Product: Power Factor & Harmonics: StacoSine: MGE filter presentation

Product:PowerFactor&
Harmonics: StacoSine: MGE

Now the learning…
oWhy is Power quality important?
oCauses of Harmonics
oEffects of Harmonics
oStandards Governing Harmonics
INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC OF
HARMONICS

WHY IS POWER QUALITY
IMPORTANT?
o Increasingly
Sensitive Loads
o Increasing use of
power electronics in
equipment
o Increasing emphasis
on power system
efficiency and
maximum utilization

DEFINITION OF A POWER
QUALITY PROBLEM
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
 2 Piece Shipping Split
o Ambidextrous Side Car
o Standard Kick Plates
o Easy Transport & Installation
o Single Hole or NEMA 2 Hole Landing
o Standard UVR For Battery Cabinet
 Can Be Configured For Shunt Trip
A power quality problem is-
“Any occurrence that manifests itself in voltage, current or frequency deviations that
results in failure or miss-operation of end-user equipment”
…a very broad problem

TYPES OF POWER QUALITY
PROBLEMS
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
o Harmonics
o Impulses
o Transients
o Excessive Neutral Currents
o Wiring and Earthing Problems
o Interruptions
o Sags/Surges

WHERE DO WE FIT IN?
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
o Our specialties include:
• Harmonic Reduction
• Neutral Current Reduction
• Sag Reduction
o These all contribute to an increase in Reliability

WHAT WILL WE DISCUSS?
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
o This presentation will deal specifically with:
• Harmonics
 3rd (150 Hz)
 Others
• Neutral Currents
• Drives Harmonics

WHY ARE HARMONICS
SEEN TODAY?
o UPS Alone
o UPS & MBPS
v i
Until recently, most electrical equipment drew current in a
“linear” fashion:
• Current (i) is periodic, but not “sinusoidal”
v
i
• Current (i) & Voltage (v) are both “Sinusoidal”
Today, many electrical loads draw current in a
“non-linear” fashion:

THE CAUSE OF HARMONIC
CURRENTS
F undamental & all harmo nics
The “Choppy”, non-linear current drawn by electronic loads is actually a
“fundamental” (50hz) component plus many integer multiples of that
fundamental frequency:
These “integer multiples of the fundamental frequency” are just higher
frequency currents & they cause the problem

WHAT PRODUCES “NON-
LINEAR” CURRENT?
• Computers
• Fax Machines
• Copiers
M • Variable
Speed
Drives
• Electronic
Ballasts
• Almost
anything
electronic

THE SOURCE OF
HARMONIC CURRENTS:
Single Phase Loads: Phase to Neutral
• Switch Mode Power Supplies
•PC’s, Electronic Lighting, Fax’s, Copiers, etc
• generate high 3rd harmonic
• primarily responsible for ‘Neutral Currents’
3-phase loads:
• Rectifiers / Chargers
• controlled Graetz bridges
•Drives, UPS
• generate high harmonic
• currents of orders 5, 7, 11, 13, …
Ph
N
FL
Is
L1
Z
CL2
L3
e1
e2
e3
iIIs

THE SOURCE OF
HARMONIC CURRENTS:
Single Phase Loads: Phase to Phase
•Eg. Welders, HID lighting
•generate high 3rd harmonic
• Those 3rd harmonics flow only in the phase
conductors
•lasts between 20 and 50 cycles !
v
L
R
C
U
r
D

HARMONIC “SIGNATURES”:
o Each type of load draws current in a unique way which produces a
“signature” which determines the frequency of the harmonics
present:
Typical 1 Phase Load
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Typical 3 Phase Load
1 3 5 7 9 11 13

TYPICAL SINGLE LOAD
SPECTRA’S
Predominant harmonic spectrums for common loads
Load
Load
Type 3rd 5th 7th 9th 11th 13th
Distorted
Composite
Waveform
Personal Computer
Single
Phase
Office equipment
Single
Phase
Electronic Lighting
Single
Phase
High-bay Lighting
Single
Phase
Main frame
computer
Three
Phase
UPS
Three
Phase
6-pulse VFD
Three
Phase
12-pulse VFD
Three
Phase
Note: loads shown above produce smaller amounts of harmonics not specifically highlighted

HARMONIC “SIGNATURES”:
oWhat this means is
• We can predict which type of harmonic will be dominant
dependant upon the load profile
• Knowing that, we know what the likely problems will be
• Knowing that, we know what the likely solutions will be.

