This document discusses approaches to innovation for developing countries. It proposes moving beyond traditional models of innovation focused on research and development (R&D) to approaches that emphasize small, incremental changes based on user feedback and learning by doing. The document also discusses the importance of disruptive innovation that challenges existing hierarchies and markets to better meet the needs of low-income consumers.

1. Below the Radar Innovation Institute of Development Studies 5 March 2009

11. Mode 2 but not much in developing countries

14. Matrix 1: Tech and Market New Western medicines for poor consumers in developing countries – for example, vaccines for neglected diseases. Mix of ‘indigenous and traditional medicines and new consumers/users of those products The 90/10 issue – most R&D spend going to developing new drugs for a small minority of the world’s population. Includes trends toward pharmacogenomics, personalised medicine and new developments in synthetic biology, stem cells. N E W Generics for neglected diseases New distribution channels for old Western developed drugs and indigenous and traditional healthcare in developing countries Standard treatments for ‘rich’ consumers mainly in West. Heart Disease, Cancer are some of the major targets. T R A D I T I O N A L T E C H N O L O G Y NEW TRADITIONAL MARKETS

16. Matrix 2: market and hierarchy/industrial organisation Industrial organisation Traditional New ? ? ? ? New Traditional Markets

18. What would a radically ‘disruptive’ and ‘constructive’ BRI innovation look like?