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Incorporating sustainable impact in your investment process
1
MSCI ESG Sustainable
Impact Metrics
INTRODUCING MSCI ESG RESEARCH
2
1 Source: MSCI ESG Research as of June 2016
2 Based on P&I AUM data as of Dec 2015 and MSCI clients as of June 2016
Paris
London
Frankfurt
Geneva Beijing
Hong Kong
Manila
SydneyCape Town
Mumbai
San Francisco
Boston
New York
Rockville
Monterrey
Toronto Portland
Tokyo
MSCI ESG RESEARCH AWARDED FIRST PLACE IN
13 OUT OF 17 CATEGORIES, INCLUDING:
Best firm for Socially Responsible Investing Research
Corporate Governance Research | Indexes | Data
Fixed Income Research | Emerging Markets Research
155+
ESG analysts1
1000+
clients
47of 50
Global asset
managers2
TOP
700+
ESG equity & fixed
income indices
MSCI developed a sustainable
impact taxonomy using the UN
Sustainable Development Goals
as a reference point:
FIVE ACTIONABLE IMPACT THEMES
17SDGs applicable to
a broad set of stakeholders
5Actionable Impact
Themes applicable to
institutional investors
3
BASIC NEEDS EMPOWERMENT
Nutrition
Major Diseases
Treatment
Sanitation
Affordable Real
Estate
Access to
Energy &
Water*
SME
Finance
Education
Sustainable
Jobs*
Digital Divide*
SDG : 2 SDG : 3 SDG: 6 SDG : 11 SDGs : 6, 7 SDGs : 8, 9 SDG : 4 SDG : 8 SDG : 9
CLIMATE CHANGE NATURAL CAPITAL
Alternative
Energy
Energy
Efficiency
Green
Building
Climate
Adaptation*
Sustainable
Water
Pollution
Prevention
Sustainable
Agriculture*
SDG : 13 SDG : 13 SDG : 11 SDGs : 9. 13 SDG : 6 SDG : 12, 15 SDG : 15
MSCI ESG SUSTAINABLE IMPACT TAXONOMY
4
Source: MSCI ESG Research
* Revenue data not currently available due to limited
company reporting or lack of external standards
SUSTAINABLE IMPACT SELECTION FRAMEWORK
Products & Services Operations
SUSTAINABLE IMPACT
SOLUTIONS
% revenue from Basic
Needs, Empowerment,
Climate Change,
Natural Capital
Products & Services Operations
LACK OF MINIMUM
ESG STANDARDS
ESG RATING below BB
(B and CCC)
Severe controversies
tied to Labor Rights,
Human Rights,
Governance,
Environment
HARMFUL PRODUCTS
& SERVICES
% revenue from
tobacco, weapons,
predatory lending, etc.
Severe controversies
tied to Marketing,
Product Safety, Privacy
& Data Security
POSITIVE IMPACT
THROUGH
OPERATIONS
Sustainable jobs
[metrics not currently
available]
POSITIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE IMPACT
GOAL: Maximize positive impacts, minimize offsetting negative impacts
REVENUE EXPOSURE OF CONSTITUENTS TO SUSTAINABLE
IMPACT THEMES:
MSCI ACWI INDEX (N=2453)
6
0
500
1000
1500
2000
>0% >10% >20% >30% >40% >50% >60% >70% >80% >90% >100%
# of Companies
% Revenue Exposure to Sustainable Impact Themes
Multiple Themes Natural Capital Climate Change Empowerment Basic Needs
987 companies with any
exposure to Sustainable
Impact themes
339 companies with
≥ 20% exposure 123 companies with
≥ 50% exposure
553 companies with
≥ 10% exposure
34 companies with
≥ 90% exposure
Source: MSCI ESG Research, analysis based on MSCI ACWI Index constituents as of 3/28/2016.
MSCI ACWI SUSTAINABLE IMPACT INDEX
ESTIMATING REVENUES FROM SUSTAINABLE IMPACT SOLUTIONS
Source: MSCI ESG Research, March 31 2016
Example only using historical data. Past performance is not indicative of future results, which may differ materially.
