This document is a draft environmental impact report (EIR) prepared for the proposed E & B Oil Drilling & Production Project in the City of Hermosa Beach. The draft EIR evaluates potential environmental impacts from the proposed oil drilling and production project and associated city maintenance yard project. It includes a project description, discussion of the environmental setting and impacts in resource areas such as aesthetics, air quality, biology, cultural resources, energy, fire protection, and geology. It also describes the regulatory framework and significance criteria for each issue area.
1. E & B Oil Drilling & Production Project
Draft Environmental Impact Report
Prepared By:
Marine Research Specialists
Public Draft EIR
February 2014
SCH# 2013071038
Prepared For:
City of Hermosa Beach
2. Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1.0
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1
Project Overview ................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2
The Environmental Impact Report Process ......................................................... 1-4
1.2.1
Purpose and Intended Uses of the Environmental Impact Report .............. 1-4
1.2.2
Notice of Preparation and Initial Study ....................................................... 1-7
1.2.3
Impacts Considered Less Than Significant................................................. 1-7
1.3
Proposed Project Approvals ................................................................................ 1-8
1.4
EIR Contents and Guide for the Reader ............................................................ 1-10
1.4.1
EIR Contents............................................................................................ 1-10
1.4.2
Significance Criteria ................................................................................. 1-12
1.5
Final EIR Preparation and Certification Process ............................................... 1-13
1.6
CEQA Findings for Proposed Project Approval ................................................. 1-14
1.7
Mitigation Monitoring ......................................................................................... 1-14
1.8
Background....................................................................................................... 1-15
1.8.1
Project History .......................................................................................... 1-15
1.8.2
Lawsuits and Settlement Agreement ........................................................ 1-15
2.0
Project Description ...................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1
Project Overview ................................................................................................. 2-2
2.2
Proposed Project Objectives ............................................................................... 2-4
2.3
Historical and Current Operations ....................................................................... 2-5
2.4
Proposed Oil Project Phases ............................................................................ 2-10
2.4.1
Phase 1 Site Preparation ......................................................................... 2-10
2.4.1.1 Phase 1 Construction Activities .......................................................... 2-10
2.4.1.2 Phase 1 Site Preparation Detailed Schedule ...................................... 2-18
2.4.1.3 Phase 1 Site Preparation Personnel and Equipment Requirements ... 2-19
2.4.1.4 Phase 1 Truck Routes ........................................................................ 2-19
2.4.2
Phase 2 Drilling and Testing .................................................................... 2-20
2.4.2.1 Phase 2 Site Geology and Drilling Objectives ..................................... 2-20
2.4.2.2 Phase 2 Construction and Drilling Activities........................................ 2-22
2.4.2.3 Phase 2 Drilling and Testing Schedule ............................................... 2-38
2.4.2.4 Phase 2 Drilling and Testing Personnel & Equipment Requirements .. 2-38
2.4.3
Phase 3 Final Design and Construction ................................................... 2-40
2.4.3.1 Phase 3 Onsite Construction .............................................................. 2-40
2.4.3.2 Phase 3 Offsite Pipeline Construction ................................................ 2-46
2.4.3.3 Phase 3 Hazardous Materials............................................................. 2-55
2.4.3.4 Phase 3 Schedule .............................................................................. 2-55
2.4.3.5 Phase 3 Personnel and Equipment Requirements ............................. 2-56
2.4.4
Phase 4 Development and Operations ..................................................... 2-56
2.4.4.1 Phase 4 Drilling .................................................................................. 2-56
2.4.5
Drill Remaining Wells ............................................................................... 2-59
2.4.5.1 Phase 4 Processing and Operations .................................................. 2-60
2.4.5.2 Phase 4 Schedule .............................................................................. 2-68
2.4.5.3 Phase 4 Vehicle Requirements .......................................................... 2-69
2.4.6
Parking Requirements .............................................................................. 2-69
2.4.7
Project Life and Decommissioning ........................................................... 2-73
2.5
Proposed City Maintenance Yard Project .......................................................... 2-75
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2.5.1
Construction Phases ................................................................................ 2-76
2.5.2
Phase 2 Unsuccessful .............................................................................. 2-76
2.5.3
Temporary City Maintenance Yard ........................................................... 2-76
2.5.4
Permanent City Maintenance Yard ........................................................... 2-77
2.5.4.1 Parking Option.................................................................................... 2-77
2.5.4.2 No Added Parking Option ................................................................... 2-81
2.6
Agency Use of the Document ........................................................................... 2-81
2.6.1
Local and Regional .................................................................................. 2-82
2.6.2
State ........................................................................................................ 2-82
2.6.3
Federal..................................................................................................... 2-83
2.7
Potential Project Permits ................................................................................... 2-83
2.7.1
Discretionary Permits and Approvals........................................................ 2-83
3.0
Cumulative Projects ..................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1
Description of Cumulative Projects ..................................................................... 3-2
3.1.1
City of Hermosa Beach .............................................................................. 3-2
3.1.2
City of Redondo Beach .............................................................................. 3-2
3.1.3
City of Torrance.......................................................................................... 3-3
4.0
Environmental Impact Analysis/Regulatory Setting ............................................... 4.0-1
4.0.1 Assessment Methodology ................................................................................ 4.0-1
4.0.2 Oil Project Impact Analysis .............................................................................. 4.0-2
4.0.3 Formulation of Mitigation Measures and Mitigation Monitoring Program .......... 4.0-3
4.0.4 Cumulative Projects Impact Analysis ............................................................... 4.0-4
4.1
Aesthetics and Visual Resources ................................................................................ 4.1-1
4.1.1 Methodology .................................................................................................... 4.1-1
4.1.1.1 Assessing Existing Visual Environment ................................................... 4.1-1
4.1.1.2 Evaluating Project Impacts ...................................................................... 4.1-2
4.1.1.3 Assessment of Key Observation Points ................................................... 4.1-4
4.1.1.4 Lighting and Glare Methodology.............................................................. 4.1-6
4.1.2 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 4.1-7
4.1.2.1 Local Setting ........................................................................................... 4.1-7
4.1.2.2 Light and Glare ..................................................................................... 4.1-12
4.1.3 Regulatory Framework ................................................................................... 4.1-13
4.1.3.1 California Coastal Act ............................................................................ 4.1-13
4.1.3.2 Title 24 – Part 11 – California Green Building Standards Code ............. 4.1-13
4.1.3.3 City of Hermosa Beach ......................................................................... 4.1-14
4.1.3.4 City of Redondo Beach ......................................................................... 4.1-15
4.1.3.5 City of Torrance..................................................................................... 4.1-16
4.1.4 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.1-17
4.1.5 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................... 4.1-17
4.1.5.1 Proposed Oil Project and Pipeline Design Features .............................. 4.1-17
4.1.5.2 Dimensions of Major Visible CMY Project Components ........................ 4.1-27
4.1.5.3 Dimensions of Major Visible Proposed Oil Project Components ............ 4.1-28
4.1.5.4 Proposed Oil Project Viewshed Mapping .............................................. 4.1-29
4.1.5.5 Key Observation Points View Simulations ............................................. 4.1-32
4.1.5.6 Proposed Oil Project Impacts ................................................................ 4.1-90
4.1.5.7 Proposed City Maintenance Yard Project Impacts............................... 4.1-102
4.1.6 Comparison to Applicant Studies ................................................................. 4.1-105
4.1.7 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts.............................................. 4.1-106
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4.1.8 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures .............................................. 4.1-106
4.1.9 Mitigation Monitoring Plan ............................................................................ 4.1-107
4.2
Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases.......................................................................... 4.2-1
4.2.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 4.2-1
4.2.1.1 Meteorological Conditions ....................................................................... 4.2-1
4.2.1.2 Existing Air Quality Criteria Pollutants and Toxic Air Contaminants ......... 4.2-3
4.2.1.3 Existing Air Quality Greenhouse Gas Emissions ................................... 4.2-12
4.2.1.4 Existing Site Emissions ......................................................................... 4.2-20
4.2.2 Regulatory Setting ......................................................................................... 4.2-20
4.2.2.1 Criteria Pollutants Regulatory Setting .................................................... 4.2-20
4.2.2.2 GHG Regulatory Setting........................................................................ 4.2-22
4.2.3 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.2-31
4.2.4 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................... 4.2-33
4.2.4.1 Design Features .................................................................................... 4.2-33
4.2.4.2 Conditional Use Permit (CUP) Requirements ........................................ 4.2-34
4.2.4.3 Construction Criteria Pollutant Emissions .............................................. 4.2-34
4.2.4.4 Operational Criteria Pollutant Emissions ............................................... 4.2-42
4.2.4.5 Potential Operations Greenhouse Gas Emissions ................................. 4.2-53
4.2.4.6 Compliance with Area Air Quality Management Plans ........................... 4.2-62
4.2.4.7 Valve Box Options................................................................................. 4.2-67
4.2.4.8 Pipeline Route Options.......................................................................... 4.2-67
4.2.4.9 Proposed City Maintenance Yard Parking Options ................................ 4.2-67
4.2.5 Comparison to Applicant Studies ................................................................... 4.2-67
4.2.6 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts................................................ 4.2-68
4.2.7 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................ 4.2-68
4.2.8 Mitigation Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 4.2-69
4.3
Biological Resources ................................................................................................ 4.3-1
4.3.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 4.3-1
4.3.1.1 Onshore Resources ................................................................................ 4.3-1
4.3.1.2 Offshore Resources ................................................................................ 4.3-3
4.3.1.3 Rare, Endangered, and Special Status Species ...................................... 4.3-7
4.3.1.4 Sensitive Habitats ................................................................................. 4.3-13
4.3.2 Regulatory Setting ......................................................................................... 4.3-13
4.3.2.1 Federal Regulations .............................................................................. 4.3-13
4.3.2.2 State Resource Regulations .................................................................. 4.3-14
4.3.2.3 Local Regulations.................................................................................. 4.3-17
4.3.3 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.3-17
4.3.4 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................... 4.3-17
4.3.6.
Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts ....................................... 4.3-25
4.3.7. Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................ 4.3-25
4.3.8. Mitigation Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 4.3-26
4.4
Cultural Resources ................................................................................................... 4.4-1
4.4.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 4.4-1
4.4.2 Records and Literature Search ........................................................................ 4.4-5
4.4.3 Paleontological Records Search ...................................................................... 4.4-6
4.4.4 Cultural Resources Survey .............................................................................. 4.4-8
4.4.5 Regulatory Setting ......................................................................................... 4.4-11
4.4.6 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.4-12
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4.4.7
4.4.8
4.4.9
4.4.10
Impacts and Mitigation Measures................................................................... 4.4-13
Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts................................................ 4.4-21
Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................ 4.4-21
Mitigation Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 4.4-24
4.5
Energy and Mineral Resources ................................................................................ 4.5-1
4.5.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 4.5-1
4.5.1.1 Electricity................................................................................................. 4.5-1
4.5.1.2 Natural Gas ............................................................................................. 4.5-2
4.5.1.3 Transportation Fuels ............................................................................... 4.5-2
4.5.1.4 Minerals .................................................................................................. 4.5-3
4.5.1.5 Energy Conservation and Alternative Energy Sources ............................ 4.5-3
4.5.2 Regulatory Setting ........................................................................................... 4.5-6
4.5.2.1 Federal.................................................................................................... 4.5-6
4.5.2.2 State ....................................................................................................... 4.5-7
4.5.3 Significance Criteria ......................................................................................... 4.5-9
4.5.4 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................... 4.5-10
4.5.5 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts................................................ 4.5-12
4.5.6 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................ 4.5-12
4.5.7 Mitigation Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 4.5-12
4.6
Fire Protection and Emergency Response .............................................................. 4.6-1
4.6.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 4.6-1
4.6.1.1 Response Capabilities............................................................................. 4.6-1
4.6.2 Regulatory Setting ........................................................................................... 4.6-5
4.6.2.1 Codes and Standards ............................................................................. 4.6-5
4.6.2.2 Federal and State Regulations ................................................................ 4.6-9
4.6.2.3 Equipment Spacing ............................................................................... 4.6-11
4.6.3 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.6-14
4.6.4 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................... 4.6-15
4.6.4.1 CUP Requirements ............................................................................... 4.6-15
4.6.4.2 Proposed Oil Project and Pipeline Impacts............................................ 4.6-16
4.6.4.3 Proposed City Maintenance Yard Project Impacts................................. 4.6-21
4.6.5 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts................................................ 4.6-22
4.6.6 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................ 4.6-23
4.6.7 Mitigation Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 4.6-23
4.7
Geological Resources/Soils ..................................................................................... 4.7-1
4.7.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 4.7-1
4.7.1.1 Regional Geology.................................................................................... 4.7-1
4.7.1.2 Local Geology ......................................................................................... 4.7-3
4.7.1.3 Geologic Hazards.................................................................................... 4.7-4
4.7.2 Regulatory Setting ........................................................................................... 4.7-9
4.7.1.4 California Building Code (CBC) ............................................................... 4.7-9
4.7.1.5 Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act of 1972 .............................. 4.7-10
4.7.1.6 Seismic Hazards Mapping Act of 1990 .................................................. 4.7-10
4.7.1.7 California Coastal Act ............................................................................ 4.7-10
4.7.1.8 California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources ................... 4.7-11
4.7.1.9 City of Hermosa Beach General Plan, Seismic Safety Element............. 4.7-11
4.7.2 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.7-11
4.7.3 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................... 4.7-12
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4.7.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 4.7-12
4.7.3.2 Proposed Project Design Features ........................................................ 4.7-13
4.7.3.3 Applicant Prepared Studies ................................................................... 4.7-17
4.7.3.4 Impacts ................................................................................................. 4.7-17
4.7.4 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts................................................ 4.7-30
4.7.5 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................ 4.7-30
4.7.6 Mitigation Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 4.7-31
4.8
Safety, Risk of Upset, and Hazards .......................................................................... 4.8-1
4.8.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 4.8-2
4.8.1.1 Study Area and Scope ............................................................................ 4.8-2
4.8.1.2 Risk Assessment Methodology ............................................................... 4.8-3
4.8.1.3 Existing Site Hazards ............................................................................ 4.8-32
4.8.1.4 Existing Site Contamination .................................................................. 4.8-32
4.8.1.5 Existing Site Spill Potential .................................................................... 4.8-36
4.8.2 Regulatory Setting ......................................................................................... 4.8-38
4.8.2.1 Federal Laws and Regulations .............................................................. 4.8-38
4.8.2.2 California Laws and Regulations ........................................................... 4.8-43
4.8.2.3 Local Laws and Regulations ................................................................. 4.8-50
4.8.2.4 Other Applicable Guidelines, National Codes, and Standards ............... 4.8-52
4.8.2.5 Regulatory Oversight ............................................................................ 4.8-53
4.8.3 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.8-53
4.8.4 Proposed Project Impacts .............................................................................. 4.8-56
4.8.4.1 Design Features .................................................................................... 4.8-56
4.8.4.2 CUP Requirements ............................................................................... 4.8-56
4.8.4.3 Characteristics of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Odorant ........................ 4.8-58
4.8.4.4 Release Scenarios at the Proposed Oil Project Site and Pipeline Route 4.8-61
4.8.4.5 Frequency Analysis of the Proposed Oil Project Site and Pipelines ...... 4.8-67
4.8.4.6 Consequence Analysis of the Proposed Oil Project Site and Pipelines . 4.8-69
4.8.4.7 Risk Analysis of the Proposed Oil Project Site and Pipelines ................ 4.8-72
4.8.4.8 Proposed Project Impacts ..................................................................... 4.8-77
4.8.4.9 Proposed City Maintenance Yard Project Risks .................................... 4.8-87
4.8.5 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts................................................ 4.8-87
4.8.6 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................ 4.8-88
4.8.7 Mitigation Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 4.8-89
4.9
Hydrology and Water Quality ................................................................................... 4.9-1
4.9.1 Environmental Setting ...................................................................................... 4.9-1
4.9.1.1 Proposed Oil Project Site Topography and Drainage .............................. 4.9-1
4.9.1.2 Existing City Maintenance Yard Topography and Drainage..................... 4.9-1
4.9.1.3 Pipeline Route Topography and Drainage ............................................... 4.9-1
4.9.1.4 Surface Water and Hydrology ................................................................. 4.9-2
4.9.1.5 Groundwater ........................................................................................... 4.9-4
4.9.1.6 Water Quality .......................................................................................... 4.9-5
4.9.2 Regulatory Setting ........................................................................................... 4.9-5
4.9.2.1 Federal Regulations and Policies ............................................................ 4.9-5
4.9.2.2 State Policies and Regulations ................................................................ 4.9-6
4.9.2.3 Local Policies and Regulations................................................................ 4.9-8
4.9.3 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.9-10
4.9.4 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................... 4.9-10
4.9.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 4.9-10
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4.9.4.2 Proposed Project Design Features ........................................................ 4.9-11
4.9.4.3 Applicant Prepared Studies ................................................................... 4.9-11
4.9.4.4 Impacts ................................................................................................. 4.9-11
4.9.5 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts................................................ 4.9-19
4.9.6 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ................................................ 4.9-19
4.9.7 Mitigation Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 4.9-20
4.10 Land Use/Recreation/Policy Consistency Analysis .............................................. 4.10-1
4.10.1 Environmental Setting .................................................................................... 4.10-1
4.10.1.1 Land Use............................................................................................... 4.10-1
4.10.1.2 Recreation............................................................................................. 4.10-5
4.10.2 Regulatory Setting ......................................................................................... 4.10-6
