM+ nsus ij ijUrq joystick esa ,d ckj move djus ij
object mlh rjg move djrk jgsxk tc rd mls igys okyh LFkrh rd
ugh yk;k tk, rc rd mlh fn”kk esa move djrk gSSaA
5. Scaner:- ;g ,d input device gS ftlds }kjk text fl)s dEI;wVj esa
Hkstk tkrk gSA blds fy, ftl text dks scan djuk gS mls scanner dh
flute surface ij j[kk tkrk gS scanner ij yxs laser, light source
ds }kjk fp= dks binary code esa change djd dEI;wVj esa Hkstk tkrk gS
rFkk monitor screen ij ns[k ldrs gS vkSj vko”;drk vuqlkj fPk= esa
changing fda;k tk ldrk gSA Exp:- fMtkbZuj use ysrs gSATwo type of
scanner-1. Hand scanner.
2. Desktop scanner.

6. Digital Camera:-;g ,slk ,d input Devise gSS tks fdlh Hkh seen dks
djus eas dke vkrk gS seen dks store djus ds le; camera dh screen
ij ns[k ldrs gS ;g NksVs vkdkj ds input device gksrs gSA
7. MICR(Magnetic Ink Character Reader) :-bl midj.k }kjk input
fd;k tkus ij ,d paper ij fy[kk tkrk gSA v{kjks dks fy[kus ds fy, ,d
special front gksrk gS bl front ds izR;sd v{kj ,d line ij cuk gksrk gSA
blesa ,d magnetic ink dk use fd;k tkrk gSA ftles vk;ju vkaDlkbM
magnetic inkFkZ feyk gksrk gSA Exp:- Bank ds check dks o paper dks
read djus ds fy, MICR ds reading hit ds uhps ls xqtkjk tkrk gSA ;g
check o DD dks “kq) ls i<rk gS rFkk budh input xfr fast gksrh gS rFkk
blesa front Macke djus ds fy, og magnetic ink esa gksus pkfg,A
8. OCR(Optical Character Reader):-bls character dks scan djds
fl/ks gh dEI;wVj esa input djus ds fy, dke fy;k tkrk gSA blds }kjk
graphical dks scan ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldks izR;sd character dks
optical source }kjk izdkf”kr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bls OCR ds fups j[kh
gqbZ photo sensitive plate ij izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA OCR }kjk data dks
binary code esa change dj computer esa input fd;k tkrk gS blds
}kjk input data processing c< tkrh gS rFkk xyfr;ks dh lEHkkouk ugh
jgrh gSA
9. OMR(Optical Mark Reader):-;g ,d ,slh input device gS tks
fdlh paper ij pen or pencil ds fpUg dh mifLFkrh dks tkurk gS ftlesa
fpUg ij izdk”k <kyk tkrk gSA ifjofrZr izdk”k dks tkapk tkrk gS tgka
fpUg gksrk ogk izdk”k dh rhozrk de gksrh gSA exp.:- izfr;ksxhrk dh
books dks tkap esa gksrk gSA
10. Light Pen:-;g dEI;wVj dh screen ij dksbZ image cukus ds fy,
mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA bldh Vhi ls dksbZ vkdrhZ cukbZ tkrh gSA Vp
screen ls tranfar ls processor esa tkrh gS vkSj ml LFkku ij design
fn[kus yxrh gSA Light pen dks menu esa fn;s x;s option dks select
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bls image dks save dj ldrs gSA

11. Touch Screen:-;g Hkh ,d input device gSSSA touch terminal ,d
sensitive screen gh j[krs gSA vaxqyh Nq dj gh screen ls select fd;k
tk ldrk gS ;g cgqr lkjs fcUnqvksa dk lekos”k gksrk gS rFkk izR;sd fcUnq
,d vyx input izo`fr dks Lohdkj djrk gSA bldk use djus ds fy,
vuqHkoh operator dh vko”;drk ugh gS rFkk muds fy, gS tks pyk;k
ugh tkurs gSaA
12. BCR(Bar Code Reader) :-blds }kjk printed leqg dks ,d data
}kjk read fd;k tk ldrk gSA universal product code lcls T;knk
mi;ksx esa vkus okyk BCR Code gSA lHkh detail packeting ij gksrk gS
;g ,d scanner gS tks UPC esa ,d lsfu esa ,d [kM+h line gksrh gSA bldh
pksM+kbZ vyx&vyx gksrh gSA bldks 10 fMftV esa i<k tkrk gS bu esa ls
igys ikap fueZkrk distributer dk irk pyrk gS vkSj ckdh ikap ls
product dh tkudkjh pyrh gSA
13. Web camera:-bldk mi;ksx fo”ks’k dj dEI;wVj ds lkFk gksrk gS
user bldk iz;ksx online chating ds le; djrs gS og fdlh object ij
Qksdl djds fp= nsrk gSA nqljh vksj online person (;fn mlds ikl
web camera gS rks) ns[k ldrs gS rFkk mls ckrfpr dj ldrs gSA
Output Devices:-ftl midj.k dh lg;ksx ls CPU ls vkus okyh lwpukvksa dks
izkIr djrs gSA mls Output Device dgrs gSA Two type of Output device.
1. Soft copy :-;fn ifj.kke ls izkIr lwpukvksa dks fdlh program ds ek/;e
ls screen ij ;k vkokt ls izkIr rFkk mls ckj&ckj ifjorZu djds mls
soft copy dgrs gS rFkk bl result dks flopy disk o hard disk esa
store fd;k tkrk gSaA
2. Hard copy:-tc result dks printer rFkk plotter }kjk paper ij
print fd;k tkrk gSa rks og hard copy result dks nss[kus ds fy, fofHkUu
output device gksrh gS&
1.) Monitor. 2.) Printer.
3.) Plotter. 4.) Sound card and
spreakers.