7
$32,871
$130,334
$148,332
$229,015
Empowerment
Natural Capital
Basic Needs
Climate Change
$540,552
TOTAL ESTIMATED ANNUAL REVENUES FROM
SUSTAINABLE IMPACT THEMES
Based on a hypothetical $1m investment in a
sample portfolio that 100% replicated the MSCI
ACWI Sustainable Impact Index as of March
2016
Estimated Constituent Annual Revenues Derived from Sustainable Impact Themes
Based on a hypothetical $1m investment in a sample portfolio that 100% replicated the MSCI
ACWI Sustainable Impact Index as of March 2016
ABOUT MSCI
8
About MSCI ESG Research Products and Services
MSCI ESG Research products and services are provided by MSCI ESG Research Inc., and are designed to provide in-depth
research, ratings and analysis of environmental, social and governance-related business practices to companies worldwide.
ESG ratings, data and analysis from MSCI ESG Research Inc. are also used in the construction of the MSCI ESG Indexes. MSCI
ESG Research Inc. is a Registered Investment Adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and a subsidiary of MSCI Inc.
About MSCI
For more than 40 years, MSCI’s research-based indexes and analytics have helped the world’s leading investors build and
manage better portfolios. Clients rely on our offerings for deeper insights into the drivers of performance and risk in their
portfolios, broad asset class coverage and innovative research.
Our line of products and services includes indexes, analytical models, data, real estate benchmarks and ESG research.
MSCI serves 97 of the top 100 largest money managers, according to the most recent P&I ranking.
For more information, visit us at www.msci.com.
AMERICAS
Americas 1 888 588 4567 *
Atlanta + 1 404 551 3212
Boston + 1 617 532 0920
Chicago + 1 312 675 0545
Monterrey + 52 81 1253 4020
New York + 1 212 804 3901
San Francisco + 1 415 836 8800
Sao Paulo + 55 11 3706 1360
Toronto + 1 416 628 1007
* = toll free
msci.com
clientservice@msci.com
CONTACT US
EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST
& AFRICA
Cape Town + 27 21 673 0100
Frankfurt + 49 69 133 859 00
Geneva + 41 22 817 9777
London + 44 20 7618 2222
Milan + 39 02 5849 0415
Paris 0800 91 59 17 *
ASIA PACIFIC
China North 10800 852 1032 *
China South 10800 152 1032 *
Hong Kong + 852 2844 9333
Mumbai + 91 22 6784 9160
Seoul 00798 8521 3392 *
Singapore 800 852 3749 *
Sydney + 61 2 9033 9333
Taipei 008 0112 7513 *
Tokyo 81 3 5290 1555
9
NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
10
This document and all of the information contained in it, including without limitation all text, data, graphs, charts (collectively, the “Information”) is the property of MSCI Inc. or its subsidiaries (collectively, “MSCI”), or MSCI’s licensors, direct or indirect
suppliers or any third party involved in making or compiling any Information (collectively, with MSCI, the “Information Providers”) and is provided for informational purposes only. The Information may not be modified, reverse-engineered, reproduced
or redisseminated in whole or in part without prior written permission from MSCI.
The Information may not be used to create derivative works or to verify or correct other data or information. For example (but without limitation), the Information may not be used to create indexes, databases, risk models, analytics, software, or in
connection with the issuing, offering, sponsoring, managing or marketing of any securities, portfolios, financial products or other investment vehicles utilizing or based on, linked to, tracking or otherwise derived from the Information or any other MSCI
data, information, products or services.
The user of the Information assumes the entire risk of any use it may make or permit to be made of the Information. NONE OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDERS MAKES ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS WITH RESPECT TO
THE INFORMATION (OR THE RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY THE USE THEREOF), AND TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, EACH INFORMATION PROVIDER EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT
LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ORIGINALITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, NON-INFRINGEMENT, COMPLETENESS, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE) WITH RESPECT TO ANY OF THE INFORMATION.