4.10.2.1 Federal.................................................................................................. 4.10-6
4.10.2.2 State ..................................................................................................... 4.10-6
4.10.2.3 Local ..................................................................................................... 4.10-8
4.10.3 Significance Criteria ..................................................................................... 4.10-12
4.10.4 Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures .................................................... 4.10-12
4.10.4.1 Land Use............................................................................................. 4.10-12
4.10.4.2 Recreation........................................................................................... 4.10-21
4.10.5 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts.............................................. 4.10-22
4.10.6 Cumulative Impacts ..................................................................................... 4.10-23
4.10.7 Land Use Policy Consistency Analysis......................................................... 4.10-23
4.10.7.1 Hermosa Beach General Plan ............................................................. 4.10-23
4.10.7.2 City of Hermosa Beach Municipal Code .............................................. 4.10-34
4.10.7.3 City of Hermosa Beach Local Coastal Plan ......................................... 4.10-35
4.10.7.4 Coastal Act.......................................................................................... 4.10-38
4.10.7.5 Redondo Beach .................................................................................. 4.10-40
4.10.7.6 Torrance ............................................................................................. 4.10-41
4.10.8 Mitigation Monitoring Plan ............................................................................ 4.10-41
4.11 Noise and Vibration................................................................................................. 4.11-1
4.11.1 Environmental Setting .................................................................................... 4.11-1
4.11.1.1 Characteristics of Noise ........................................................................ 4.11-1
4.11.1.2 Characteristics of Vibration ................................................................... 4.11-5
4.11.1.3 Project Area - Existing Noise and Vibration Environment ...................... 4.11-7
4.11.2 Regulatory Setting ....................................................................................... 4.11-17
4.11.2.1 City of Hermosa Beach Noise Standards ............................................ 4.11-17
4.11.2.2 City of Redondo Beach Noise Standards ............................................ 4.11-22
4.11.2.3 City of Torrance Noise Standards ....................................................... 4.11-25
4.11.3 Significance Criteria ..................................................................................... 4.11-28
4.11.3.1 Oil Production Site .............................................................................. 4.11-29
4.11.3.2 Pipeline Construction and Trucking Routes ......................................... 4.11-29
4.11.3.3 Relocated City Yard ............................................................................ 4.11-30
4.11.3.4 Significance Criteria Rationale ............................................................ 4.11-30
4.11.4 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ..................................................... 4.11-32
4.11.4.1 Proposed Oil Project Noise Impacts & Mitigation................................. 4.11-32
4.11.4.2 Traffic Noise Analysis .......................................................................... 4.11-90
4.11.4.3 Vibration Impact Analysis .................................................................... 4.11-94
4.11.4.4 Relocation of the City Yard .................................................................. 4.11-95
4.11.4.5 Temporary City Maintenance Yard .................................................... 4.11-118
4.11.4.6 Proposed City Maintenance Yard Parking Options ............................ 4.11-126
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4.11.5 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts............................................ 4.11-126
4.11.6 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................................ 4.11-126
4.11.7 Mitigation Monitoring Plan .......................................................................... 4.11-127
4.12 Public Services and Utilities ................................................................................... 4.12-1
4.12.1 Environmental Setting .................................................................................... 4.12-1
4.12.2 Regulatory Setting ......................................................................................... 4.12-3
4.12.3 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.12-4
4.12.4 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................... 4.12-5
4.12.5 Cumulative Impacts ....................................................................................... 4.12-6
4.13 Transportation and Traffic ...................................................................................... 4.13-1
4.13.1 Summary of Project-Specific Traffic Studies .................................................. 4.13-1
4.13.2 Study Area ..................................................................................................... 4.13-1
4.13.3 Environmental Setting .................................................................................... 4.13-4
4.13.3.1 Roadway Network ................................................................................. 4.13-4
4.13.3.2 Existing Levels of Service ................................................................... 4.13-11
4.13.4 Regulatory Setting ....................................................................................... 4.13-24
4.13.4.1 State ................................................................................................... 4.13-24
4.13.4.2 Regional/Local .................................................................................... 4.13-24
4.13.5 Significance Criteria ..................................................................................... 4.13-30
4.13.5.1 City of Hermosa Beach ....................................................................... 4.13-30
4.13.5.2 City of Redondo Beach ....................................................................... 4.13-30
4.13.5.3 City of Torrance................................................................................... 4.13-30
4.13.5.4 Caltrans and Los Angeles County Congestion Management Program 4.13-30
4.13.5.5 Roadway/Freeway Segments.............................................................. 4.13-31
4.13.6 Proposed Oil Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................... 4.13-31
4.13.6.1 Design Features, Operational Practices, & Conditions of Approval ..... 4.13-31
4.13.6.2 Project Trip Generation ....................................................................... 4.13-36
4.13.6.3 Project Parking .................................................................................... 4.13-40
4.13.6.4 Project Traffic Conditions Roadways ................................................... 4.13-40
4.13.6.5 Project Traffic Conditions Intersections ............................................... 4.13-40
4.13.6.6 Proposed Oil Project Impacts .............................................................. 4.13-41
4.13.7 Proposed City Maintenance Yard Project ..................................................... 4.13-49
4.13.8 Impacts of Other Issue Area Mitigation Measures ........................................ 4.13-52
4.13.9 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures .............................................. 4.13-52
4.13.10 Mitigation Monitoring Plan ......................................................................... 4.13-108
4.14 Water Resources ..................................................................................................... 4.14-1
4.14.1 Environmental Setting .................................................................................... 4.14-1
4.14.1.1 Sanitary Sewer Wastewater .................................................................. 4.14-1
4.14.1.2 Water Supply ........................................................................................ 4.14-1
4.14.1.3 Surface Runoff ...................................................................................... 4.14-2
4.14.1.4 Groundwater ......................................................................................... 4.14-3
4.14.2 Regulatory Setting ......................................................................................... 4.14-3
4.14.2.1 Federal Regulations and Policies .......................................................... 4.14-3
4.14.2.2 State Policies and Regulations .............................................................. 4.14-4
4.14.2.3 Local Policies and Regulations.............................................................. 4.14-5
4.14.3 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.14-6
4.14.4 Project Impacts and Mitigation Measures ....................................................... 4.14-6
4.14.4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 4.14-6
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4.14.4.2 Proposed Project Design Features ........................................................ 4.14-7
4.14.4.3 Impacts ................................................................................................. 4.14-8
4.14.5 Other Issue Area Mitigation Measure Impacts.............................................. 4.14-16
4.14.6 Cumulative Impacts and Mitigation Measures .............................................. 4.14-16
4.14.7 Mitigation Monitoring Plan ............................................................................ 4.14-17
4.15 Environmental Justice ............................................................................................ 4.15-1
4.15.1 Background.................................................................................................... 4.15-1
4.15.2 California State Lands Commission ............................................................... 4.15-2
4.15.3 Approach ....................................................................................................... 4.15-2
4.15.4 Environmental Setting .................................................................................... 4.15-3
4.15.5 Significance Criteria ....................................................................................... 4.15-4
4.15.6 Policy Impacts................................................................................................ 4.15-5
5.0
5.1
Alternatives Screening................................................................................................. 5-1
Description of Alternatives and Screening Analysis ................................................. 5-2
5.1.1 No Project Alternative ......................................................................................... 5-3
5.1.2 Alternative Drilling and Production Locations ...................................................... 5-4
5.1.2.1 Rosecrans Alternative Location .................................................................. 5-7
5.1.2.2 Exxon/Mobil Oil Torrance Refinery Alternative Location ............................. 5-9
5.1.2.3 AES Power Generating Station Alternative Location ................................ 5-11
5.1.2.4 Other Alternative Locations ...................................................................... 5-14
5.1.3 Alternative Facility Equipment or Production Arrangements .............................. 5-16
5.1.3.1 Reduced Equipment Alternative ............................................................... 5-16
5.1.3.2 Reduced Wells Alternative ....................................................................... 5-17