1. Printer:-;g ,d output device gS rFkk bldh lg;ksx ls lwpukvksa
dks print from esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d hard copy device gSaA
Two type of printer-
i. Impact.
ii. Non-Impact.
i. Impact printer:- ;g VkbZi writer dh fl)kUr ij cuk gSA tks
ribber rFkk paper ij izgkj djds print djrk gSA ;g striating
theory ij dk;Z dkjrk gSA
Type of Impact printer-
a. Line printer.
b. Chain printer.
c. Drum printer.
d. Dot matrix printer(DMP)
e. Dali wheel printer.
ii. Non- Impact printer:- ;g rabbi ij izgkj ugh djrs gS rFkk buesa
jklk;fud ink jack rFkk izdkf”kkr fo/kh }kjk print djrk gS
Types of Non-impact printer–
a. Laser printer.
b. Color printer.
2. Monitor:- Output Devices esa lcls vf/kd dke esa vkus okyk
monitor Output gSA ;g main output device gSA user
monitor }kjk gh computer lekIr djrk gSA lekUrj izdkf”kr
color ds vk/kkj ij monitor dks rhu types esa gSaA
a. Monochrome:- ;g nks “kCn mono (,dy ;k flaxy) rFkk
chrome ls feydj cuk gSA bl izdkj ds monitor output dks
back and whiter esa show djrs gSA
b. Gray scale:- ;g fo”ks’k izdkj ds monitor gksrs gS tks gray
said esa output show djrs gS bl izdkj ds vf/kdrj laptop esa
use fd;s tkrs gSA

c. Color monitor:- RGB(Red Green Blue) fodj.k ds output
dks show djrk gSA RBG ds fl)kUr ds izdkj ,sls monitor dqN
resolution ij xzkfQDl dks show djrs gSA computer dh
memory dh {kerk ds vk/kkj ij ,sls 15 ls 16 yk[k rd
output esa show djus dh {kerk j[krs gSaA
Types of Monitor:-
CRI(Cathode Ray Tubes):-vf/kdrj dEI;wVj esa bl izdkj ds
monitor dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA ;g GU ds leku dk;Z djrk gS bl
izdkj ds monitor esa cathode rais tubes dke esa ysrs gSA CUI
monitor esa phosphor cathode screen gksrh gSA tc electron
bl screen ij fxjrs gS rks screen ij jks”kuh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA bldh
picture polity vPNh gksrh gSaA
LCD(Liquid Crystal Display/Diode):-;g ,d Digital Display
system dkap dh nks iVrh ds ek/e esa ftlds ikjn”khZ nzo inkFkZ gksrs gS
A LCD dh ckgjh ij tin oxide dh }kjk coared gksrh gSA LCD
monitor vf/kdrj laptop computer esa dke fy;s tkrs gSA bl rjg
dh screen laptop ds vfrfjDr calculater, video games and
digital camera etc. esa dke fy;k tkrh gSA
Advantages:- blesa de fctyh yxrh gSA vkdkj NksVk gksrk gSSA
Disadvantages:-vf/kd dher resolution vf/kd vPNk ugh gksrk gSA
TFI(Thin Film Transistor):- LCD ds ckn monitor izdkj esa dqN
ifjorZu fd;k x;k gSA liquid crystal dh txg thin film transistor
rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA blesa display ds fy, per fiscal ds
fy, transistor responsible gSaA
LED(Light Emanon Diode):- TEI ds ckn monitor rduhd dks
vksj fodflr fd;k x;kA bl izdkj ds monitor esa light ermine

diode dk mi;ksx fd;k x;A LCD monitor dks Display ckfd ds
eqdkcys vPNk gSA LED dks fdlh angel ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS blesa
power saving and less expensive gksrk gSAa
Plasma:- monitor dh lcls vf/kd display quality blesa feyrh
gS rFkk bldk resolution lcls vPNk gksrk gSA blesa picture dh
per fivsal ds fy, vyx emino diode work gksrs gS ;g high
expensive gksrs gSA
3. Plotter:- bldk use cM+s vkdkj ds uD”ks] pkVZ] f=foe; js[kkfp=
xzkQ] fMtkbZu vkfn fizUV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
Two Types of plotter:-
a. Drum pen plotter.
b. Flat led plotter.
4. Speakers:-;ag dEI;wVj ls izkIr fMftVy lwpukvksa dks /ofu esa
change djrs gSA speaker dks use multimedia application esa
gksrk gSA
WINDOWS
Paint
Not pad
WordPad
Calculator
Windows Explorer
System Tools
Desktop Customization

Desktop:- monitor screen ij information display djus okys iVy dks
desktop dgrs gSA
Wallpaper:- (Picture on desktop) vyx&vyx picture dks Ldzhu ij set
djuk Wallpaper setting dgykrk gSaA
Icon:- (Graphical representation of application) fdlh Hkh izksxzke dk
desktop ij graphical shortcut create fda;k tkrk gS rks ml
application dks icon dgykrk gSA ml icon ij right arrow dk fu’kku
gksrk gSA
Folder:- Windows esa directory ds graphical representation dks
folder dgrs gS ftlesa files dks store fd;k tkrk gSaA Two Types of
folder:-
a. Normal Folder:- oks LFkku tgka ij files dks j[kk tkrk gSa rFkk
normally bls user }kjk create fd;k tkrk gSA normal folder
dgykrk gSaA
b. System Folder:- Operating System h files ftl folder esa store
gksrh gS System folder dgykrh gSA tks oprating system load djrs
le; automatically create gks tkrh gSaA Exp.:MyComputer, My
Document, Recycle bin etc.
Start button:- (To begin program) Window esa fdlh Hkh application
;k program dks start djus ds fy, start button dk use Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
bldks main invoke button Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSaA
Start Menu:- Mouse ls start button ij click djus ds ckn program dh
tks list fn[kkbZ nsrh gS mls start menu dgrs gSaA