Without limiting any of the foregoing and to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event shall any Information Provider have any liability regarding any of the Information for any direct, indirect, special, punitive, consequential
(including lost profits) or any other damages even if notified of the possibility of such damages. The foregoing shall not exclude or limit any liability that may not by applicable law be excluded or limited, including without limitation (as applicable), any
liability for death or personal injury to the extent that such injury results from the negligence or willful default of itself, its servants, agents or sub-contractors.
Information containing any historical information, data or analysis should not be taken as an indication or guarantee of any future performance, analysis, forecast or prediction. Past performance does not guarantee future results.
The Information should not be relied on and is not a substitute for the skill, judgment and experience of the user, its management, employees, advisors and/or clients when making investment and other business decisions. All Information is impersonal
and not tailored to the needs of any person, entity or group of persons.
None of the Information constitutes an offer to sell (or a solicitation of an offer to buy), any security, financial product or other investment vehicle or any trading strategy.
It is not possible to invest directly in an index. Exposure to an asset class or trading strategy or other category represented by an index is only available through third party investable instruments (if any) based on that index. MSCI does not issue,
sponsor, endorse, market, offer, review or otherwise express any opinion regarding any fund, ETF, derivative or other security, investment, financial product or trading strategy that is based on, linked to or seeks to provide an investment return related
to the performance of any MSCI index (collectively, “Index Linked Investments”). MSCI makes no assurance that any Index Linked Investments will accurately track index performance or provide positive investment returns. MSCI Inc. is not an
investment adviser or fiduciary and MSCI makes no representation regarding the advisability of investing in any Index Linked Investments.
Index returns do not represent the results of actual trading of investible assets/securities. MSCI maintains and calculates indexes, but does not manage actual assets. Index returns do not reflect payment of any sales charges or fees an investor may pay
to purchase the securities underlying the index or Index Linked Investments. The imposition of these fees and charges would cause the performance of an Index Linked Investment to be different than the MSCI index performance.
The Information may contain back tested data. Back-tested performance is not actual performance, but is hypothetical. There are frequently material differences between back tested performance results and actual results subsequently achieved by
any investment strategy.
Constituents of MSCI equity indexes are listed companies, which are included in or excluded from the indexes according to the application of the relevant index methodologies. Accordingly, constituents in MSCI equity indexes may include MSCI Inc.,
clients of MSCI or suppliers to MSCI. Inclusion of a security within an MSCI index is not a recommendation by MSCI to buy, sell, or hold such security, nor is it considered to be investment advice.
Data and information produced by various affiliates of MSCI Inc., including MSCI ESG Research Inc. and Barra LLC, may be used in calculating certain MSCI indexes. More information can be found in the relevant index methodologies on www.msci.com.
MSCI receives compensation in connection with licensing its indexes to third parties. MSCI Inc.’s revenue includes fees based on assets in Index Linked Investments. Information can be found in MSCI Inc.’s company filings on the Investor Relations
section of www.msci.com.
MSCI ESG Research Inc. is a Registered Investment Adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and a subsidiary of MSCI Inc. Except with respect to any applicable products or services from MSCI ESG Research, neither MSCI nor any of its
products or services recommends, endorses, approves or otherwise expresses any opinion regarding any issuer, securities, financial products or instruments or trading strategies and MSCI’s products or services are not intended to constitute investment
advice or a recommendation to make (or refrain from making) any kind of investment decision and may not be relied on as such. Issuers mentioned or included in any MSCI ESG Research materials may include MSCI Inc., clients of MSCI or suppliers to
MSCI, and may also purchase research or other products or services from MSCI ESG Research. MSCI ESG Research materials, including materials utilized in any MSCI ESG Indexes or other products, have not been submitted to, nor received approval
from, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory body.
Any use of or access to products, services or information of MSCI requires a license from MSCI. MSCI, Barra, RiskMetrics, IPD, FEA, InvestorForce, and other MSCI brands and product names are the trademarks, service marks, or registered trademarks
of MSCI or its subsidiaries in the United States and other jurisdictions. The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) was developed by and is the exclusive property of MSCI and Standard & Poor’s. “Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS)” is a
service mark of MSCI and Standard & Poor’s.