5.1.3.3 Reduced Timeframe Alternative ............................................................... 5-18
5.1.4 Alternative Transportation Arrangements .......................................................... 5-18
5.1.4.1 Use of Existing Pipelines .......................................................................... 5-19
5.1.4.2 Trucking of Crude Oil ............................................................................... 5-19
5.1.4.3 Greenbelt to the North Pipeline Route ...................................................... 5-20
5.1.4.4 Greenbelt to the South Pipeline Route ..................................................... 5-20
5.1.5 Alternative City Maintenance Yard Arrangements/Locations ............................. 5-21
5.1.5.1 Other Locations for the City Maintenance Yard Alternative ...................... 5-21
5.1.5.2 Alternative Locations for the Temporary Maintenance Yard ..................... 5-23
5.1.5.3 Split Location for the Maintenance Yard Alternative ................................. 5-23
5.1.5.4 Phase 1 Construction of Permanent Yard ................................................ 5-24
5.1.6 Project Objectives ............................................................................................. 5-24
5.1.6.1 No Project Alternative and Project Objectives .......................................... 5-24
5.1.6.2 AES Site Alternative and Project Objectives............................................. 5-25
5.1.6.3 Oil Development with Reduced Wells and Project Objectives .................. 5-25
5.1.6.4 Oil Development with Reduced Timeframe and Project Objectives .......... 5-25
5.1.6.5 Use of Existing Pipelines and Project Objectives...................................... 5-25
5.1.6.6 Phase 1 Permanent Yard Construction and Project Objectives ................ 5-26
6.0
Impacts and Comparison of Alternatives ................................................................... 6-1
6.1
Impacts of Alternatives ........................................................................................ 6-2
6.1.1
No Project Alternative ................................................................................ 6-2
6.1.2
AES Site Alternative ................................................................................... 6-3
6.1.3
Reduced Wells Alternative ....................................................................... 6-15
6.1.4
Existing Pipelines Alternative ................................................................... 6-23
6.1.5
Phase 1 City Maintenance Yard Construction .......................................... 6-27
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6.2
Proposed Project Options and Scenarios .......................................................... 6-30
6.2.1
Valve Box Options.................................................................................... 6-30
6.2.2
Pipeline Scenarios ................................................................................... 6-30
6.2.3
City Maintenance Yard No Added Parking/Parking Option ....................... 6-30
6.2.4
Phase 2 Unsuccessful Scenario ............................................................... 6-31
6.3
Comparison of Proposed Project and Alternatives ............................................ 6-32
6.3.1
Environmentally Superior Alternative Analysis ......................................... 6-32
No Project Alternative Compared to the Proposed Project ................................ 6-34
AES Site Alternative Compared to Proposed Project ........................................ 6-34
Reduced Wells Alternative Compared to Proposed Project............................... 6-37
Reduced Timeframe Alternative Compared to Proposed Project ...................... 6-38
Existing Pipelines Alternative Compared to Proposed Project........................... 6-38
Phase 1 City Maintenance Yard Construction Compared to Proposed Project.. 6-39
6.3.2
Environmentally Superior Alternative........................................................ 6-39
7.0
Other CEQA-Mandated Sections ................................................................................. 7-1
7.1
Unavoidable Significant Adverse Effects ............................................................. 7-1
7.2
Growth Inducing Impacts .................................................................................... 7-2
7.2.1
Removal of an Impediment to Growth ........................................................ 7-2
7.2.2
Economic Growth ....................................................................................... 7-2
7.2.3
Precedent-Setting Action............................................................................ 7-3
7.2.4
Development of Open Space ..................................................................... 7-3
7.3
Known Areas of Controversy or Unresolved Issues ............................................ 7-3
8.0
Summary of Mitigation Measures and Mitigation Monitoring Plan ........................... 8-1
8.1
Mitigation Monitoring Program ............................................................................ 8-1
8.2
Monitoring Authority and Enforcement Responsibility ......................................... 8-1
8.3
Mitigation Compliance Responsibility .................................................................. 8-2
8.4
General Monitoring Procedures .......................................................................... 8-2
8.5
Mitigation Monitoring Table ................................................................................. 8-3
9.0
List of Preparers and Agencies/Individuals Consulted During EIR Preparation ..... 9-1
10.0 References .................................................................................................................. 10-1
Aesthetics and Visual Resources ................................................................................. 10-1
Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases .............................................................................. 10-1
Biological Resources .................................................................................................... 10-4
Cultural Resources ....................................................................................................... 10-6
Energy and Mineral Resources .................................................................................... 10-8
Fire Protection and Emergency Response ................................................................... 10-9
Geological Resources/Soils .......................................................................................... 10-9
Safety, Risk of Upset, and Hazards ............................................................................ 10-10
Hydrology and Water Quality ...................................................................................... 10-13
Land Use/Recreation/Policy Consistency Analysis ..................................................... 10-14
Noise and Vibration .................................................................................................... 10-14
Public Services and Utilities ....................................................................................... 10-15
Transportation and Traffic .......................................................................................... 10-15
Water Resources........................................................................................................ 10-16
Environmental Justice ................................................................................................ 10-17
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11. Table of Contents
Appendices (on the CD)
Appendix A- Project Description Design Data
Appendix B - Air Emission Calculations
Appendix C - Risk Assessment Calculations
Appendix D - Traffic Impact Analysis
Appendix E - Noise Impact Analysis
Appendix F – Settlement Agreement and Other Entitlements
Appendix G – Cultural Resources Technical Study
Appendix H – Notice of Preparation, Scoping Document, Comments, and Responses
Appendix I – Soil Engineering and Engineering Geology Investigation
Appendix K – Public Notification List
Appendix L – 1993 Conditional Use Permit (City Council Resolution No. 93-5632)
Appendix M – Oil and Gas Lease No. 2 between the City and E&B
Appendix N – Settlement Agreement and Release executed by the City Council on March 2,
2012.
Appendix O – Aesthetics - Visual Simulations.
Appendix P – Proposed Coastal Land Use Plan policies regulating oil and gas recovery.
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12. Table of Contents
Tables
Table 1.1 Project Planning Information ................................................................................... 1-2
Table 2.1Proposed Project Schedule Summary ...................................................................... 2-4
Table 2.2Proposed Oil Project Design Parameters ............................................................... 2-11
Table 2.3Phase 1 Project Schedule ...................................................................................... 2-19
Table 2.4Phase 1 Vehicle Trip Summary .............................................................................. 2-21
Table 2.5Phase 2 Drilling Chemicals ..................................................................................... 2-32
Table 2.6Phase 2 Testing Chemicals .................................................................................... 2-37
Table 2.7Phase 2 Project Schedule ...................................................................................... 2-39
Table 2.8Phase 2 Vehicle Trip Summary .............................................................................. 2-39
Table 2.9Phase 3 and 4 Processing Equipment Listing......................................................... 2-45
Table 2.10Phase 3 Project Schedule .................................................................................... 2-57
Table 2.11Phase 3 Vehicle Trip Summary ............................................................................ 2-58
Table 2.12Phase 4 Drilling Chemicals ................................................................................... 2-68
Table 2.13Phase 4 Project Schedule .................................................................................... 2-69
Table 2.14Phase 4 Vehicle Trip Summary ............................................................................ 2-70
Table 2.15Proposed Oil Project Parking Requirements......................................................... 2-71
Table 2.15E&B Oil Development Project Permits/Approvals ................................................. 2-83
Table 2.16Relocation of City Maintenance Yard Project Permits/Approvals .......................... 2-85
Table 4.2-1Historical Meteorological Data ............................................................................ 4.2-2
Table 4.2-2State and National Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................................. 4.2-5
Table 4.2-3SCAQMD Air Quality Data for Southwest Coastal LA County Sub-Region (Project
Area)
..................................................................................................................... 4.2-7
Table 4.2-4Global Warming Potential of Various Gases..................................................... 4.2-14
Table 4.2-5Electricity Generation Resource Mix and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............. 4.2-15
Table 4.2-6SCAQMD Air Quality Significance Thresholds ................................................. 4.2-32
Table 4.2-7Construction Criteria Emissions ....................................................................... 4.2-36
Table 4.2-8Construction Criteria Emissions: Mitigated ....................................................... 4.2-39
Table 4.2-9Operational Criteria Emissions ......................................................................... 4.2-44
Table 4.2-10Operational Criteria Emissions: Mitigated ....................................................... 4.2-46
Table 4.2-11Localized Modeling Results for Combustion Source Particulate Matter .......... 4.2-48
Table 4.2-12Localized Modeling Results for Combustion Source Particulate Matter: Mitigated ....