HARMONIC PROBLEMS CAN BE
TRACED TO TWO PHENOMENA:
oCurrent Distortion
oVoltage Distortion
o Note: current distortion causes voltage distortion

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION:
CURRENT
• A measure of the amount by which a composite current
waveform deviates from an ideal sine wave
• Caused by the manner in which electronic loads draw
current for only a part of a complete sine wave
• Measured as THD:
 
  
  



I
I I I
I
I
I
THD
h
h2
2
3
2
4
2
1
2
2
1
100% 100%

Causes additional heating in conductors and
transformers, and leads to Voltage Distortion

EFFECTS OF CURRENT
DISTORTION
o Overheating of conductors and insulation degradation
o Neutral overload *
o Increased transformer losses (need to over-size)
o Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers
o Neutral-earth potential *
o Significant voltage distortion on networks with generators
o Overheating and possible resonance with capacitors
o Lighting ballast failures
o PC monitor stroboscopic effect *
o Improper operation of microprocessor-based equipment *
o Re-injection of harmonic currents into the utility network.
* Caused by third or triple-n (triplen) harmonics

VOLTAGE DISTORTION
oAs those harmonic currents flow across the network
impedance, they create a voltage drop at the same
frequency as the harmonic current. This cause voltage
distortion.
Network Z
Ih
Vh
  V I Zh h h
+-

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION:
VOLTAGE
oA measure of the amount by which a composite voltage
waveform deviates from an ideal sine wave
oCaused by harmonic currents flowing across system
impedance's
oCauses erratic behaviour or failure of equipment sensitive to
voltage waveform
oMeasured as THD:
 
  
  


V
V V V
V
V
V
THD
h
h2
2
3
2
4
2
1
2
2
1
100 100

% %

EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE
DISTORTION
o Causes linear devices to draw non-linear current (resulting in current
distortion effects)
o Torque pulsation in motors
o Capacitor dielectric failure
o Insulation breakdown
o PC monitor and power supply failure
o Electronic lighting failure.

SEQUENCE COMPONENTS
o Any complex sinusoidal can be described by a series of positive, negative or zero
sequence components.
o The fundamental plus all harmonics have a sequence (rotation) associated with
them.
o Positive sequence voltages cause rotation in the positive direction
o Negative sequence voltages cause rotation in the negative direction
o Zero sequence voltages result in no rotation
o Note that all even harmonics cancel (due to symmetry)
o Note that 5th & 11th (etc) harmonics cause a negative rotation (this causes torque pulsation in
motors).
o Note zero sequence components won’t cancel & don’t rotate
Sequence Components:
Harmonic: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Rotation: + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0

3RD HARMONIC ISSUE
oThird (triple-n) harmonics in the phase conductors add in
the neutral
o Neutral current can be up to 172% of phase currents
oThird harmonics circulate in the delta winding, causing
overheating of the Tx
oNeutral conductors must be oversized
oEddy current losses cause excessive heating in the
transformer: De-rating required
oStandard transformers DO NOT cancel harmonics

200% RATED NEUTRAL ISSUES
Note!
Note!
Note!
Note!

TRANSFORMER DE-RATING
o Standard transformers experience excessive heating from harmonics:
o Increased Eddy current losses
o Increased I2R losses
o If the neutral conductors are 200% rated, so must the transformer have a 200% rated neutral
internally. Problem: no such “standard” transformer exists!
o In order to get 200% rated neutrals inside the transformer, you must specify K-
Rated transformers
OR
o Standard transformers should be de-rated
o if over-sized standard transformers are used, circuit protection must be suitably under rated- this
may cause nuisance tripping from transformer inrush.
Either option is expensive!