Quick Launch:- Commonly use gksus okyh application dks ,d box esa
pin dj fn;k tkrk gSA quick lounck dgykrk gS tks fd desktop left
bottom corner esa fLFkr start button ds ikl gksrk gSaA
Task bar:- (Presentation of running program):- Computer esa pyus
okys program dh list ftl ij show gksrh gS mls taskbar dgrs gSa tks fd
desktop esa lcls uhps blue strip gksrh gSaA
System Tray:- Right bottom corner in desktop display of date and
time, important icon of access.
Taskbar Customization
Taskbar and start menu properties:-
1. Taskbar:-
Lock the taskbar:- Desktop ij taskbar dks lock djus djus ds fy,
bl dk use djrs gSS ;fn bl option dks unselect djrs gS tks taskbar
esa changes fd, tk ldrs gSA exp. Taskbar dh height or width dks
c<kuk ;k de djukA
Auto-hide taskbar:- Desktop ls taskbar automatically hide gks
dks fixed j[kus ds fy, auto-hide taskbar dks unselect j[krs gSaA
Keep the taskbar on top of the other window:- bl option dks
select djus ls taskbar window ij display j[krs gSaA
Group similar taskbar buttons:- Window esa similarly open gksus
okyh files, folder, application etc ,d ls T;knk gksus ij particulars
files, folder, application etc. group esa display gksaxsA ;fn bl
option dks unselect djrs gS tks lHkh files, folder, application
individually display gksaxsA

Show Quick launch:-bl option dk use desktop ij quick
louche tag dks display djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn bl option
dks unselect fd;k tkrk gSA rks quick loach disappeared.
Notification Area:-
Show the clock- hides inactive icons
Notification area esa system dh clock dks display djokus ds fy,
taskbar and start menu properties dk use djrs gSA notification
are or system tray esa bu active icon hidden djus ds fy, taskbar
and menu properties dk use djrs gSaA
2. Start menu:-
Start or standerd menu:- menu dks select djus ds fy, vkidks
program list dks normal access djus dk way izkIr gksxkA bl
menu esa tks list display gksxh mlesa favorite programs gksxsA exp.
Internet exeplorar, windows media player etc.
Classic start menu:- program list esa display style windown esa
iqjkus version dh rjg gh gSaA
Task manager:- computer esa pyus okys running program dks
statuc fyl diolog box esa fn[krk gS mlds task manater dgk tkrk
gSaA u;s task ysus rFkk running task dks end djus ds fy, system dh
processing speed dks chek djus dh memory dh using dks ns[kus es
vkfn esa task manager dks use fd;k tkrk gSaA
Shortcut:- ctrl+Alt+del
Ctrl+Alt+esc
Display
Display open djus dk rjhdk
1. Right click on desktop
2. Pop-up menu
a. Arrange Icon By.

b. Refresh
c. Paste
d. Paste shortcut
e. Groove folder synchronization
f. Graphical Option
g. Properties
a. Arrange Icon By:-
i. Name:- Icon o folder dks name ds according arrange djsxkA
ii. Size:- File o folder dh size ds accordingarrangedjsxkA
iii. Type:- File o folder type according arrange djsxk A
iv. Modified:-User icon o folder dks nudity dj ldrk gSaA
v. Show in groups:- Open application dks group display djuk
gSA
vi. Auto arrange:- scon o folder automatically arrange dks
tkrs gSaA
vii. Auto to grid:- Icon, folder left aligh esa gksaxs
viii. Show desktop icons:- desktop ls icon o folder dks hide
djus o okil display djus ds fy, show desktop icons dk use
djrs gSaA
ix. Lock Web items on desktop:- desktop ij web ls related
item dks display djus ds fy, bl command dk use djrs gS
x. Run desktop cleanup wizard:- Desktop ij cuus okyh
temporary file dks remove djus ds fy, desktop cleanup
wizard dk use djrs gSaA
b. Refresh:- Computer memory dks recall djus ds fy, refresh
command dk use djrs gS bldk shortcut key ‘F5’ gksrk gSaA
c. Paste:-dgha ls copy fd, gq, object dks desktop ij ykus ds fy,
paste command dk use djrs gSaA

d. Paste Shortcut:- fdlh Hkh application dk shortcut cukus ds fy,
paste shortcut command dk use djrs gSaA
e. Groove Folder Synchronization:-;g ms-worddh application dh
utility gS ftldk use folder synchronization ds fy, djrs gSaA
f. Save as scheme:- Desktop esa new color scheme tksM+us fy, bl
command dk use djrs gSaA
g. Graphical Option:- Desktop ds graphic resolution ds ckjs esa
information provide djokrk gSaA
h. Display Modes:- Display mode esa screen dk color high color ;k
fQj true color requirement according choose djsaA
i. New:- Folder cukus shortcut create djus ] fdlh application dk
shortcut icon cukus ;k direct open djus rFkk Folder dks compress
djus ds fy, new command dk use gksrk gSaA
j. Theme- Theme dk eryc background ij sound dks set djuk icon
setting, other elements setting lkjh setting ,d click ij gks tk,aA
Desktop:-

