Biology

1. Importance of Dietary Fibers & Ruminant
digestion
Sruthi-C.J

2. Importance of Dietary Fibers
Fiber Our
Friend

4. What are dietary fibers???
Type of carbohydrate .
Found in cereals,fruits,vegetables,dried
peas,nuts,lentils and grains.
Commonly called ROUGHAGE or BULK , NATURE’S
BROOM .
 MAMMALS-digestion by enzyme secreted by some
symbiotic bacteria inhabiting large intestine.

7. Major components
• Cellulose
• Hemicellulose(Xylans,Mannans etc)
• Hexosans(fructosans,Galactans)
• Lignin
• Pectic compounds
• Gums
• mucilages

8. What are the different types of fibers
found???
Water soluble fibers Water insoluble fibers
Fruits,Oats,Beans & Barley Whole meal bread,Wheat
bran,Vegetables & Nuts.
When dissolved in water
forms a gelatinous bulk.
Does not dissolve in water
and add to the bulk of stool.
Helps in weight loss,
reducing cholesterol level &
diabetes protection.
 Helps in weight loss &
digestive health.

9. Significance of Soluble Fibers
Prevent both diarrhea and constipation.
-absorbs water from the gut and makes stool soft
but not bulky.
Helps in weight loss.
-slows down the speed of passage of food through
the gut – gives a feeling of fullness.
Helps to prevent and treat diabetes type 2.
-slows down absorption of glucose from intestine into blood –
prevents high spikes of glucose level in blood after meal

10. Lower total and LDL Cholesterol (Low density lipoprotein/bad
cholesterol) and prevents from coronary heart diseases and
stroke.
Prevent bile salt diarrhea after gall bladder removal.
Accelerate digestion and egestion – help to sweep out harmful
wastes.
Absorb water & soften faeces – promote intestinal peristalsis –
brings about comfortable defecation and prevent constipation.
Helps to prevent colon cancer.
-stagnation of faeces in colon – produce carcinogenic
chemicals by the action of intestinal bacteria on stool.
fibers – rapid elimination)

11. Deficiency of dietary fibers
Colonic diseases :
Constipation,Appendicitis,Haemorrhoids(piles),Colon cancer
etc.
Metabolic diseases :
Obesity,Diabetis mellitus,Coronary heart disease,Gall
stones,Kidney stones etc.
Endocrine diseases :
Addison’s diseases,Myxodema,Exophthalmic goitre etc.

12.  Other diseases :
Tooth decay,Hiastus hernia,Inflammation of ileum

13. Did You Know???
Average amount of time for the food to pass through body
- In healthy individual : 3 Days
- Constipated individual : 10 Days
- Elderly : 2 Weeks
- In third wolrd countries where fiber content is
more in their diet : 1 ½ Days
We need 25-30 grams of fiber/day but we only eat about 15
grams/day.

14. Add a Slide Title - 1

15. Ruminant digestion
Are cud chewing herbivorous mammals.
Eg:camel,cattle,sheep,goats,antelopes etc
Have a compound stomach.
Specialized for cellulose digestion.
4 chambers – Rumen ( FERMENTATION CHAMBER)
- Reticulum (HONEY COMB)
- Omasum (BIBLE)
- Abomasum (MAW/RENNET BAG)
Camels and deer lack omasum

17.  RUMEN – First and largest chamber.
- Contains symbiotic bacteria,ciliate protozoans
and yeasts – help in cellulose digestion.
- Serves as center for (1) Fermentation vat.
(2) Cellulose digestion.
(3) Storage chamber.
ABOMASUM – Second largest chamber.
- True digestive stomach.
- Secrete digestive enzyme for gastric digestion.

18. RETICULUM – Pouch like structure,close to the heart.
- Tissues – Honey comb like.
- Heavy or dense feed and metal objects eaten by
animal drops into here(HARDWARE DISEASE).
OMASUM - Globe shaped structure.
- Tissues – Like pages of book.
- Absorb water and other substances.

19.  RUMINATION :
-Is the act of bringing up
the food from stomach and chewing
it again.

20. Digestion in Ruminants
Fresh food (without proper mastication) Rumen Heavy
fermentation
Reticulum break down of cellulose (symbiotic bact)
Gets rolled into small balls called CUD Regurgitates the cud
Omasum Swallows Mastication Mouth
Abomasum Small intestine Large intestine Rectum

23.  FERMENTATION PRODUCTS
-Formic acid
-Acetic acid
-Propanoic acid Absorbed directly & Utilized.
-Succinic acid
-Lactic acid
-Butyric acid
-Carbon dioxide Escape by Eructation.
-Methane

24. oContinued fermentation – accumulation of organic acid in
stomach – alter pH - Affect bacteria.
oTo avoid this,animal secrete bicarbonate rich saliva – serves as
buffering system.
oSymbiotic micro-organisms – Obligate anaerobes.
Energy - Fermentation.
Host - Most beneficial
Fermentation products –
for oxidative metabolism.

25. Significance of Ruminant Digestion
oMicrobial fermentation – Cellulose digestion,Oxidative metabolism.
oSymbiotic microorganisms - Synthesize proteins and some essential
amino acids from inorganic nitrogen compounds and make them
available to the host.
oEnables the utilization of Urea.
Metabolic activity --- Urea --- Rumen --- Hydrolised to CO2 &
NH3 --- for protein synthesis.

26. oSynthesize Vitamin-B (Vit.B-12)
oSlows down the passage of food through rumen
(fermentation chamber)—ensures cellulose digestion and thorough
mixing of food with digestive enzymes

27. Other Non Ruminants
• Gastric fermentation – Expanded cardiac stomach of Hippopotamus.
- Elongated stomach of kangaroo.
• Caecal fermentation - Intestinal caecum of Horse, Pig and Rabbit.
• Coprophagy/Refection - Rabbits and Rodents.
cellulose digestion – caecal fermentation –
soft faeces – re-ingested – gastric and
intestinal digestion

28. What to remember!!!
Importance of Dietary fibers – Significance.
- Soluble and Insoluble fibers.
Ruminant Digestion - Rumen.
Reticulum.
Omasum.
Abomasum.

29. What are dietary fibers? What
 What are dietary fibers?
 What are water soluble fibers?
 What are water insoluble fibers?
 Explain the significance of dietary fibers.
 Diseases caused by deficiency of dietary fibers.
 What is rumination?
 Ruminant digestion is seen in ------- animals.
 What are the chambers of ruminant stomach?
 What is the largest chamber of ruminant stomach?
 Explain the significance of ruminant digestion.
Questions !!!!