................................................................................................................... 4.2-49
Table 4.2-13GHG Emissions.............................................................................................. 4.2-58
Table 4.2-14Phase 4 Equipment Toxic Air Contaminants .................................................. 4.2-60
Table 4.2-15Health Risk Assessment Results: Unmitigated ............................................... 4.2-61
Table 4.2-16Health Risk Assessment Results: Mitigated ................................................... 4.2-62
Table 4.3-1 Endangered, Threatened, and Special Status Species in Project Area ............. 4.3-8
Table 4.4-1Mitigation Measures ......................................................................................... 4.4-24
Table 4.5-1California Energy Sources and Annual Consumption ......................................... 4.5-1
Table 4.5-2Energy Consumption in California by Sector and by Form ................................. 4.5-3
Table 4.6-1Fire Stations Available to Respond to an Emergency at the Project Site ............ 4.6-2
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13. Table of Contents
Table 4.6-2Applicable Codes, Standards, and Guidelines .................................................... 4.6-5
Table 4.6-3 Applicable IRI, CCPS, NFPA, and API Equipment Spacing Requirements ...... 4.6-11
Table 4.7-1General Stratigraphic Section for Hermosa Beach Oil field Area ........................ 4.7-3
Table 4.8-1Frequencies for Common Events ....................................................................... 4.8-8
Table 4.8-2Frequencies for Fatality Events ........................................................................ 4.8-11
Table 4.8-3DOT National Gas Transmission Pipelines Incident Causes ............................ 4.8-12
Table 4.8-4Thermal Radiation Serious Injury and Impacts ................................................. 4.8-22
Table 4.8-5Overpressure Damage ..................................................................................... 4.8-23
Table 4.8-6Toxicological Effects of H2S ............................................................................. 4.8-25
Table 4.8-7Fatality and Serious Injury Rates ...................................................................... 4.8-27
Table 4.8-8Event Tree Probabilities ................................................................................... 4.8-30
Table 4.8-9Regulatory Oversight Responsibilities .............................................................. 4.8-54
Table 4.8-10Facility Release Scenarios ............................................................................. 4.8-63
Table 4.8-11Blowout and Loss of Well Control Frequencies .............................................. 4.8-67
Table 4.8-12Scenario Failure Rates ................................................................................... 4.8-68
Table 4.8-13Population Information ................................................................................... 4.8-73
Table 4.8-14Potential Proposed Oil Project Pipeline Spill Volumes .................................... 4.8-83
Table 4.10-1Proposed Project General Land Use Plan Conflicts ..................................... 4.10-13
Table 4.10-2Proposed City Maintenance Yard General Land Use Plan Conflicts ............. 4.10-18
Table 4.11-1Common Environmental Noise Levels ............................................................ 4.11-2
Table 4.11-2Noise Control Metrics ..................................................................................... 4.11-5
Table 4.11-3Typical Levels of Ground-Borne Vibration ...................................................... 4.11-6
Table 4.11-4Summary of Existing Ambient Leq Noise Levels Around the Project Site ....... 4.11-9
Table 4.11-5Summary of Existing Ambient L50 Noise Levels Around the Project Site ..... 4.11-10
Table 4.11-6Existing Ambient Noise Levels Around the Project Site - Additional Statistics ..........
................................................................................................................. 4.11-10
Table 4.11-7Comparison of Noise Monitoring Results from the Truck and Pipeline Routes .........
................................................................................................................. 4.11-11
Table 4.11-8Truck and Pipeline Route Ambient Noise Measurement Summary* ............. 4.11-14
Table 4.11-9Summary of Existing Ambient Noise Levels around the City Yard Relocation Site ...
................................................................................................................. 4.11-16
Table 4.11-10Recalculated Daytime Ambient Noise Levels around the City Yard Relocation Site
................................................................................................................. 4.11-16
Table 4.11-11Baseline Vibration Levels (2013) ................................................................ 4.11-17
Table 4.11-12Baseline Vibration Levels (2012) ................................................................ 4.11-17
Table 4.11-13Phase 1 Noise Models - Equipment Usage and Noise Level Data.............. 4.11-34
Table 4.11-14Phase 1 - Predicted Demolition Noise Impact............................................. 4.11-36
Table 4.11-15Phase 1 - Predicted Construction Noise Impact ......................................... 4.11-36
Table 4.11-16Phase 1 - Predicted Demolition Noise Impact with Additional Mitigation ..... 4.11-42
Table 4.11-17Phase 1 - Predicted Construction Noise Impact with Additional Mitigation.. 4.11-42
Table 4.11-18Phase 2 Noise Models - Equipment Usage and Noise Level Data.............. 4.11-48
Table 4.11-19Phase 2 - Predicted Drilling & Test Production Noise Impact ..................... 4.11-52
Table 4.11-20Phase 2 - Compliance with the Hermosa Beach Oil Code .......................... 4.11-52
Table 4.11-21Phase 2 - Predicted Test Production (Only) Noise Impact .......................... 4.11-53
Table 4.11-22Phase 2 - Predicted Drilling & Test Production Noise Impact with Mitigation ..........
................................................................................................................. 4.11-56
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14. Table of Contents
Table 4.11-23Phase 2 - Compliance with the Hermosa Beach Oil Code (with Mitigation) ............
................................................................................................................. 4.11-57
Table 4.11-24Phase 3 Site Construction Noise Model - Equipment Usage and Noise Level Data
................................................................................................................. 4.11-61
Table 4.11-25Phase 3 - Predicted Site Construction Noise Impact .................................. 4.11-61
Table 4.11-26Phase 3 - Predicted Site Construction Noise Impact with Additional Mitigation.......
................................................................................................................. 4.11-64
Table 4.11-27Phase 3 Pipeline Construction Noise Models Equipment Usage and Noise Level
Data
................................................................................................................. 4.11-68
Table 4.11-28Phase 3 - Predicted Pipeline Construction Noise Impact ............................ 4.11-76
Table 4.11-29Phase 4 Noise Model - Equipment Usage and Noise Level Data ............... 4.11-78
Table 4.11-30Phase 4 - Predicted Drilling + Production Noise Impact ............................. 4.11-79
Table 4.11-31Phase 4 - Compliance with the Hermosa Beach Oil Code .......................... 4.11-79
Table 4.11-32Phase 4 - Predicted Drilling + Production Noise Impact with Mitigation ...... 4.11-85
Table 4.11-33Phase 4 - Compliance with the Hermosa Beach Oil Code (with Mitigation) 4.11-85
Table 4.11-34Phase 4 - Predicted Production (only) Noise Impact................................... 4.11-86
Table 4.11-35Phase 4 - Predicted Production (only) Noise Impact with mitigation ........... 4.11-89
Table 4.11-36Calculated Traffic CNEL Noise Level Increases on Valley Drive ................ 4.11-93
Table 4.11-37Demolition & Construction Equipment Ground Vibration Levels ................. 4.11-94
Table 4.11-38City Maintenance Yard Relocation Demolition & Construction Equipment Usage
and Noise Level Data ....................................................................................................... 4.11-97
Table 4.11-39Relocated City Yard - Predicted Demolition Noise Impact .........................4.11-102
Table 4.11-40Relocated City Yard - Predicted Construction Noise Impact ......................4.11-103
Table 4.11-41Relocated City Yard - Predicted Demolition Noise Impact with Mitigation ..4.11-105
Table 4.11-42Relocated City Yard - Predicted Construction Noise Impact With Additional Noise
Mitigation
................................................................................................................4.11-110
Table 4.11-43Relocated City Yard - Predicted Operational Noise Impact........................4.11-111
Table 4.11-44Relocated City Yard - Predicted Operational Noise Impact with Mitigation .............
................................................................................................................4.11-112
Table 4.11-45Temporary City Yard - Predicted Operational Noise Impact ......................4.11-119
Table 4.11-46Temporary City Yard - Predicted Operational Noise Impact with Mitigation ............
................................................................................................................4.11-120
Table 4.14-1Level of Service Definitions Signalized and Unsignalized Intersections ........ 4.14-11
Table 4.14-3Level of Service Descriptions ....................................................................... 4.14-13
Table 4.14-4Existing Intersection Level of Service Summary (ICU – Signalized Intersections) ....