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Incorporating sustainable impact in your investment process

  • 1. Incorporating sustainable impact in your investment process 1 MSCI ESG Sustainable Impact Metrics
  • 2. INTRODUCING MSCI ESG RESEARCH 2 1 Source: MSCI ESG Research as of June 2016 2 Based on P&I AUM data as of Dec 2015 and MSCI clients as of June 2016 Paris London Frankfurt Geneva Beijing Hong Kong Manila SydneyCape Town Mumbai San Francisco Boston New York Rockville Monterrey Toronto Portland Tokyo MSCI ESG RESEARCH AWARDED FIRST PLACE IN 13 OUT OF 17 CATEGORIES, INCLUDING: Best firm for Socially Responsible Investing Research Corporate Governance Research | Indexes | Data Fixed Income Research | Emerging Markets Research 155+ ESG analysts1 1000+ clients 47of 50 Global asset managers2 TOP 700+ ESG equity & fixed income indices
  • 3. MSCI developed a sustainable impact taxonomy using the UN Sustainable Development Goals as a reference point: FIVE ACTIONABLE IMPACT THEMES 17SDGs applicable to a broad set of stakeholders 5Actionable Impact Themes applicable to institutional investors 3
  • 4. BASIC NEEDS EMPOWERMENT Nutrition Major Diseases Treatment Sanitation Affordable Real Estate Access to Energy & Water* SME Finance Education Sustainable Jobs* Digital Divide* SDG : 2 SDG : 3 SDG: 6 SDG : 11 SDGs : 6, 7 SDGs : 8, 9 SDG : 4 SDG : 8 SDG : 9 CLIMATE CHANGE NATURAL CAPITAL Alternative Energy Energy Efficiency Green Building Climate Adaptation* Sustainable Water Pollution Prevention Sustainable Agriculture* SDG : 13 SDG : 13 SDG : 11 SDGs : 9. 13 SDG : 6 SDG : 12, 15 SDG : 15 MSCI ESG SUSTAINABLE IMPACT TAXONOMY 4 Source: MSCI ESG Research * Revenue data not currently available due to limited company reporting or lack of external standards
  • 5. SUSTAINABLE IMPACT SELECTION FRAMEWORK Products & Services Operations SUSTAINABLE IMPACT SOLUTIONS % revenue from Basic Needs, Empowerment, Climate Change, Natural Capital Products & Services Operations LACK OF MINIMUM ESG STANDARDS ESG RATING below BB (B and CCC) Severe controversies tied to Labor Rights, Human Rights, Governance, Environment HARMFUL PRODUCTS & SERVICES % revenue from tobacco, weapons, predatory lending, etc. Severe controversies tied to Marketing, Product Safety, Privacy & Data Security POSITIVE IMPACT THROUGH OPERATIONS Sustainable jobs [metrics not currently available] POSITIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE IMPACT GOAL: Maximize positive impacts, minimize offsetting negative impacts
  • 6. REVENUE EXPOSURE OF CONSTITUENTS TO SUSTAINABLE IMPACT THEMES: MSCI ACWI INDEX (N=2453) 6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 >0% >10% >20% >30% >40% >50% >60% >70% >80% >90% >100% # of Companies % Revenue Exposure to Sustainable Impact Themes Multiple Themes Natural Capital Climate Change Empowerment Basic Needs 987 companies with any exposure to Sustainable Impact themes 339 companies with ≥ 20% exposure 123 companies with ≥ 50% exposure 553 companies with ≥ 10% exposure 34 companies with ≥ 90% exposure Source: MSCI ESG Research, analysis based on MSCI ACWI Index constituents as of 3/28/2016.