A. Background:- Desktop ij fn[kus okyh screen dks cnyus ds fy,
background esa fn;s x, picture dks choose djsaA
B. Browser:- Computer memory ls dksbZ ubZ Picture yxkuh gks rks
browser ls browse dj ysA
C. Position:- Desktop ij picture dks rhu position esa ns[k ldrs gSaA
i. Tile:- Desktop ij scenario file eryc VqdM+ksa dh rjg gksxkA
ii. Center:- Desktop ij picture desktop ds center esa display
gksxhA
iii. Stretch:- Desktop ij picture full flash fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA
D.color:- Desktop dk color change djus ds fy, color command
dk use djrs gSaA
E. Customize Desktop:- Desktop icons:- Desktop ij icon display
djus ds fy, customize icon dk use djrs gS
F. Screen Saver:- tc vki working condition esa uk gks ml le; vki
moniter dh screen ij movable text ;k picture display djuk
pkgrs gS] screen sever dgykrk gSaA
G.Monitor power:- To adjust monitor powar settings and save
evergy use monitor power command.
H.Appearance:- Window o button dk colour ;k styles cnyus ds
fy, window dk color scheme change djus ds fy, window dk
font size cnyus ds fy, appearance tag dk use djrs gSaA
I. Setting:- System, monitor ;k VGA adaptor dk resolution cnyus
ds fy, setting tag dk use djrs gSA
Start menu
1. Turn off:-
i. Stand by:- vkidk monitor low power supply ijquicly cUn
gk tk,xkA

ii. Turn off/shut down:- Turn off dk eryc computer dks ;k
computer esa pyus okys oprating System dks Safaly cUn djus
ds fy, turn off dk use djrs gSA
iii. Restart:- Running oprating system dks shut down djds
nksckjk start dj nsxkA
iv. Hybbernate:- Window esa pyus okys current application dks
ogh ij resume djds windows dks shut down dj nsxkA
hybbernate option dks use djus ds fy, turn off button esa
stand by command dks select djsa rFkk shift key dks hold
djds j[ksA vkids lkeus hybbernate option appear gksxkA
2. Log off window:- Pc ij ftl user ds ek/;e ls window run gks jgk
gS mlls ckgj fudyuk log off window dgykrk gSaA
Swich user:- Running user dks without log off nqljs user ls log
in gkus ds fy, switch user dk iz;ksx djrs gSA bldk shortcut key
window+L gksrk gSA
Log off:- Running windows ls ckgj fudyus ds fy, log off
command dk use gksrk gSaA
3. Run:- Run windows dh ,d utility gSaA ftldk mi;ksx fdlh
application dh .exe file ds ek/;e ls fdlh application ls open
djokukA
4. Help and Support:- Windows ls related fdlh Hkh rjg dh Help
dks ysus ds fy, help and support dk use djrs gSaA
5. Search:- Computer dh directory ls file o folder <qa<us ds fy,
search command dk use djrs gSaA
6. Setting:- Computer ds vUnj pyus okys lkjs opration dks set djus
ds fy, setting dk use djrs gSA Exp. Computer ij new hard
ware tksM+uk] fdlh application dks add of remove djuk] internet
connection dks check djuk] printer of faves dks enable or

disable djuk] mail kds configure djuk] sound dks enable or
disable etc.
7. Documents:- Computer esa store fd;s tkus okys data dks by
default document folder esa store fd;k tkrk gSaA
8. Programs:- computer ds vUnj install fad;s tkus okys lHkh
program, program list ds vUnj Show gksaxsA
9. Update windows:- Installed operating system dks update djus
ds fy, windows update command dk use djrs gSA windows
update dk eryc windows ds site latest ritical security
updates, device, devices raFkk vU; feature update fad;s tkrs gSaA
10. Windows catalog:- System ls related fdlh rjg dk product
update djus ds fy, windows catalog command dk use djrs gSaA
11. Set program access and Defauts:- Windows ds vUnj fdlh
default program dks choose djuk ;k activate djukA Exp. Web
browser, sendingemail rFkk specific program dks start menu ls
desktop ls other location ls access djukA
Pragram
1. Accessories:- blds vUnj mi;ksx gksus okyh application windows
application dgykrh gS tks oprating system instoll djras le; by
default instoll gks tkrh gSaA
a. Accessibility wizard:- bldk use system meet configure
djus ds fy, gksrk gSaA
b. Magnifier:- bl command dk use selected text vkaSj
screen ds mij other components dks cM+k ns[kus ds fy,
magnifier dk use djrs gSA
c. Narrator:- bldk use read on screen text, dealog boxes,
menus and button. Aloud if speakers or a sound output
device is installed.

d. On-screen keyboard:- bl dks screen ij display djus ds fy,
bldk use djrs gS bldk control mouse }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
Shortcut:- Run type OSK
e. Utility manager:- Windows esa accessibility tool dks
configure djus ds fy, use ysrs gSaA
2. Communications:-
a. Hyper terminal:- ;fn vki nks system net work based
connect djrs gS rks blds vUnj IP dks check djus ds fy,
telnet, board system , on tile serveces, host user vkfn dks
withoutmodem connect fd;k tkrk gSA
b. Network connection:- ,d nwljs computer dks tksM+us fQj
Network dks establish djus ds fy, bl dk use fd;k tkrk gS
A Shortcut:- Run type ncpa.cpl
c. Network setup wizard:- vkidksa vius ?kj ;k office esa
network dks setup djus ds fy, bldk use djuk gksrk gSaA
d. New Connection wizard:- New connection dk use
internet dks connect djus ds rFkk network dks select djus
ds fy,A Exp. Private, home, public.
e. Wireless network setup wizard:- vkidks network esa wire
less network dks add djus ds fy, bldk use djrs gSsSA type
of wireless:- gagi, flevible, directable.
3. Entertainment:-
a. Sound Records:- Computer esa sound dks record djus ds
fy, sound records dk use djuk iM+rk gSsSA
b. Volume Control:- Wizard/ system sound dk volume
control djus ds fy, bl command dk use djrs gSaA
4. System Tools:-

