Ethics and Logic

1. THE STUDY
OF
ETHICS
&
LOGIC
“THE THINKER”
The famous work of the French artist, Auguste Rodin
This sculpture depicts the intense political and social crises in Paris
and reflects a deeply pessimistic view of human life and happiness
This artwork is used to inspire every learner to pursue always correct
thinking in whatever way of life

2. OBJECTIVES
1. Define Philosophy and name its
branches
2. Illustrate the relationship between Logic
and Ethics
3. Discuss clearly the definition of Logic
4. Differentiate natural from scientific logic
5. List the formal and material objects of
logic
6. State the importance of logic

3. PHILOSOPHY
The love
of
wisdom
A discipline not
to be defined but
to be inquired
into
It knows no limits
just as the
human mind
knows no
boundaries
A desire or
interest for an
intellectual
inquiry
It search for the
rational
explanations of
reality and of
man himself
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

4. PHILOSOPHY
PHILOS
(LOVE)
SOPHIA
(WISDOM)
DERIVED FROM THE TWO GREEK WORDS

5. THE MAJOR DIVISION OF PHILOSPHY
•The study of reality or
what is real
METAPHYSICS
•The study of knowledge
and what we can know
EPISTEMOLOGY
•The study of the goodETHICS

6. THE PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD
LOGIC
The art of correct thinking and reasoning
which is considered as a tool in facilitating
questions and answers
Serve to support in arriving at clear, correct,
valid, and consistent answers to questions
which is the primary consideration in the
other branches of philosophy

7. LOGIC COMES IN TWO FORMS
NATURAL
LOGIC
The inherent ability of
man to reason out
SCIENTIFIC
LOGIC
The acquired skill of
man through constant
study, training, and
practice

8. LOGIC IS TREATED IN TWO WAYS
IT IS A
SCIENCE
Because it involves
data, procedure, and
validity
IT IS AN
ART
Because it involves
the learned skills
directing the mind in
distinguishing correct
from erroneous
arguments

9. TWO MAJOR APPROCHES IN THE STUDIES OF LOGIC
INFORMAL
LOGIC
An attempt to develop logical
tools that can analyze and assess
the informal reasoning that
occurs in natural language
contexts
Characterized as both Rhetorical
and Dialectical
Rhetorical
Appears to be more sympathetic where the
charisma of the speaker plays a crucial role in
determining whether or not an argument is
persuasive
Dialectical
Consider argumentation as a form of
dialogical exchange and resolution of disputes
FORMAL
LOGIC
It is divided into Traditional
Aristotelian Logic and Modern
Symbolic Logic

10. TRADITIONAL
ARISTOTELIAN
• It deals with the study of
deductive argument
through classical
syllogism which
emphasizes the
relationship of words
• It has both:
• Formal Branch
• the structure of the
argument
• Material Branch
• content of the
argument
MODERN
SYMBOLIC
• It deals with the study of
deductive argument with
emphasis on the
relationship between
statements not words or
• Propositional Logic
• In philosophy, an
attitude taken by
somebody toward a
proposition, e.g. in
believing it, knowing it,
or desiring

11. SYLLOGISM
A logical or a formal
deductive argument
involving Three
Propositions
A Major Premise
A Minor Premise
A conclusion
Example
All birds have feathers,
penguins are birds,
therefore penguins have
feathers
Deductive reasoning or a
reasoning from the
general to the specific
Specious argument or a
subtle piece of reasoning,
or one that seems true
but is actually false or
deceptive
a proposition that
forms the basis of an
argument or from
which a conclusion is
drawn

12. THE MATERIAL AND FORMAL OBJECTS OF LOGIC
MATERIAL
OBJECT
Refers to the subject
matter of a particular
science
THREE MENTAL
OPERATIONS
Simple
Apprehension
(TERMS)
Judgment
(PROPOSITION)
Reasoning
(ARGUMENTS)FORMAL
OBJECT
Refers to the special
viewpoint from which the
material object is studied by
a particular science, and
distinguishes one branch of
science from another when
both of them are dealing
with the same material
object

13. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING LOGIC
SIGNIFICANCE TO
STUDENTS
Discussing essays in
examinations
Analyze historical and
social data
Interpretation of
literary works and
researches
In engaging in some
debates on current
issues
SIGNIFICANCE TO
PROFESSIONALS
Use in decision making
in all aspects of life
Analyzing health status
of patients or
administering
medicines
Defending clients
before any court-of-
law
Makes works faster
and make lives more
convenient
SIGNIFICANCE TO
ALL PERSONS
Improves our
reasoning potentials
Promote
understanding to
attain peaceful co-
existence
Foster better
relationships among
others in the society

14. Issue: Death Penalty
Material Object: Life
3 Mental Operations:
1. Terms: Life is Precious
2. Preposition : Death Penalty Defies The Sanctity Of
Life As A Precious Gift From God
3. Arguments:
Syllogism
Major Premise: All human beings have the right to
enjoy the gift of life from God
regardless of their social status
Minor Premise: Criminals are human beings
Conclusion: Therefore, criminals have the right to
enjoy the gift of life from God
SEAT WORK
Construct your own argument applying the following concepts (25 Points)