TRANSFORMER DE-RATING FOR
NL LOADS
% Transformer Capacity vs % Non-linear load
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
% Non-linear Load
%TransformerCapacity
% Tx Capacity
A Transformer carrying 2/3 non-linear load needs to be doubled in size
Sources: (1) BSRIA (2) ANSI/IEEE Std C57.110

3RD HARMONIC
PHENOMENON -
BREAKERS
NUISANCE TRIPPING CAN
OCCUR FOR SEVERAL
REASONS:
o Residual current circuit breakers are
electromechanical devices. They do not
sum high frequency components and
therefore can trip spuriously
o The current flowing in the circuit will be
higher than expected due to the
presence of harmonic currents. The
trip settings may therefore be incorrect.
o Peak sensing breakers may trip
needlessly since the crest factor of
distorted waveform may be high
(Crest Factor = Peak/RMS)

BREAKERS WITH 200% RATED
NEUTRALS
oMany specifier’s are calling for 200% rated switched-neutral
breakers
o THEY DON’T EXIST
oThis forces manufacturers to supply double sized breakers
(e.g. 200A for 80A phase current) In order to protect
neutrals
oWhen large incoming breakers are involved, it may require
PARALLEL breakers to meet the specification.
o You cannot adequately co-ordinate parallel breakers. One will
ALWAYS beat the other under a fault condition.
o This in turn causes problems of co-ordination with downstream
breakers

MOTOR DE-RATING CURVE
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1.0
Harmonic Voltage Factor % (HVF)
De-rating
Factor

U.K. LIMITS FOR THD:
oG5/3 is considered the standard across the UK for
acceptable levels of THD
oStage 2 for Current Limits
oStage 3 for Voltage limits
o Maximum 5% THD in voltage for LV systems
o Maximum 4% THD for 11kV systems
HARMONIC 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 thd
G5/3 LEVEL
STAGE 2 (A)
34 56 40 19 16 6 6 -
G5/3 LEVEL
STAGE 3 (%V)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

SO HOW DO WE RID A NETWORK OF
HARMONIC CURRENTS AND
VOLTAGE?

THEORY OF HARMONIC
MITIGATION:
oAvailable Options:
A) Bracing
B) Blocking
C) Filtering
D) Phase shifting

A) BRACING
Examples include:
o Oversized neutrals
o Conductor spacing/ sizing
o Specifying maximum harmonic levels for equipment
o Isolation of harmonic loads
o Grouping
o Non-linear (NL) transformers
o Non-linear (NL) panelboards
Good practice anyway

B) BLOCKING
Examples include:
o Line Reactors
o Isolation Transformers
o Employ magnetics to trap or impede the flow of harmonic currents
 DIAGRAM (with reactors)
C
e1
e2
e3
M
iIIs

C) FILTERING
o Passive Filters
o Capacitor/Reactor combinations can be tuned to provide a low
impedance path to specific frequencies
o Harmonic currents normally flow from source to utility. Filtering provides a low
impedance path for the harmonics so that they don’t flow to the utility.
M
Reducing the amount of
harmonic current that
flows through the
transformer reduces the
voltage distortion

D) PHASE SHIFTING
o Destructive interference of specific frequencies
Composite
+ 180o Phase
Shifted harmonics
=Fundamental

HARMONIC MITIGATION
o Available Equipment:
A) K-Rated Txs; NL Panels
B) Line reactors, Isolation Transformers
C) De-tuned Capacitor/Reactor Systems
D) Active filter technology, Harmonic
reducing transformers
Phase Shifting
Blocking
Bracing
Filtering

Designed to handle harmonic currents without overheating, or de-rating
Relatively low cost
Little chance of misapplication
Disadvantages of K-Rated Equipment
Assumes neutral conductors also oversized
Does not reduce or eliminate harmonics
-other equipment will still be affected
May still introduce voltage distortion
Over sizing may worsen harmonics
Advantages of K-Rated transformers

• Very effective at reducing specific harmonics
• Very cost effective at 415V
• Power Factor Correction (demand reduction)
Disadvantages of Tuned L/C Filters
• Requires detailed network study for proper design
• Must not add additional capacitors without study: significant
changes/ additions to network may change tuning point, lead to
resonance
• Only suitable for removing a single offending harmonic
Advantages of Tuned L/C Filters

