1. DESINGED BY
Sunil Kumar
Research Scholar/ Food Production Faculty
Institute of Hotel and Tourism Management,
MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK
Haryana- 124001 INDIA Ph. No. 09996000499
email: skihm86@yahoo.com , balhara86@gmail.com
linkedin:- in.linkedin.com/in/ihmsunilkumar
facebook: www.facebook.com/ihmsunilkumar
webpage: chefsunilkumar.tripod.com
Fabric and Fibres
2. arpita
learning objectives
To understand the meaning of the term textile.
Classify different types of fibers , yarns and to learn at least
two examples of each type.
Make wise selection of textile products for specific uses in
our day to day life.
To learn about the fabric construction and finishes given to
each type.
Care of textile products.
3. arpita
What is a textile??
A textile is a flexible material comprised of a
network of natural or artificial fibers often
referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is
produced by spinning raw wool
fibers, linen, cotton, or other material on a
spinning wheel to produce long strands
known as yarn.[1] Textiles are formed by
weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or
pressing
5. arpita
Textile fibres ( based on source)
There are two types of fibers
Natural fibers – they are
obtained from nature & are
of 3 types: vegetable fibers,
animal fibers & mineral
fibers
Manmade fibers –they are
obtained in various way,
there are 4 types of
manmade fibers: synthetic,
re-generated, metallic&
mineral fibers
6. arpita
Length based classification
Based on there length they are staple
or filament .
Staple are short, all natural fibres
except silk are staple
Filament fibres are continuous and are
measured in metres,
All manmade fibres are filament
10. arpita
Characteristics of vegetable& animal
fibers
Vegetable fibers are strong
with a crisp feel
Good heat
Non resilient and crease
easily
Stronger when wet than dry
Moth proof
Affected by mildew in damp
conditions
Can be bleached
Not harmed by alkalis
Affected by acids
Animal fibers are soft to feel
Poor heat
Stronger wet when dry
Absorbent
Attacked by moths
Not affected by mildew
easily
Damaged by sunlight&
alkalis
Affected by chlorine bleach
13. arpita
Advantages & limitations
of cotton fibers
Advantages are-------
-can be dyed easily
Good conductor of heat
Durable since fibre is strong
Easily dry- cleaned.
Good absorbency power
Textured effects are easily
available.
Highly versatile
Processed into wide range of
fabrics
limitations are:--------
Cotton creases easily
Tends to shrink when
washed
Sheds lint
Prone to mildew attacks
Flammable
Damaged by acids
Takes longer time to dry
When exposed to sunlight it
turns yellow .
14. arpita
Linen fibers
This fiber is
obtained from the
stem of the flax
plant .this is an
annual plant
growing maximum
about 40 inches.
15. arpita
Advantages & limitations of linen
fibre
Advantages are-----
More durable then cotton
also.
Withstands constant
washing .
Soiling is easily removed
from this.
Easy to launder .
Stronger when in wet
condition.
Not effected by sunlight.
Good conductor of heat.
Can withstand high ironing
temperatures .
Limitations are:----------
Creases & shrinks
easily
Prone to mildew attacks
It does not have good
affinity for dyes
Takes long time to dry
Linen is flammable
It is expensive
16. arpita
JUTE
Obtained from stems of
jute plant
Advantages---it is
inexpensive & can be
blended with other
fibres,it resists
water, fire, mildew and
rot.
It dyes easily.
Dis advantages---are
weak & non-
durable, difficult to
bleach, difficult to
17. arpita
Ramie, hemp, sisal, & kapok
Ramie is obtained from stems of plant, it is a woody fibre , it is
also known as china grass & is used for making rope, twine,
sacking & nets.
Hemp is also obtained from stems of plant & is used for
manufacturing carpets & rags, its used to to make sacks &
canvas
Sisal is obtained from the leaves of a plant, resembles cactus
.it is used to make twine , rope, sacking& nets
Kapok is obtained from seeds of the cotton tree& are smooth &
light, it is used for filling of cushions.
18. arpita
Coir & Pina
It is obtained from coconut
husk
It is used in making rope &
mats
It is also used for stuffing
upholstered furniture's
used for making bags too.
