2. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 2
"The first and main goal of any graphic and
visualization is to be a tool for your eyes and brain to
perceive what lies beyond their natural reach".
Alberto Cairo in "the functional art"
Remember?
4. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 4
See detail, zoom out to get on overview, find some
related information, zoom in again to find details of
original object of interest.
5. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 5
3 Interlocking Feedback Loops
Data manipulation loop
Objects are selected and moved using basic skills of eye-
hand coordination.
6. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 6
3 Interlocking Feedback Loops
Data manipulation loop
Objects are selected and moved using basic skills of eye-
hand coordination.
Exploration and navigation loop
Analyst finds her way in visual data space (cognitive spatial model)
7. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 7
3 Interlocking Feedback Loops
Data manipulation loop
Objects are selected and moved using basic skills of eye-
hand coordination.
Exploration and navigation loop
Analyst finds her way in visual data space (cognitive spatial model)
Problem-solving loop
Analyst forms hypotheses
8. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 8
3 Interlocking Feedback Loops
Data manipulation loop
Objects are selected and moved using basic skills of eye-
hand coordination.
Exploration and navigation loop
Analyst finds her way in visual data space (cognitive spatial model)
Problem-solving loop
Analyst forms hypotheses
10. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 10
Data Manipulation Loop
Choice Reaction Time
Hick-Hyman’s Law
Jay Hyman
T = a + b.log2(n)
n = Amount of choices
T = Reaction time
a,b = Empirically determined constants
11. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 11
Data Manipulation Loop
Choice Reaction Time
Factors:
•
Distinctness of signal
•
Amount of visual noise
•
Stimulus-response compatibility
•
Degree of accuracy
•
~160ms / bit of information
e.g.: 8 choices
log(8) / log(2) = 3
3 * 160 = 480ms
Hick-Hyman’s Law applied
12. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 12
Data Manipulation Loop
Two-Dimensional Positioning and Selection
from Information Visualization, Perception for Design, Colin Ware
T = a + b.log2(D/W + 1.0)
D = Distance
W = Width
T = Selection time
a,b = Empirically determined constants
Fitt’s Law
Paul Fitts
13. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 13
Data Manipulation Loop
Two-Dimensional Positioning and Selection
from Information Visualization, Perception for Design, Colin Ware
15. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 15
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Navigation Control Loop
from Information Visualization, Perception for Design, Colin Ware
16. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 16
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Wayfinding, Cognitive Maps, and Real Maps
Seigel, A. W., & White, S. H. (1975). The development of spatial representations of large-scale environments.
1. Key landmarks are learned
2. Procedural Knowledge from one location to other
3. Cognitive spatial map is formed
3 stages by Seigel and White
17. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 17
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Key landmarks are learned
Seigel and White 1975
Initially no spatial understanding of the relationships
between them. Declarative knowledge
Think of recognising a e.g. crossing, radio tower, church,…
in a town.
18. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 18
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Procedural Knowledge about Routes between Landmarks
Seigel and White 1975
Development of knowledge how to get from one point to
another. Landmarks serve as decision points.
Think of recognising a e.g. crossing, radio tower, church,…
in a town.
19. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 19
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Cognitive spatial map is formed
Seigel and White 1975
Representation of space (2D) and has quantitative
information about distances.
Cognitive spatial map allows estimations of distances.
24. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 24
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Focus, Context and Scale
• Spatial Scale
Common for mapping applications. E.g. Spatial behaviour of users in a certain city,
country, continent.
25. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 25
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Focus, Context and Scale
• Spatial Scale
Common for mapping applications. E.g. Spatial behaviour of users in a certain city,
country, continent.
• Structural Scale
E.g. software has structural components on different level of detail. Code -> Method ->
Class -> … -> System
26. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 26
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Focus, Context and Scale
• Spatial Scale
Common for mapping applications. E.g. Spatial behaviour of users in a certain city,
country, continent.
• Structural Scale
E.g. software has structural components on different level of detail. Code -> Method ->
Class -> … -> System
• Temporal Scale
Timing of events in different scales. E.g. Network traffic pattern of overall infrastructure,
pattern during a day, pattern of single transaction (microseconds)
27. ILV Informationsvisualisierungen #viz_lnz @wassx 27
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Focus, Context and Scale
Focus-context problem has been spatially solved by
human visual system (moderate changes in scale).
The brain continuously integrates information from
successive fixations of the fovea with less-detailed
information from periphery.