Advantages of line reactors
• Line reactors are relatively inexpensive when only a few drives are in question
or if there is relatively little (<30%) drive load and the goal is to minimise
harmonic problems
Disadvantages of line reactors & Isolation Tx’s
• Blocking reactors are not effective enough to reduce the harmonic currents
below the level of causing problems when large number of drives are present
• Expensive when added to a large number of drives
• Isolation transformers DO NOT remove 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc harmonics, the
primary output of the drives they are applied to!
• They will only block Triple-n harmonics (3rd, 9th, 15th)

COFFEE BREAK
Toll Free: 866.261.1191 | sales@stacoenergy.com | www.stacoenergy.com

SineWave Active Harmonic
Conditioner

THE PRODUCT
o Sinewave was developed by MGE when they were wholly owned by Schneider
o It is currently on its 2nd generation, having been in the market since 1994
o Employs digital electronics and IGBT switches (Drive Technology) to measure and
create and equal amount of harmonic current which it injects anti-phase into the
network, thus cancelling the harmonics
o It negates the need for 200% rated neutrals, K-rated transformers, etc.

THE PRODUCT
o Is a ‘plug n play’ black-box technology which is relatively easy to apply
o Available in sizes from 20A RMS
to 480 A RMS (60A to 1440A
Neutral current)
o Connects in parallel as any other
load
o Require three xxx:1 CT’s
(placement is critical)

ACTIVE FILTER TECHNOLOGY
Non-
linear
loads
Linear
loadsActive
Filter

WHAT’S INSIDE? –POWER
CIRCUIT
PWM
INVERTER
(IGBT)
DC ENERGY
STORAGE
PWM REACTORS
OUTPUT FILTER
LINE REACTOR
+
-
L
N

WHAT’S INSIDE? –SIGNAL
PROCESSOR
Supply
Load
Sinewave
P N
Extraction of
Harmonics
Regulation &
Monitoring
Control
Signal
Generation
Ct1
Control Electronics
Ct2

ACTIVE FILTER TOPOLOGY:
M M M
Final distribution
enclosure
feeder 1 feeder 2 feeder 3
Secondary
sw itchboard
Main LV
Sw itchboard (MLVS)
feeder 1 feeder 2 feeder ...n
LV
Active
Filter
Active
Filter
Active
Filter
Although Active
Filters can be
located in a variety
of places, it’s best
to locate as close
to harmonic
source as possible

ACTIVE FILTRATION
• With the increase in variable speed drives and non
linear loads, harmonic filtration is becoming
essential.
• Power Factor of such loads is improving with a
VSD typically 0.93 power factor.
• IT loads increasing the amount of 3rd harmonic on
the system
• Neutral filtration becoming the norm.
• Conventional passive filtration
methods becoming limited.
• Mixing passive and active filters to
get most cost effective solution for
high power applications.

SINEWAVE ACTIVE FILTERS
o Sinewave Active Filters are the best on the market for
small/ medium installations.
o Neutral filtration is an almost unique feature as others
have no neutral connection.
o The devices are plug and play and require little or no
modelling

ACTIVE FILTER TECHNOLOGY
o Sinewave is rated for filtration in the phase conductors, so is able to filter up to 3
times the phase output. For example a 20 amp active filter can filter up to 60 amps
of 3rd harmonic in the neutral.
o Filtration removes the cause of the problem not the effect.
o The device is connected in parallel and as such does not add a potential point of
failure as with a series connected device.
Sinewave active filters have significant benefits for
filtering triple-N (3rd) harmonic current:

ACTIVE FILTER TECHNOLOGY –
200% NEUTRALS:
By introducing Sinewave active filters at source, 200%
neutral can be avoided
This has significant benefits:
o No need for costly 200% rated neutral bus-bars (standard ratings can be used)
o No need for costly 200% rated switchboards (standard ratings can be used)
o No need for transformer de-rating (standard ratings can be used)
Standard product means
reduced prices
and standard delivery

SINEWAVE INSTALLED BASE:
Sinewave has been proven in the field with
customers
• Royal Opera House
• Chelsea building Society (Office)
• Sainsbury’s Homebase
• South West Water
• Land Registry (Office)
• Mersey Tunnel
• Manchester Airport
• East of Scotland Water
• North Devon Hospital
• Buchanan House (Office)
• Seven Trent Water
• Axis Resources (Office)
• MOD
• Carlton Television
• Alsthom
• ...