Pina obtained from the
leaves of pineapple plants
Used for mats& bags
21. arpita
Advantages & limitations of
wool
Advantages--------
Comfortable for wear
Dyes easily
Does not soil easily
Can be laundered easily
Flameproof
Shrink proof
Moth resistant
Limitations--------
Takes long time to dry
Weak fibers
Stretches easily
Good quality is
expensive
damaged by moth
May produce allergic
reaction to skin
22. arpita
silk
The finest quality of
raw silk is obtained
from the cocoon of
the bombyx mori, a
type f silkworm
23. arpita
Silk is of 2 types cultivated& wild silk
Important wild silks are ---
Tussar from india & china , they have a tan
colour
Muga silk from assam
Others-- dupionsilk, rawsilk, spun silk
24. arpita
Advantages & limitations of
silk
Advantages—
Soft feel & lustre
Elegant to look at
Strongest natural fibre
Bad conductor of heat
White silk can be
bleached
Limitations----
Silk is weakened by
sunlight
Becomes weaker when
wet
Weakened at high
temperatures
Sensitive to acid
Very costly
25. arpita
NATURAL MINERAL FIBRES
Asbestos is a natural
mineral fibre
It is obtained from rocks
It is acid proof , rust proof &
flame proof
Can withstand extreme
temperatures
It is used for making fire
fighting suits
28. arpita
Polyester fibres-------------------
is composed by mixing alcohol with
acid
Advantages
Fibre is very strong
Crease resistant
Requires no ironing
Resists soiling as the fibers
are very smooth
Dries rapidly
Can be washed easily
Resistant to acids & alkalis
Can be blended with other
fibers
Limitations
attracts dust
Has low absorbency
Does not dye easily
Attracts grease
Has low melting points
At high temperatures
produces poisonous fumes
29. arpita
Polyester fibre ( used for making bed& table linen
net curtains, fillings for pillows & quilts).
30. arpita
Nylon fibres
Advantages
Strong & durable
Crease resistant
Moth & mildew resistant
Easy to launder
Dries quickly
Fabrics needs no
ironing
Limitations
Damaged by sunlight
Melts in fire
Hard to remove stains
from it
Produces harmful
fumes
32. arpita
Other synthetic fibres are :
Acrylics trade names are dralon, courtelle,
orlon, acrilan – blankets , carpets .
Mod acrylics trade names are teklan. Used
for soft furnishings, upholstery , blankets.
Polypropylene such as spunstron used for
making of carpets .
Polyethylene such as courlene used for
upholstery
33. arpita
Re-generated fibres
A) Re generated cellulosic fibres : These are made
from a substance retrieved from natural sources ,
most commonly cellulose, which is converted into
fibre form( Example is viscose rayon) . Used for
making soft furnishings & carpets .the trade
name of viscose rayon is viloft
Other forms of rayon are: acetate & tri – acetate
B) Re generated protein fibres : These fibres have
been obtained from protein such as milk, corn,
soyabeans.
35. arpita
Viscose rayon- is obtained from wood
pulp
Advantages
Light weight & heavy
Durable
Absorbent
Good affinity for dyes
Can be bleached
Limitations
It is weak
Creases badly
Does not dry easily
Prone to mildew
Requires low ironing
temperatures
36. arpita
Man made mineral fibres
Glass fibres –
produced by heating
silica, sand, limeston
e & other minerals
These are non
absorbent, easily
laundered ,& highly
fire proof
37. arpita
Metallic fibres
A manufactured fiber composed of metal, plastic-coated metal,
metal-coated plastic, or a core completely covered by metal.
Coated metallic filaments do not tarnish. When suitable
adhesives and films are used, they are not affected by salt water,
chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions.
Metallic filaments are used for decorative purposes in apparel,
draperies, laces, military uniform decorations, ribbons, table
linens, and upholstery.
In the more common process for production, aluminum foil is
coated on one or both sides with adhesive to which the desired
coloring matter has been added. A sheet of transparent plastic
film is applied to each side of the adhesive-coated foil. The
assembly is then slit into narrow widths.
41. arpita
what are yarns?
Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for
use in the production of textiles, sewing, knitting, weaving and
rope making. Yarn can be made from any number of synthetic or
natural fibers. Very thin yarn is referred to as thread.
Types of Yarns :
Staple (Short fibers)
single
Simple (Same appearance along length)
Filament (Continuous Filaments)
Plied (Two or more strands, twisted)
Complex ( irregular in size & twist)
42. arpita
Count of yarn
Tex system is most
commonly used to count
yarn
Tex is an internationally
agreed system of yarn
numbering.
The Tex system is based on
the fixed length system. :
(Weight per unit length)
The Tex count represents
the weight in grams per 1
kilometer (1000 meters) of
yarn.