a. Backup:- vki ds dEI;wVj ds vUnj accidental case esa ;fn
data dks loss gks tkrk gS rks mldk igys ls gh backup djds
j[kuk pkfg,A
b. Character Map:- vki ds document esa fdlh special
character dks add djus ds fy, character map dk use djrs
gSA
c. Disk Cleanup:- vki ds Hard disk esa store gksus okyh
temporiraly file dks disk ls clean djus ds fy, disk cleanup
dk use djrs gSA
d. Disk Defragmenter:- vki ds hard disk esa data storage
space dks ;k data dh value dks de djus ds fy, disk
defragmenter dk use djrs gSaA
e. File and Setting transfer wizard :- bldk use djds files dks
,d computer ls other computer esa migrat dj ldrs gSsA
f. Internet Explorer:- Internet dks pykus ds fy, browser
application internat explorer dks open djrs gSA
g. Scheduled tasks:- Computer esa scheduled dks use djds
computer tasks dks complete dj ldrs gSaA]
h. Security Center:- bl command dk use djds vkids pc dks
secured fd;k tk ldrk gSsSA
i. System Information:- dEI;wVj dh current information dks
display djus ds fy, bl tool dk use djrs gSA
j. System Restore:- ;fn vki vius computer dks special point
ls restore djus ds fy, bl command dk use djrs gSaA
Address book:- vki dks computer ds vUnj contacts list dks cukuk
gks ;k businesses ds fy, person dk directory services dks
use djuh gS

Calculator: - fdlh Hkh rjg dh arithmetic calculation djus ds fy, gl dk
iz;ksx djrs gSA shortcut-Run type CALC.
Romote Desktop Connection:- vki ,d ls nwljs dEI;wVj ds lkFk dusDV gS rks
mlds vUnj py jgs program, software, application dks ;fn vki
access djuk pkgs rks bl option dk use djsaA
Program Compatibility Wizard:- bldk use vkidks old program dks
configure djus ds fy, use ysrs gS tks window-xp esa run gksaxsA
Synchronize:- fdlh Hkh malerial dks mldh network copy update djus ds
fy, offtime edit fd;k tkrk gSA Exp:- document, calendras, e-mail
masseges.
Tour Windows-xp:- ;fn vki windows tools dks open djrs gS rks ;g vkidks
guides djrk gS fd dksu ls program dks fdl izdkj handle djrs gSA
Window Explorar:- vki vius computer ij files and folders dks display
dj sldrs gSA
MS-DOS
Ms-dos dk iwjk uke micro soft disk oprating system gSaA
 First oprating system developed by Microsoft corporation
second name command prompt.
 Command’s knowledge for user which than use this oprating
system.
 It is a CUI(Command User Interface) based oprating system.
 It is single use and single tasking oprating system.
 Two types of DOS command in MS-DOS.

a. Internal command
b. External command
 Extersion list:-
Notepad :- .txt
Word pad :- .rtf
Pdrash/paint :- .bmp
MS-excle(2003) :- .xls
(2007) :- .xlsx
Ms-word(2003) :- .doc
(2007) :- .docx
Ms-powerpaint(2003) :- .ppt
(2007) :- .pptx
HTML/web design :- .htm/.html
Image :- .jpg
Ms-outlook :- .eml
Satup fule :- .exe
Music file :- .mp3
Wawefile :- .wbm
Ms-Access(2007) :- .accdb
Ms-publisher :- .pub
Windows movie mader :- .mswmm
Compact disk audio :- .cda
Drive file :- .d
Video :- .mp4
Wave sound :- .wav
Adove photoshop :- .psd
Image and Animation :- .gil
Large Image :- .jpeg
Portable document format :- .pdf

Commands:-
1. Command – date
Syntax - c:>date enter
User - to show the current system date and also change
it.
2. Command - time
Syntax - c:>time enter
User - to show the current system time and also change
it.
3. Command - copy con enter
Syntax - c:>copy con new file name enter
User - to create a new file
For file save - ctrl+Z or f6
4. Command - type
Syntax - c:>type existing file name enter
User - to show the particular file contents
5. Command - Del
Syntax - c:>del existing file name enter
User - to delete a particular file
6. Command - md
Syntax - c:>md new directory name than enter
User - to create a new directory
7. Command - cd
Syntax - c:>cd evisting directory name than enter
User - to enter in particular directory
8. Command - tree
Syntax - c:>tree existing directory name than enter

User - to show the list of directory and subdirectory in
tree structure.
9. Command - cd..
Syntax - c:>cd.. Than enter
User -to goes back one by one stap
10. Command - cd
Syntax - c:>cd
User - to goes back with one step
11. Command - rd
Syntax - c:>rd existing directory name than enter
User - to delete or remove the particular directory
12. Command - del**
Syntax - c:>del** than enter
User - to delete the old files in a time
13. Command - copy
Syntax - c:>copy existing file name copy location
than enter
User - the copy a file from one location to another
location
Exp. - c:>copy new folderasd d:abc than enter
14. Command - dir
Syntax - c:>dir than enter
User - to show the list of all directory and files
15. Command - dir/p
Syntax - c:>dir/p than enter
User - to show the list of all directory and files page by
page
16. Command - dir/w
Syntax - c:>dir/w than enter