................................................................................................................. 4.14-15
Table 4.14-5Existing Intersection Level of Service Summary (HCM – Caltrans and Torrance
Intersection) ................................................................................................................. 4.14-18
Table 4.14-6Existing Roadway/Freeway Segment Level of Service Summary ................. 4.14-20
Table 4.14-7Proposed Oil Project Trip Generation Estimates .......................................... 4.14-38
Table 4.13-8City Maintenance Yard Relocation with Proposed Oil Project – Intersection LOS
Comparison ................................................................................................................. 4.14-49
Table 4.13-9Year 2015 plus Phase 1 Intersection Level of Service Summary (ICU - Signalized
Intersections) ................................................................................................................. 4.14-63
Table 4.13-10Year 2015 plus Phase 1 Intersection Level of Service Summary (HCM – Caltrans
and Torrance Intersections .............................................................................................. 4.14-67
Table 4.13-11Year 2015 plus Phase 2 Intersection Level of Service Summary (ICU – Signalized
Intersections) ................................................................................................................. 4.14-69
Table 4.13-12Year 2015 plus Phase 2 Intersection Level of Service Summary (HCM – Caltrans
and Torrance Intersections .............................................................................................. 4.14-73
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15. Table of Contents
Table 4.13-13Year 2016 plus Phase 3 Intersection Level of Service Summary (ICU – Signalized
Intersections) ................................................................................................................. 4.14-75
Table 4.13-14Year 2016 plus Phase 3 Intersection Level of Service Summary (Caltrans and
Torrance Intersections) .................................................................................................... 4.14-79
Table 4.13-15Year 2018 plus Phase 4 Intersection Level of Service Summary (ICU – Signalized
Intersection) ................................................................................................................. 4.14-81
Table 4.13-16Year 2018 plus Phase 4 Intersection Level of Service Summary (HCM – Caltrans
and Torrance Intersections) ............................................................................................. 4.14-85
Table 4.13-17Build out Year 2035 plus Phase 4 Intersection Level of Service Summary (ICU –
Signalized Intersections) .................................................................................................. 4.14-87
Table 4.13-18Build out Year 2035 plus Phase 4 Intersection Level of Service Summary (HCM –
Caltrans and Torrance Intersections) ............................................................................... 4.14-91
Table 4.13-19Phase 1 Roadway Segment Analysis ......................................................... 4.14-93
Table 4.13-20Phase 2 Roadway Segment Analysis ......................................................... 4.14-98
Table 4.13-21Phase 3 Roadway Segment Analysis ........................................................4.14-103
Table 4.13-22Phase 4 Roadway Segment Analysis ........................................................4.14-108
Table 4.13-23Operations Roadway Segment Analysis....................................................4.14-113
Table 5.1Summary Results of the Alternatives Screening Analysis ......................................... 5-3
Table 6.1
Proposed Project Options - Impact Comparison .............................................. 6-31
Table 6.2
Proposed Project - Significant Unavoidable Impacts Summary ........................ 6-34
Table 6.3
Proposed Project Versus Alternatives - Significant Unavoidable Impacts Only 6-36
Table 6.4
Proposed Project Versus Project Component Alternatives - Significant
Unavoidable Impacts Only .................................................................................................... 6-37
Table 8-1
Table 8-2
Table 8-3
Table 8-4
Table 8-5
Table 8-6
Table 8-7
Table 8-8
Table 8-9
Table 8-10
Table 8-11
Aesthetics and Visual Resources ....................................................................... 8-4
Air Quality and GHG’s...................................................................................... 8-10
Biological Resources ....................................................................................... 8-16
Cultural Resources .......................................................................................... 8-18
Fire Protection and Emergency Response ....................................................... 8-21
Geological Resources/Soils ............................................................................. 8-24
Safety, Risk of Upset and Hazards .................................................................. 8-29
Hydrology and Water Quality ........................................................................... 8-31
Noise and Vibration ......................................................................................... 8-33
Transportation and Circulation ......................................................................... 8-39
Water Resources ............................................................................................. 8-41
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16. Table of Contents
List of Figures
Figure 2.1Proposed Project Location ...................................................................................... 2-3
Figure 2.2Historical Wells Drilled in the Los Angeles Basin ..................................................... 2-6
Figure 2.3Existing Site Conditions........................................................................................... 2-8
Figure 2.4Project Site and Area Land Uses (Zoning Map) ...................................................... 2-9
Figure 2.5Project Site and Pipeline/Electrical Connections ................................................... 2-12
Figure 2.6Proposed Oil Project Phase 1 Conceptual Site Plan ............................................. 2-15
Figure 2.7Proposed Oil Project Lease Areas ........................................................................ 2-24
Figure 2.8Applicant Proposed Oil Project Lease Areas Cross Section .................................. 2-26
Figure 2.9Proposed Conceptual Site Plan - Project Phase 2................................................. 2-27
Figure 2.10Typical Well Bore and Casing ............................................................................. 2-30
Figure 2.12Phase 2 Process Flow Diagram .......................................................................... 2-34
Figure 2.12Truck Routes from Highway 405 to Project Site .................................................. 2-35
Figure 2.13Truck Routes to Highway 405 from the Project Site ............................................ 2-35
Figure 2.14Phase 3 Proposed Conceptual Site Plan ............................................................. 2-43
Figure 2.15Proposed Pipeline Routes ................................................................................... 2-49
Figure 2.16Typical Pipeline Construction Spread .................................................................. 2-52
Figure 2.18Phase 4 Process Flow Diagram .......................................................................... 2-60
Figure 2.17Phase 4 Site Plan with Drilling Rig ...................................................................... 2-63
Figure 2-18Cypress Parking Area ........................................................................................ 2-74
Figure 2.19Estimated Production Levels ............................................................................... 2-75
Figure 2.20City Yard Relocation Conceptual Site Plan: Temporary Location ........................ 2-78
Figure 2.21City Yard Relocation Conceptual Site Plan: Permanent Facility Parking Option .. 2-79
Figure 2.22City Yard Relocation Conceptual Site Plan: Permanent Facility No Added Parking
Option
...................................................................................................................... 2-80
Figure 4.1-1Viewshed Analysis- Electric Drill Rig (Areas where the Drill Rig Can Be Seen) 4.1-30
Figure 4.1-2Viewshed Analysis- Workover Rig (Areas where the Rig Can Be Seen) ......... 4.1-31
Figure 4.1-3View Location Map .......................................................................................... 4.1-37
Figure 4.1-4aKOP 1: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: Parking Option ......
................................................................................................................... 4.1-38
Figure 4.1-4bKOP 1: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: No Parking Option .
................................................................................................................... 4.1-39
Figure 4.1-5aKOP 2: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: Parking Option ........
................................................................................................................... 4.1-40
Figure 4.1-5bKOP 2: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: No Parking Option ..
................................................................................................................... 4.1-41
Figure 4.1-6aKOP 3: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: Parking Option ........
................................................................................................................... 4.1-42
Figure 4.1-6bKOP 3: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: No Parking Option ..
................................................................................................................... 4.1-43
Figure 4.1-7aKOP 4: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: Parking Option ........
................................................................................................................... 4.1-44
Figure 4.1-7bKOP 4: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: No Parking Option ..
................................................................................................................... 4.1-45
Figure 4.1-8aKOP 5: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: Parking Option ........
................................................................................................................... 4.1-46
Figure 4.1-8bKOP 5: Proposed City Maintenance Yard Permanent Facility: No Parking Option ..
................................................................................................................... 4.1-47
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17. Table of Contents
Figure 4.1-9KOP 6: During Phase 2 and Phase 4 with Drill Rig ......................................... 4.1-48
Figure 4.1-10KOP 7: During Phase 2 and 4 with Drill Rig .................................................. 4.1-49
Figure 4.1-11KOP 10: During Phase 2 and 4 with Drill Rig ................................................ 4.1-50
Figure 4.1-12KOP 10: Phase 4 with Workover Rig During Maintenance at Well 34 ........... 4.1-51
Figure 4.1-13KOP 11: During Phase 2 or 4 with Drill Rig ................................................... 4.1-52
Figure 4.1-14KOP 11: Phase 4 with Workover Rig During Maintenance at Well 34 ........... 4.1-53
Figure 4.1-15KOP 11: Phase 4 During Ongoing Operations .............................................. 4.1-54
Figure 4.1-16KOP 12: During Phase 2 or 4 with Drill Rig ................................................... 4.1-55
Figure 4.1-17KOP 12: Phase 4 with Workover Rig During Maintenance at Well 2 ............. 4.1-56
Figure 4.1-18KOP 13: Completion of Phase 1 Improvements ............................................ 4.1-57
Figure 4.1-19KOP 13: During Phase 2 or 4 with Drill Rig ................................................... 4.1-58