  • 7. MSCI ACWI SUSTAINABLE IMPACT INDEX ESTIMATING REVENUES FROM SUSTAINABLE IMPACT SOLUTIONS Source: MSCI ESG Research, March 31 2016 Example only using historical data. Past performance is not indicative of future results, which may differ materially. 7 $32,871 $130,334 $148,332 $229,015 Empowerment Natural Capital Basic Needs Climate Change $540,552 TOTAL ESTIMATED ANNUAL REVENUES FROM SUSTAINABLE IMPACT THEMES Based on a hypothetical $1m investment in a sample portfolio that 100% replicated the MSCI ACWI Sustainable Impact Index as of March 2016 Estimated Constituent Annual Revenues Derived from Sustainable Impact Themes Based on a hypothetical $1m investment in a sample portfolio that 100% replicated the MSCI ACWI Sustainable Impact Index as of March 2016
  • 8. ABOUT MSCI 8 About MSCI ESG Research Products and Services MSCI ESG Research products and services are provided by MSCI ESG Research Inc., and are designed to provide in-depth research, ratings and analysis of environmental, social and governance-related business practices to companies worldwide. ESG ratings, data and analysis from MSCI ESG Research Inc. are also used in the construction of the MSCI ESG Indexes. MSCI ESG Research Inc. is a Registered Investment Adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and a subsidiary of MSCI Inc. About MSCI For more than 40 years, MSCI’s research-based indexes and analytics have helped the world’s leading investors build and manage better portfolios. Clients rely on our offerings for deeper insights into the drivers of performance and risk in their portfolios, broad asset class coverage and innovative research. Our line of products and services includes indexes, analytical models, data, real estate benchmarks and ESG research. MSCI serves 97 of the top 100 largest money managers, according to the most recent P&I ranking. For more information, visit us at www.msci.com.
  • 9. AMERICAS Americas 1 888 588 4567 * Atlanta + 1 404 551 3212 Boston + 1 617 532 0920 Chicago + 1 312 675 0545 Monterrey + 52 81 1253 4020 New York + 1 212 804 3901 San Francisco + 1 415 836 8800 Sao Paulo + 55 11 3706 1360 Toronto + 1 416 628 1007 * = toll free msci.com clientservice@msci.com CONTACT US EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA Cape Town + 27 21 673 0100 Frankfurt + 49 69 133 859 00 Geneva + 41 22 817 9777 London + 44 20 7618 2222 Milan + 39 02 5849 0415 Paris 0800 91 59 17 * ASIA PACIFIC China North 10800 852 1032 * China South 10800 152 1032 * Hong Kong + 852 2844 9333 Mumbai + 91 22 6784 9160 Seoul 00798 8521 3392 * Singapore 800 852 3749 * Sydney + 61 2 9033 9333 Taipei 008 0112 7513 * Tokyo 81 3 5290 1555 9
  • 10. NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER 10 This document and all of the information contained in it, including without limitation all text, data, graphs, charts (collectively, the “Information”) is the property of MSCI Inc. or its subsidiaries (collectively, “MSCI”), or MSCI’s licensors, direct or indirect suppliers or any third party involved in making or compiling any Information (collectively, with MSCI, the “Information Providers”) and is provided for informational purposes only. The Information may not be modified, reverse-engineered, reproduced or redisseminated in whole or in part without prior written permission from MSCI. The Information may not be used to create derivative works or to verify or correct other data or information. For example (but without limitation), the Information may not be used to create indexes, databases, risk models, analytics, software, or in connection with the issuing, offering, sponsoring, managing or marketing of any securities, portfolios, financial products or other investment vehicles utilizing or based on, linked to, tracking or otherwise derived from the Information or any other MSCI data, information, products or services. The user of the Information assumes the entire risk of any use it may make or permit to be made of the Information. NONE OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDERS MAKES ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION (OR THE RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY THE USE THEREOF), AND TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, EACH INFORMATION PROVIDER EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF ORIGINALITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, NON-INFRINGEMENT, COMPLETENESS, MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE) WITH RESPECT TO ANY OF THE INFORMATION. Without limiting any of the foregoing and to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, in no event shall any Information Provider have any liability regarding any of the Information for any direct, indirect, special, punitive, consequential (including lost profits) or any other damages even if notified of the possibility of such damages. The foregoing shall not exclude or limit any liability that may not by applicable law be excluded or limited, including without limitation (as applicable), any liability for death or personal injury