User - to show the list of all directory and files in width
17. Command - dir/on
Syntax - c:>dir/on than enter
User - to show the list of all directory and files in
assending order(a to z)
18. Command - tree
Syntax - c:>dir/o-n than enter
User - to show the list all directories and files in
disending order(Z to A)
19. Command - dir/os
Syntax - c:>dir/os than enter
User - to show the list of all directories and files in size
(low to hight)
20. Command - dir/o-s
Syntax - c:>dir/o-s than enter
User - to show the list all directories and files in size
(hith to low)
21. Command - dir/od
Syntax - c:>dir/od than enter
User - to show the list all directories and files in date
according (old date to new d)
22. Command -dir/o-d
Syntax - c:>dir/o-d than enter
User - to show the list all directories and files in
according (new date to old date)
23. Command - dir/oe
Syntax - c:>dir/oe than enter
User - to show the list all directories and files in exertion
assending order (a to z)

24. Command - dir/o-e
Syntax - c:>dir/o-e than enter
User - to show the list all directories and files in exertion
disending order (z to a)
25. Command - dir/ad
Syntax - c:>dir/ad than enter
User - to show the list of all directories
26. Command - dir/a-d
Syntax - c:>dir/a-d than enter
User - to show the list of all files
27. Command - dir/b
Syntax - c:>dir/b than enter
User - to show the bro format and file and directories
with exertion
28. Command - dir/s
Syntax - c:>dir/s than enter
User - to show the all directory and subdirectories
29. Command - dir/a
Syntax - c:>dir/a than enter
User - to show the all hidden and read only list. This
attribure of files and to show the behavieos of
files
30. Command - dir/ar
Syntax - c:>dir/o-n than enter
User - to show the only read only files list
31. Command - dir/ah
Syntax - c:>dir/ah than enter
User - to show the only hidden files list
32. Command - dir/l

Syntax - c:>dir/l than enter
User - this show to lower case or simall latter of file and
directories list
33. Command - ren
Syntax - c:>ren existing file/directory name new
file/directory name than enter
User - to rename a file or directory
34. Command - move
Syntax - c:>move existing file name move location
than enter
User - to move a file from one location to another
location
Exp. - c:>move virenv d:virendra than enter
35. Command - ver
Syntax - c:>ver than enter
User - check the current version of opration system
36. Command - chkdsk
Syntax - c:>chkdsk than enter
User - examines the machines hard disk and to show the
store datas information in hard disk
Edit command:-
Cursor movement command:-
a. Home - move to the start of the current line.
b. End - move to the end of the current line.
c. Ctrl+up - scrol up one line.
d. Ctrl+down - scroll down one screen.
e. Page up - scroll up one screen.
f. Page down - scroll down one screen.

g. Ctrl+page up - scroll left one screen.
h. Ctrl+page down- scroll right one screen.
i. Ctrl+home - scroll to the start of the document.
j. Ctrl+end - scroll to the end of the document.
k. Ctrl+left arrow- move left one word.
l. Ctrl+righy arrow-move right one word.
m. Enter - started new paragraph
n. Del/delete - delete the character right side of sursor is on
o. Back space - delete the character to the left side of the
sunsor.
p. Tab - move the sursor to next and over
q. Insert - Switch betveen insert and over right modes.
r. Ctrl+y - auto inseted text is double and deleted text
repeated
s. Ctrl+v - Paste buffer contant into life
t. Ctll+p - allow spaice character to be insertd
Command for working with selected reason:-
u. Shift:- use the shift key in the conception with the cursor
movement function select reason.
v. Ctrl+c - copy the current selection to buffer
w.Ctrl+x - delete current selection and copy it to buffer
x. Delete - delete the current selection
MS-paint/ pbursh:-
;g ,d drawing processing software gksrk gS ftldk use
drawing draw djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA window ds bl
application dks drawing processing software Hkh dgrs gSaA
windows esa lcls mij blue line dks title bar of title line

dgrs gS tc rd user title ugh nsrk gSA rc rd untitle name
ds right side esa three button gksrs gSaA
Minimiza: -bl dk use application dks minimiza djus ds fy, djrs gSA
Minimiza or restore: -bl dk use application dks restore djus rFkk
minimiza djus ds fy, djrs gSaA
Close: -bldk use application dks exit djus ds fy, djrs gSaA
Menu bar:- application windows dks operate djus ds fy, vyx vyx
command dks vyx vyx categary esa distribute dj fn;k
x;k gS ftls ge menu or menu bar dgrs gSaA
Window ds left esa fLFkr box dks tools box dgrs gS blesa 16
tools gksrs gS tks bl izdkj gS-
A. Free-form select:- drowing sheet ij randomly fdlh
object dks select djus ds fy, usefull gSA
B. Select :- drowing sheet ij particular object dks
select djus ds fy, usefull gSA
C. Eraser/color eraser :- bldk use paint esa drawing or fdlh
object dks eraser djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
D.Fill with color:- bldk use esa document or drawing color
fill djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
E. Pick color:- bldk use drawing dk object color pick ro
select djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
F. Magnifier:- bldk use drawing sheet ij object or
drawing dks cMh size esa ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
G.Pancil :- bldk use mspaint esa free hand drawing drawed
okyk tool gksrk gSA