Figure 4.1-20KOP 13: Phase 4 with Workover Rig During Maintenance at Well 2 ............ 4.1-59
Figure 4.1-21KOP 13: Phase 4 During Ongoing Operations .............................................. 4.1-60
Figure 4.1-22aKOP 14: During Phase 2 with Drill Rig at Well 1.......................................... 4.1-61
Figure 4.1-22bKOP 14: During Phase 2 with Drill Rig at Well 1 WIDE ANGLE................... 4.1-62
Figure 4.1-23aKOP 14: Phase 4 with Drill Rig Onsite at Well 3 .......................................... 4.1-63
Figure 4.1-23bKOP 14: Phase 4 with Drill Rig Onsite at Well 3 WIDE ANGLE ................... 4.1-64
Figure 4.1-24aKOP 14: Phase 4 with Workover Rig during Maintenance at Well 3 ............ 4.1-65
Figure 4.1-24b .... KOP 14: Phase 4 with Workover Rig during Maintenance at Well 3 WIDE
ANGLE
................................................................................................................... 4.1-66
Figure 4.1-25KOP 14: Phase 4 During Ongoing Operations .............................................. 4.1-67
Figure 4.1-26KOP 15: During Phase 2 with Drill Rig at Well 4............................................ 4.1-68
Figure 4.1-27KOP 15: Phase 4 with Drill Rig Onsite at Well 17 ......................................... 4.1-69
Figure 4.1-28KOP 15: Phase 4 with Workover Rig during Maintenance at Well 17 ............ 4.1-70
Figure 4.1-29KOP 15: Phase 4 During Ongoing Operations .............................................. 4.1-71
Figure 4.1-30KOP 17: Phase 4 with Drill Rig Onsite at Well 17 .......................................... 4.1-72
Figure 4.1-31KOP 17: Phase 4 with Workover Rig during Maintenance at Well 17 ............ 4.1-73
Figure 4.1-32KOP 17: Phase 4 During Ongoing Operations .............................................. 4.1-74
Figure 4.1-33KOP 18: During Phase 2 with Drill Rig at Well 4............................................ 4.1-75
Figure 4.1-34KOP 18: Phase 4 with Drill Rig Onsite at Well 18 .......................................... 4.1-76
Figure 4.1-35KOP 18: Phase 4 with Workover Rig during Maintenance at Well 18 ............ 4.1-77
Figure 4.1-36KOP 18: Phase 4 During Ongoing Operations .............................................. 4.1-78
Figure 4.1-37KOP 19: During Phase 2 with Drill Rig at Well 2 (rig not visible) .................... 4.1-79
Figure 4.1-38aKOP 19: Phase 4 with Drill Rig Onsite at Well 34 ........................................ 4.1-80
Figure 4.1-38bKOP 19: Phase 4 with Drill Rig Onsite at Well 34 WIDE ANGLE ................. 4.1-81
Figure 4.1-39KOP 19: Phase 4 with Workover Rig during Maintenance at Well 34 ............ 4.1-82
Figure 4.1-39KOP 19: Phase 4 with Workover Rig during Maintenance at Well 34: WIDE
ANGLE
................................................................................................................... 4.1-83
Figure 4.1-41aKOP 20: During Phase 2 or 4 with Drill Rig ................................................. 4.1-85
Figure 4.1-41bKOP 20: During Phase 2 or 4 with Drill Rig: WIDE ANGLE ......................... 4.1-86
Figure 4.1-42aKOP 20: Phase 4 with Workover Rig during Maintenance at Well 2 ............ 4.1-87
Figure 4.1-42bKOP 20: Phase 4 with Workover Rig during Maintenance at Well 2: WIDE
ANGLE
................................................................................................................... 4.1-88
Figure 4.1-43KOP 20: Phase 4 During Ongoing Operations .............................................. 4.1-89
Figure 4.2-1Wind Rose for King Harbor Meteorological Station ........................................... 4.2-3
Figure 4.2-2PM2.5 Annual Compliance Status - 2011 .......................................................... 4.2-10
Figure 4.2-3Ozone Annual Compliance Status - 2011........................................................ 4.2-11
Figure 4.2-4California GHG Emissions 2000-2011............................................................. 4.2-17
Figure 4.2-5Acute Impacts Health Index ............................................................................ 4.2-63
Figure 4.2-6Chronic Impacts Health Impacts ..................................................................... 4.2-64
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18. Table of Contents
Figure 4.2-7Cancer Impacts Cancer Cases: Unmitigated ................................................... 4.2-65
Figure 4.2-8Cancer Impacts Cancer Cases: Mitigated ....................................................... 4.2-66
Figure 4.7-1Regional Fault Map ........................................................................................... 4.7-2
Figure 4.7-2Liquefaction and Landslides Map ...................................................................... 4.7-8
Figure 4.8-1Steps Involved in Developing a Quantitative Risk Assessment ......................... 4.8-5
Figure 4.8-2Existing Maintenance Facility Risk Profiles: Fatalities and Injuries .................. 4.8-34
Figure 4.8-3Storm Drain System in the Facility Vicinity ...................................................... 4.8-37
Figure 4.8-4Storm Drain System Pictures .......................................................................... 4.8-38
Figure 4.8-5Consequence Analysis Results: Fatality and Serious Injury ............................ 4.8-70
Figure 4.8-6Areas That Could Be Potentially Exposed ....................................................... 4.8-71
Figure 4.8-7Risk Profiles for the Fixed Facility and Gas Pipeline: Fatalities ....................... 4.8-75
Figure 4.8-8Risk Profiles for the Fixed Facility and Pipeline: Injuries.................................. 4.8-76
Figure 4.8-9Pipeline Profile ................................................................................................ 4.8-82
Figure 4.9-1Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) for the Proposed Project Area..................... 4.9-3
Figure 4.9-2Location of Barrier Injection Wells in the Proposed Project Area ....................... 4.9-4
Figure 4.10-1Proposed Project Location ............................................................................ 4.10-4
Figure 4.10-2Project Site and Area Land Uses ................................................................ 4.10-11
Figure 4.11-1Noise Monitoring Locations around the Project Site ...................................... 4.11-8
Figure 4.11-2Typical Noise Monitor Installation .................................................................. 4.11-9
Figure 4.11-4Noise Monitoring Locations along the Truck and Pipe Routes (2012 Study) 4.11-12
Figure 4.11-5Noise Monitoring Locations along the Truck and Pipe Routes (2012 Study) 4.11-12
Figure 4.11-6Noise Monitoring Locations along the Truck and Pipe Routes (2012 Study) 4.11-13
Figure 4.11-7Noise Monitoring Locations along the Truck and Pipe Routes (2012 Study) 4.11-13
Figure 4.11-8Noise Monitoring Locations around the City Yard Relocation Site ............... 4.11-15
Figure 4.11-9Phase 1 - Predicted Daily Leq Noise Contours during DEMOLITION for a Receiver
Height of 5-ft ................................................................................................................. 4.11-37
Figure 4.11-10Phase 1 - Predicted Daily Leq Noise Contours during CONSTRUCTION for a
Receiver Height of 5-ft ..................................................................................................... 4.11-38
Figure 4.11-11Phase 1 - Predicted Daily Leq Noise Contours during DEMOLITION for a
Receiver Height of 20-ft ................................................................................................... 4.11-39
Figure 4.11-12Phase 1 - Predicted Daily Leq Noise Contours during CONSTRUCTION for
Receiver Height of 20-ft ................................................................................................... 4.11-40
Figure 4.11-13Phase 1 - Predicted Daily Leq Noise Contours during DEMOLITION with
Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 5-ft ............................................................................. 4.11-42
Figure 4.11-14Phase 1 - Predicted Daily Leq Noise Contours during CONSTRUCTION with
Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 5-ft ............................................................................. 4.11-43
Figure 4.11-15Phase 1 - Predicted Daily Leq Noise Contours during DEMOLITION with
Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 20-ft ........................................................................... 4.11-44
Figure 4.11-16Phase 1 - Predicted Daily Leq Noise Contours during CONSTRUCTION with
Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 20-ft ........................................................................... 4.11-45
Figure 4.11-17Phase 2 - Leq Noise Contours during DRILLING & TEST PRODUCTION for a
Receiver Height of 5-ft ..................................................................................................... 4.11-49
Figure 4.11-18Phase 2 - Leq Noise Contours during DRILLING & TEST PRODUCTION for a
Receiver Height of 20-ft ................................................................................................... 4.11-50
Figure 4.11-19Phase 2 - Leq Noise Contours during TEST PRODUCTION (ONLY) for a
Receiver Height of 5-ft ..................................................................................................... 4.11-53
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Figure 4.11-20Phase 2 - Leq Noise Contours during TEST PRODUCTION (ONLY) for a
Receiver Height of 20-ft ................................................................................................... 4.11-54
Figure 4.11-21Phase 2 - Leq Noise Contours during DRILLING & TEST PRODUCTION with
Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 5-ft ............................................................................. 4.11-57
Figure 4.11-22Phase 2 - Leq Noise Contours during DRILLING & TEST PRODUCTION with
Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 20-ft ........................................................................... 4.11-58
Figure 4.11-23Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during SITE CONSTRUCTION for a Receiver
Height of 5-ft ................................................................................................................. 4.11-61
Figure 4.11-24Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during SITE CONSTRUCTION for a Receiver
Height of 20-ft ................................................................................................................. 4.11-62
Figure 4.11-25Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during SITE CONSTRUCTION with Mitigation for
a Receiver Height of 5-ft .................................................................................................. 4.11-66
Figure 4.11-26Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during SITE CONSTRUCTION with Mitigation for
a Receiver Height of 20-ft ................................................................................................ 4.11-67
Figure 4.11-27Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction Valley Drive
Scenario, Receiver Height of 5-feet.................................................................................. 4.11-70
Figure 4.11-28Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction Valley Drive
Scenario, Receiver Height of 20-feet................................................................................ 4.11-70
Figure 4.11-29Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction Anita Street
Westbound Scenario, Receiver Height of 5-feet ............................................................... 4.11-71
Figure 4.11-30Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction Anita Street
Westbound Scenario, Receiver Height of 20-feet ............................................................. 4.11-71
Figure 4.11-31Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction Anita Street
Eastbound Scenario, Receiver Height of 5-feet ................................................................ 4.11-72
Figure 4.11-32Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction Anita Street