to the extent that such injury results from the negligence or willful default of itself, its servants, agents or sub-contractors. Information containing any historical information, data or analysis should not be taken as an indication or guarantee of any future performance, analysis, forecast or prediction. Past performance does not guarantee future results. The Information should not be relied on and is not a substitute for the skill, judgment and experience of the user, its management, employees, advisors and/or clients when making investment and other business decisions. All Information is impersonal and not tailored to the needs of any person, entity or group of persons. None of the Information constitutes an offer to sell (or a solicitation of an offer to buy), any security, financial product or other investment vehicle or any trading strategy. It is not possible to invest directly in an index. Exposure to an asset class or trading strategy or other category represented by an index is only available through third party investable instruments (if any) based on that index. MSCI does not issue, sponsor, endorse, market, offer, review or otherwise express any opinion regarding any fund, ETF, derivative or other security, investment, financial product or trading strategy that is based on, linked to or seeks to provide an investment return related to the performance of any MSCI index (collectively, “Index Linked Investments”). MSCI makes no assurance that any Index Linked Investments will accurately track index performance or provide positive investment returns. MSCI Inc. is not an investment adviser or fiduciary and MSCI makes no representation regarding the advisability of investing in any Index Linked Investments. Index returns do not represent the results of actual trading of investible assets/securities. MSCI maintains and calculates indexes, but does not manage actual assets. Index returns do not reflect payment of any sales charges or fees an investor may pay to purchase the securities underlying the index or Index Linked Investments. The imposition of these fees and charges would cause the performance of an Index Linked Investment to be different than the MSCI index performance. The Information may contain back tested data. Back-tested performance is not actual performance, but is hypothetical. There are frequently material differences between back tested performance results and actual results subsequently achieved by any investment strategy. Constituents of MSCI equity indexes are listed companies, which are included in or excluded from the indexes according to the application of the relevant index methodologies. Accordingly, constituents in MSCI equity indexes may include MSCI Inc., clients of MSCI or suppliers to MSCI. Inclusion of a security within an MSCI index is not a recommendation by MSCI to buy, sell, or hold such security, nor is it considered to be investment advice. Data and information produced by various affiliates of MSCI Inc., including MSCI ESG Research Inc. and Barra LLC, may be used in calculating certain MSCI indexes. More information can be found in the relevant index methodologies on www.msci.com. MSCI receives compensation in connection with licensing its indexes to third parties. MSCI Inc.’s revenue includes fees based on assets in Index Linked Investments. Information can be found in MSCI Inc.’s company filings on the Investor Relations section of www.msci.com. MSCI ESG Research Inc. is a Registered Investment Adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and a subsidiary of MSCI Inc. Except with respect to any applicable products or services from MSCI ESG Research, neither MSCI nor any of its products or services recommends, endorses, approves or otherwise expresses any opinion regarding any issuer, securities, financial products or instruments or trading strategies and MSCI’s products or services are not intended to constitute investment advice or a recommendation to make (or refrain from making) any kind of investment decision and may not be relied on as such. Issuers mentioned or included in any MSCI ESG Research materials may include MSCI Inc., clients of MSCI or suppliers to MSCI, and may also purchase research or other products or services from MSCI ESG Research. MSCI ESG Research materials, including materials utilized in any MSCI ESG Indexes or other products, have not been submitted to, nor received approval from, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or any other regulatory body. Any use of or access to products, services or information of MSCI requires a license from MSCI. MSCI, Barra, RiskMetrics, IPD, FEA, InvestorForce, and other MSCI brands and product names are the trademarks, service marks, or registered trademarks of MSCI or its subsidiaries in the United States and other jurisdictions. The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) was developed by and is the exclusive property of MSCI and Standard & Poor’s. “Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS)” is a service mark of MSCI and Standard & Poor’s.