H.Brush:- document or drawing sheet esa brush tSlh
drawing draw djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
I. Air brush:- bldk use document or drawing es color spare
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
J. Text:- bldk use drawing ij text add djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSaA
K. Line :- bldk use line drew djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
L. Curve:- bldk use dreawing sheet ij pki [kspus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSaA
M. Rectangle:- bldk use rectangle draw ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
N.Elipse:- bldk use xksyk drew djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
O.Polygon:- bldk use cgwHkwtk,a djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
P. Rounded Rectangle:- bldk use xksyk dkj rectangle draw
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
Menu
Bar:-
File,
edit,
view,
Image,
color,
help

1. File menu:-
a. New:- blesa new document ysus ds fy, bldk use djrs gSS
A shortcut- ctrl+n
b. Open:- paint esa document esa existing file dks open djus
ds fy, open dk use djrs gSaaA shortcut- ctrl+o
c. Save:- Persent file dks save djus ds fy, bldk mi;ksx djrs
gSA shortcut- ctrl+s
d. Save as:- igys ls save dh xbZ file dks nwckjk new name
and other location esa save djus ds fy, A
e. From scanner or camera:- ;g command tc vki
peripheral device scanner ds PC ls or camera ;fn
attace gS rks work djrh gSaA
f. Print preview:- paper dks printont dks ns[kus ds fy, bl
command dk use djrs gSaA
g. Page setup:- Paper dks set djus ds fy, bldk use djrs gSaA
tSls :- Paper margin, number of page etc.
h. Print:- Document dk print out ysus ds fy, bl command
dk use djrs gSA tc bl command dk use djrs gS rks vki
dks oks priner set djuk iM+rk gS ftl ij vki printer out
fudkyuk pkgrs gSA shortcut :- ctrl+P
i. Send :- vki image dks internet ds ek/;e ls fdlh nwljs dks
Hkstus pkgrs gS rks bl command dk use djsA
j. Set As Background(tiled):- paint esa draw drawing dks
desktop ij wallpaper ds :I esa tiled esa display djus ds
fy, bl dk use djrs gSA
k. Set As Background(Centered):- paint dh drawing dks
desktop ds centor esa display djus ds fy, bl command
dk use djrs gSA

l. Exit:- Windows application ls ckgj fudyus ds fy, exit dk
use djrs gSaA shortcut:-alt+f4
2. Edit menu:-
a. Undo:- drawing sheet ij user }kjk fd;s x;s last work dks
three step rd back djus ds fy, use full gSA shortcut:-
ctrl+z
b. Repeat:- user }kjk remove fd;s x;as work dks three step
rd back djus ds fy, usefull gS A shortcut:- ctrl+y
c. Cut:- selected object dks particular position ls gVkus ds
fy, use fd;k tkrk gSA shortcut:- ctrl+x
d. Copy:- selected object dks ,d ls T;knk location ij ysus ds
fy, copy djrs gSAshortcut:- ctrl+c
e. Paste:- document esa last esa cut and copy fd;s x;s object
dks ysus ds fy, paste command dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
shortcut:- ctrl+v
f. Clear selection:- document esa or drawing sheet ij
selected text, drawing etc. dks document ls remove
djus ds fy, iz;ksx djrs gSA
g. Select all :- paint esa complete paper dks select djus ds
fy, iz;ksx djrs gSA short cut :- ctrl+a
h. Copy to:- bl command dk use particular one object
dks save djus ds fy, use djrs gSaA
i. Paste from:- particular save fd;s x;s object document
esa ysus ds fy, use djrs gSA]
3. View menu:-
a. Tool Box:- ;fn vki Paint file esa bldks hide djuk pkgrs gS
rks bl dks unselect ;k bl ij click djsaA ctrl+i
b. Color Box:- bldks hide or show djus ds fy, bldk use
djrs gSA ctrl+L

c. Satatus Bar:- document esa mouse pointer dh fLFkrh or
tools dh dro dks show djrh gSaA
d. Text Toolbar:- bl dk use text esa change djus rFkk bl
bar dks show or hide djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
e. View Bitmap:- bldk use drawing sheet dks full screen
ij show djrk gSaA ctrl+f
f. Zoom:- bldk use file dks cM+k show djds ns[k ldrs gSaA
blesa fuEu point include gS&normal size(ctrl+page up),
large size(ctrl+pgdn), custom, show grid(ctrl+g), show
thumbnail.
4. Image menu:-
a. Flip/Rotate:- fdlh Hkh object dks vyx vyx engal ls rotate
djus ds fy, use fd;k tkrk gSaA blds vUnj object dks
90,180,270o
gSaA ctrl+r
b. Stretch/skew:- object dh sep dks stretch or skew djus ds
fy, usefd;k tkrk gSA
c. Attributes:- paint paper size dks increase or decrease djus
ds fy, use gksrk gSA
d. Clear Image:- paper esa drow drawing dks clear djus ds fy,
use gksrk gSA
e. Drow opaque:- vyx vyx object dks ,d nwljs ij overight
djus ij mldks transparent fn[krk gSaA
5. Colors:-
a. Edit color:- color dks edit djus ds fy,use gksrk gSA blesa color
dks light or dark fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
6. Help:-
a. On topics/ help topics:- paint ls lEcfU/kr fdlh Hkh topic dks
tkuus fy, use gksrk gSA

b. About Paint:- paint application ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, use
gksrk gSA
Notpad:-;g ,d text editing software gS tks basically normal editing
miyC/k djokrk gSaA notpad esa word dks format ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
notepad esa html (hyper text markup language)ls lEcfU/kr izksxzke gksrk
gS rFkk
blesa
wab
diging, java rFkk dbZ rjg dh screen create djus esa Hkh notpad codding
ds fy, use fd;k tkrk gSaA