Eastbound Scenario, Receiver Height of 20-feet .............................................................. 4.11-72
Figure 4.11-33Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction Redondo Beach
Edison Corridor Scenario, Receiver Height of 5-feet ........................................................ 4.11-73
Figure 4.11-34Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction Redondo Beach
Edison Corridor Scenario, Receiver Height of 20-feet ...................................................... 4.11-73
Figure 4.11-35Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction 190th Street
Westbound Scenario, Receiver Height of 5-feet ............................................................... 4.11-74
Figure 4.11-36Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction 190th Street
Eastbound Scenario, Receiver Height of 5-feet ................................................................ 4.11-74
Figure 4.11-37Phase 3 - Leq Noise Contours during Pipeline Construction Torrance Edison
Corridor Scenario, Receiver Height of 5-feet .................................................................... 4.11-75
Figure 4.11-38Phase 4 - Leq Noise Contours during Long Term DRILLING & PRODUCTION for
a Receiver Height of 5-ft .................................................................................................. 4.11-80
Figure 4.11-39Phase 4 - Leq Noise Contours during Long Term DRILLING & PRODUCTION for
a Receiver Height of 20-ft ................................................................................................ 4.11-81
Figure 4.11-40Phase 4 - Leq Noise Contours during Long Term DRILLING & PRODUCTION
with Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 5-ft ...................................................................... 4.11-83
Figure 4.11-41Phase 4 - Leq Noise Contours during Long Term DRILLING & PRODUCTION
with Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 20-ft .................................................................... 4.11-84
Figure 4.11-42Phase 4 - Leq Noise Contours during Long Term PRODUCTION for a Receiver
Height of 5-ft ................................................................................................................. 4.11-87
Figure 4.11-43Phase 4 - Leq Noise Contours during Long Term PRODUCTION for a Receiver
Height of 20-ft ................................................................................................................. 4.11-88
Figure 4.11-44Phase 4 - Leq Noise Contours during Long Term PRODUCTION with Mitigation
for a Receiver Height of 5-ft ............................................................................................. 4.11-91
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Figure 4.11-45Phase 4 - Leq Noise Contours during Long Term PRODUCTION with Mitigation
for a Receiver Height of 20-ft ........................................................................................... 4.11-92
Figure 4.11-46Relocated City Maintenance Yard - Leq Noise Contours during DEMOLITON for
a Receiver Height of 5-feet............................................................................................... 4.11-99
Figure 4.11-47Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during CONSTRUCTION for a
Receiver Height of 5-feet ................................................................................................4.11-100
Figure 4.11-48Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during DEMOLITON for a Receiver
Height of 20-feet .............................................................................................................4.11-101
Figure 4.11-49Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during CONSTRUCTION for a
Receiver Height of 20-feet ..............................................................................................4.11-102
Figure 4.11-50Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during DEMOLITON with Mitigation for
a Receiver Height of 5-feet..............................................................................................4.11-107
Figure 4.11-51Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during CONSTRUCTION with
Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 5-feet ........................................................................4.11-108
Figure 4.11-52Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during DEMOLITON with Mitigation for
a Receiver Height of 20-feet............................................................................................4.11-109
Figure 4.11-53Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during CONSTRUCTION with
Mitigation for a Receiver Height of 20-feet ......................................................................4.11-110
Figure 4.11-54Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during OPERATIONS For a Receiver
Height of 5-feet ...............................................................................................................4.11-114
Figure 4.11-55Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during OPERATIONS for a Receiver
Height of 20-feet .............................................................................................................4.11-115
Figure 4.11-56 Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during OPERATIONS with Mitigation
for a Receiver Height of 5-feet ........................................................................................4.11-116
Figure 4.11-57Relocated City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during OPERATIONS with Mitigation
for a Receiver Height of 20-feet ......................................................................................4.11-117
Figure 4.11-58Temporary City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during OPERATIONS for a Receiver
Height of 5-feet ...............................................................................................................4.11-122
Figure 4.11-59Temporary City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during OPERATIONS for a Receiver
Height of 20-feet .............................................................................................................4.11-123
Figure 4.11-60Temporary City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during OPERATIONS with Mitigation
for a Receiver Height of 5-feet ........................................................................................4.11-124
Figure 4.11-61Temporary City Yard - Leq Noise Contours during OPERATIONS with Mitigation
for a Receiver Height of 20-feet ......................................................................................4.11-125
Figure 4.13-1Traffic Study Intersections Locations............................................................. 4.13-5
Figure 4.13-2Location of Roadway Segments Studied ....................................................... 4.13-6
Figure 4.13-3Existing and Proposed Bike Paths in Hermosa Beach ................................ 4.13-10
Figure 4.13-4Safe Routes to School ................................................................................ 4.13-12
Figure 4.13-5Alternative Heavy Truck Traffic Routes ....................................................... 4.13-48
Figure 5-1Percent of Crude Recovery and Alternative Locations ............................................ 5-6
Figure 5-2Rosecrans Alternative Location Detail..................................................................... 5-8
Figure 5-3Exxon/Mobil Refinery Alternative Location Detail .................................................. 5-10
Figure 5-4AES Site Location Detail ....................................................................................... 5-13
Figure 6-1Simulated View of Drilling Rig at AES Site .............................................................. 6-5
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21. Table of Contents
Acronyms
°F
AB
ANSI
APEHA
API
AQMP
bbl
BOP
BOP
bpd
CAL FIRE
Cal/EPA
Cal-ARP
CalISO
CARB
CCAA
CCPS
CDFG
CDMG
CEC
CEQA
CESA
CFR
CFR
CGS
CNDDB
CNPS
CO
CPUC
CRR
CSFM
CSR
CUP
D/C
dBA
DOGGR
DPM
DPR
eGRID
EIR
EPA
degrees Fahrenheit
Assembly Bill
American National Standards Institute
Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Hazards Act
American Petroleum Institute
Air Quality Management Plans
barrels
blow out prevention
blowout prevention
barrels per day
California Department of Forestry and Fire Prevention
California Environmental Protection Agency
California Accidental Release Program
California Independent System Operator
California Air Resources Board
California Clean Air Act
Center for Chemical Process Safety
California Department of Fish and Game
California Division of Mines and Geology
California Energy Commission
California Environmental Quality Act
California Endangered Species Act
Code of Federal Regulations
Code of Federal Regulations
California Geological Survey
California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Natural Diversity Database
California Native Plant Society
carbon monoxide
California Public Utilities Commission
Cyclic Resistance Ratio
California State Fire Marshal
Cyclic Stress Ratio
conditional use permit
demand to capacity ratio
A-weighted decibel
Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources
diesel particulate matter
Department of Parks and Recreation
Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database
Environmental Impact Report
Environmental Protection Agency
E&B Oil Drilling & Production Project
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22. Table of Contents
Acronyms
ERME
fc
FERC
FESA
FMZ
Fs
ft3
g/cc
GHG
GIS
gpm
h2s
HARP
HCM
HHMD
HRA
ICU
IRI
ITE
km
kV
kW
LACoFD
LACSD
Ldn
Leq
LNG
LOS
LPG
LTs
m/s
m3
MATES
MBTA
mmscfd
MMTCE
mph
MRZ
N2O
NAAQS
NFPA
No.
NO2
NOx
NPDES
O3
OCR
OEHHA
Environmental Resource Management Element
footcandles
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
Federal Endangered Species Act
fuel modification zone
factor of safety
cubic feet
grams per cubic centimeter
greenhouse gas
geographical information system
gallons per minutes
hydrogen sulfide
Hotspots Analysis and Reporting Program
Highway Capacity Manual
Health Hazardous Materials Division
health risk assessment
Intersection Capacity Utilization
Industrial Risk Insurers
Institute of Traffic Engineers
kilometers
kilovolt
kilowatt
County of Los Angeles Fire Department
Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County
day-night noise level
equivalent sound level
natural gas liquids
level of service
liquefied petroleum gases
low temperature separation
meters per second
cubic meters
Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
million standard cubic feet per day
million metric tons of carbon equivalent
miles per hour
Mineral Resources Zone
nitrous oxide
national ambient air quality standards
National Fire Protection Association
number
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen oxides
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Program
ozone
overconsolidation ratio
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
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23. Table of Contents
Acronyms
OS
PCE
PM10
PM2.5
ppm
PRC
psia
psig
QRA
RMP
RWQCB
SCAQMD
SCCIC
SCE
SCGC
SIP
SO2
SRA
SWRCB
TNT
UFC
URBEMIS
USACE
USFWS
V/C
VOC
vpd
vph
yd3
μg/m3
open space
Passenger Car Equivalent
particulate matter less than 10 micrometers in diameter
particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter
parts per million
Public Resources Code
pounds per square inch, absolute
pounds per square inch, gauge
Quantitative Risk Analysis
Resource Management Plan
Regional Water Quality Control Board
South Coast Air Quality Management District
South Central Coastal Information Center
Southern California Edison
Southern California Gas Company
State Implementation Plan
sulfur dioxide
source receptor area
State Water Resources Control Board
Trinitrotoluene
Uniform Fire Code
Urban Emissions Software
US Army Corps of Engineers
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Vehicles to capacity ratio
volatile organic compounds
Vehicles per day
Vehicles per hour
cubic yards
micrograms per cubic meter
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