• Removes almost 100% of harmonic current, Including neutral currents!
• Highly effective
• Can not be misapplied: plug & play
• Simple operation
• No danger of resonance
• Can not be over-loaded
• Can filter 3rd harmonic (phase - neutral)
Disadvantages of Active Filters
• Expensive for large power applications
• Specialist maintenance
Advantages of Active Filters
For hi power
applications,
we have the
hybrid filter

HYBRID FILTER BENEFITS
Hybrid filters combine the best attributes of both Active and Passive
filters. By combining those two elements within one enclosure, they
provide benefits over either element alone:
• Cost-effective high power filtering of one specific harmonic via the passive
elements means a smaller, thus lower cost, active element
• Broadband filtering of all other harmonics via the active element
• 3rd harmonic filtration via the active element
• Low cost power factor correction via the passive element
• Greater reliability than either element alone

HYBRID FILTER BENEFITS
Reliability
Cost
Capability
Passive
Hybrid
Active
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%

POINTS OF CONNECTION
• As with PFC, dependant on
where the problem is
• Main Incomer
• Sub board feeder
• Individual motors/ equipment
• Golden Rule: The Sinewave
CT must not see the AF
output
M

CT POSITIONING
A BWhich position is
correct, A or B ?

CT POSITIONING cont…
Sinewave
CT’s
AF Breaker
Main ACB
Bus Bars
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB

CT POSITIONING cont…
Bus Bars Sinewave
CT’s
AF Breaker
Main ACB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB
MCCB

ALTERNATIVE CONNECTION-UP
TO 6 LOADS
• Each Ct sized for total load
• (I.e. total = 1000amp each ct should be
1000/1)
• All CT’s in same direction
• P1P2 etc
• S1s connected together
• S2s connected together
• Not Summated!!

SIZING SINEWAVE
• Determine if the goal is to meet G5/3 (G5/4) or to reduce the requirement for 200%
rated neutrals
• The former is generally more expensive
• For existing installations, take measurements
• Contact PQc to arrange a harmonic survey
• For new installations, supply a schedule of loads
• Include primary transformer rating, % Impedance
• Include a diversity factor
• Rule of thumbs for budget purposes:
• £200/Amp
• 120A per 1000kVA Transformer (50% non-linear load)
Remember, it can always be expanded!
Use the
survey
form!

THE MARKET
o Sinewave is sold via:
• MGE direct (generally into the UPS market),
• through =SE=,
• though J&P (Delta)
o MGE prefer not to promote the product themselves, but rather leave it
to us (it’s a tiny portion of the UPS business and too specialized for
their general sales force)
o Delta are not effective; having only one person to market and promote
o MGE are receptive to giving us exclusive channel rights in the UK.

THE COMPETITION
o ABB offer an active filter that does not inject third harmonic and
therefore does not reduce or remove neutral currents. As such it will
not overlap with our push into the commercial building markets.
o ABB do offer a separate THF (third harmonic filter) but it is ineffective
and causes many problems. It is not accepted in the marketplace.
o Seimens offers an active filter but only as a front end to their 6 pulse
drives
o Claude Lyons offers an active filter but it is more costly and less
effective than Sinewave
WE HAVE A DECIDED ADVANTAGE !

HOW DO WE MOVE FORWARD?
o Mention or ask about the 200% rated issue and sell our solution to
consultants and end users
o To leave behind a brochure that explains the issues and the solution
o To arrange seminars to gain awareness
The key to success is awareness. It’s a
relentless track that will get results.

THANK YOU
Toll Free: 866.261.1191 | sales@stacoenergy.com | www.stacoenergy.com

Product: Power Factor & Harmonics: StacoSine: MGE filter presentation

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