Menu Bar:-
1. File:-
a. New:- notpad esa new document open or clean ysus ds fy,
use gksrk gSaA shortcut-ctrl+n
b. Open:- notpad esa exiting file dks open djus ds fy, use gksrk
gSaAshortcut-ctrl+o
c. Save:- present file dks save djus ds fy, use gksrk gSaA ctrl+s
d. Save as:- igys ls save file dks new name and other location
esa saved fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
e. Page setup:- paper dks set djus ds fy, use fd;k tkrk gSaA
f. Print :- document ds paper dk print out ysus ds fy, use gksrk
gSaaA ctrl+p
g. Exit:- notpad window application ls ckgj ;k close djus ds
fy, use gksrk gSaA
2. Edit menu:=
a. Undo:- documant ij user }kjk fd;s x;s last work dks three
step rd back or forward djus ds fy, use full gSA shortcut:-
ctrl+z
b. Cut:- selected object or text dks particular position ls gVkus
ds fy, use fd;k tkrk gSA shortcut:- ctrl+x
c. Copy:- selected object or text dks ,d ls T;knk location ij ysus
ds fy, copy djrs gSA shortcut:- ctrl+c

d. Paste:- document esa last esa cut and copy fd;s x;s object dks
ysus ds fy, paste command dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA shortcut:-
ctrl+v
e. Delete:- document esa ls fdlh word or text dks find djus ds
fy, use gksrk gSaA ctrl+f
f. Fine next:- document esa find word dks dze la[;k ds vuqlkj mu
word dks ns[kk ;k show fd;k tk ldrk gSA f3
g. Replace:- document esa fdlh word or text ds LFkku ij other
word fy[k ldrs gSA ctrl+h
h. Go to:- notepad esa cM+s fy[ks x;s matter or file esa fdlh Hkh line esa
vkus ds fy, go to command dk use fd;k tkrk gSaA ctrl+g
i. Select all :-notpad esa complete matter or not dks select djus
ds fy, iz;ksx djrs gSA short cut :- ctrl+a
j. Time and Date:- document esa current time and date write
djus ds fy, use fd;k tkrk gSA f5
3. Format:-
a. Word wrap:- bldk use line dks window ds according change
djrk gS vFkkZr~ enter press ls next line ij tk ldrk gSaA rFkk blds
}kjk status bas and go to option show dj ldrs gSaA
b. Font:- bldk use word esa changing fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blesa
font, font size, style, scrinptgksrs gSA font esa vyx vyx rjhds dh
Hkk’kk gksrh gSA scrinpt esa language ds dqN rjhds rFkk style esa
regular, italicize, bold etc. rFkk size esa word dh size esa
changing dj ldrs gSaA
4. View:-
a. bldk use notpad esa status bar dks show and hide fd;k tk
ldrk gS A
5. Help:-

a. Help topic:-blds use ls notpad ds topic dh tkudkjh ys ldrs
gSaA
b. About notepad:- bldk use notpad application ds ckjs tkudkjh
nsrk gSaA
Word Pad:-Wordpad ,d text editing software gksrk gSaA ftlesa lekUrj
document format fd;k tkrk gSaA
Standard toolbar:- file menu esa use gksus okys main command dks
graphic object lkFk ,d ds vUnj arrange fd;k tkrk gSaA bUgsa standard
toolbar dgk tkrk gSaaA
Formatting toolbar:- blds vUnj document formatting ls related
command blfy, miyC/k gksrs gS blfy, bls formatting toolbar dgk
tkrk gSaA
Menu bar:- file, edit, view, insert, format, help.

1. File Menu:-
a. New
b. Open
c. Seve
d. Save as
e. Print
f. Paint preview
g. Page backup
h. Send
i. Exit
2. Edit menu:-
a. Undo
b. Cut
c. Copy
d. Paste
e. Paste special
f. Clear
g. Select all
h. Find
i. Find next

j. Replace
k. Links
l. Object properties
m. Object
Paste Special:- Document esa copy fd;s x;s text dks special
format esa paste dus ds fy, use fd;k tkrk gSaA ext. text dks dark
djokuk] text dks bordea esa insert djokuk etc.
Links:- bl dk use fdlh nks “kCn ;k v{k dks tksM+us dk dke djrk gSA
tSls & ml “kCn dks select djds links command dks ju djus ij ;g
irk pyrk gS fd og “kCn dgka ls vk;k gSaA
Object properties:- Insert menu }kjk insert fd, x, object dh
properties ns[kus ds fy, bl command dk use djrs gSaA
Object :- object ds }kjk insert dh xbZ picture or fotmat dks open
djus rFkk reddit djus ds fy, bl command dk use djrs gSaA
3. View:-
a. Toolbar
b. Formatting bar
c. Ruler
d. Status bar
e. Option
Option :- bl command dk use application eesa toolbar show or
hide djus rFkk rular measurement unit change djus ds fy,
bldk use gksrk gSA
4. Insert:-
Date and Time

Object:- bl command dk use wordpad fdlh document esa fdlh
Hkh application dh file dks include djus ds fdy, fd;k tkrk gSA
5. Format :-
a. Font
b. Bullet style
c. Paragraph
d. Tabs
Bullet style:- document esa bl command dk use djds multiple
list dks create dj ldrs gS lnSo ;g ;kn jgs fd ms-wordpad esa
bullat style only dotted jgsxkA
Paragraph:- document esa continue way esa fy[ks x, text dks tc
rd mlds vUnj enter key press uk djs paragaraph dgykrk gS bl
command ls paragraph align dks change fdlk tk ldrk gSA
exp- left, center, right, etc
6. Help:-
a. Help topic
b. About wordpad
]

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