(For example, a yarn
numbered 10 Tex weighs 10
grams per kilometer)
The Tex number increases
with the size of the yarn.
43. arpita
What is weaving?
A weave can be defined as
the system of interlacing
warp & weft threads in order
to produce a fabric.
in weaving there must be 2
types of threads.
Vertical threads are called
warp, & horizontal threads
are called weft.
46. arpita
Satin weave
In a satin weave there
are fewer intersection
of weft & warp threads.
The warp floats over
the weft thread.
The fabric is smooth
with an attractive
sheen.
48. arpita
Figured weave
This introduces a
pattern into the fabrics.
For figured weaves two
types of previously
mentioned weaves are
combined.
Fabrics woven in this
weaves are
huckaback,brocatelle,
damask.
51. arpita
Twill weave
The weft crosses the warp
at different intervals in
different rows so that
series of diagonal line is
produced.
The threads are normally
close to each other
Drill & gaberdine are
fabrics in twill weave.
55. arpita
Pile weave
In a pile weave there
loops of yarn which
stand from the body
of the cloth.
Example is carpet
56. arpita
Knitting
.
•A method of constructing fabric by
interlocking a series of loops of one or
more yarns.
•Only one thread is used in knitting.
•Knitting is one of several ways to turn thread or
yarn into cloth
58. arpita
What is felting?
In this method , fibres are directly
converted into fabric without being spun
into yarns .
Generally wool is used for felting.
In this process a number of needles is
punched into fibres.
They lack strength.
Are comparatively cheaper.
60. arpita
Bonded fibres
Bonded fibres are
made from natural &
manmade fibres.
The fibres are bonded
either by using
adhesive, by heating
or by laminating.
62. arpita
Apart from the above mentioned
finishes we have
Dyeing-----
This processes
generally enhance the
appearance of a fabric
by adding colour &
pattern
Printing--- 3 types
Block printing
Screen printing
Roller printing
64. arpita
mercerizing
A chemical finishing
process used on cotton
yarn and cloth through
chemical action of
sodium hydroxide (caustic
soda) solution. The
treatment increases the
fabrics' strength, affinity
for dyes and luster.
65. arpita
Anti – crease treatment
Used for cotton fabrics
usually this chemical
finish method is
produced by treating
fabrics with a solution
of synthetic resin, the
fabric is then dried at a
high temperature
66. arpita
creping
Caustic soda is applied
on the fabrics on some
parts , parts to which
the paste is applied do
shrinks leaving the
other parts unshrunken.
Thus a crepe effect is
produced on the fabric
67. arpita
Fire proofing
This chemical finish is
also known as the
flame retardant finish.
in this method the fabric
is dipped in a solution
of borax & boric acid
dissolved in water.
Even bed linen such as
duvets , pillows, etc are
made flame retardant
68. arpita
Water repellant finish
The fabric is coated with
hydrophobic substances
making it water repellant
Hydrophobic substances
are-
silicones, gelatin, paraffin
wax.
69. arpita
Oil-repellant
Oil Repellent- A Treatment
That Allows A Fabric To
Resist Staining By Oily
Substances. Oilcloth, A
General Term For Any Oil
Coated Fabric.
Fabrics are treated with
layers of linseed oil &
metallic salts.
73. arpita
Beetling
Originally carried out by beating the
fabric surface.
Modern era a machine is used to give a
flattened impact, thus a desired lustrous
effect is produced
74. arpita
Brushing & shearing
Cuts out the short end of fibres which are
sticking out of the fabric
The fabric is passed through two roller
brushes
In this process the material gets cleaned
75. arpita
calendering
Removes wrinkles, adds sheen & gives a
smooth effect.
This finish is produced by passing the
fabric between to highly polished rollers
76. arpita
sanforizing
To overcome the defect of shrinkage
fabrics are sanforized
Sanforized articles are passed through
the surface of a steam heated rollers
The process ensures less then 1%
shrinkages for fabrics after washing
77. arpita
crinkling
Also known as creping
By this process a wavy crepe effect is
produced on the fabric
The material is passed between two hot
rollers
78. arpita
glazing
This produces a high sheen on the fabrics
in this process also the material is
passed through a machine consisting of
three rollers
79. arpita
napping
This produces a raised effect on fabrics &
makes it soft & warm
In this method the fabric passed through
a revolving cylinder
Cotton & wool fabrics are given this finish
80. arpita
moireing
Produces watery line effect on fabrics
Machine consists of three steam rollers&
rotates at high speed to get the desired
effects on fabrics