2. Biology
• Botany:-The scientific study of the physiology,
structure, genetics, ecology, distribution,
classification, and economic importance of
plants
• It is also known as plant science or plant
Biology
• Examples algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns,
conifers and flowering plants.
Zoology:- It is also known as animal biology.
Deals with only animals and human beings.
3. Chapters included (Botany)
1. Diversity in organisms
2. Kingdom plantae
3. Biochemistry of cell
4. Cell division
5. Morphology of flowering plants
6. Plant water relations and mineral nutrition
7. Plant growth
4. 1 -Diversity in organisms
• Organisms differ in their form, structure and mode
of living. Hence, based on their similarities they
should be grouped.
• Grouping of organisms is known as classification.
• The study of biological classification is called
taxonomy.
5. History of classification
Carolus Linnaeus classified all the living
organisms into two kingdoms.
Robert Whittaker, in 1969 proposed ‘Five
kingdom classification’ of living organisms.
6. Hierarchical classification
The hierarchy can be represented as Kingdom
subgrouping into Phylum for plants, Class, Order,
Family, Genus and Species.
Nomenclature
The scientific naming of an organism is called as
nomenclature.
7. Five kingdom classification
The five kingdom classification was proposed by R.H.
Whittaker in 1969.
It includes Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom
Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.
Kingdom Monera:
It includes prokaryotic cells lacking organised nucleus and
membrane bound cell organelles.
Kingdom Protista:
It includes algae, diatoms and protozoans.
These are unicellular and the simplest form of eukaryotes.
8. Kingdom Fungi:
These are multicellular, eukaryotic saprophytes.
Kingdom Plantae:
It includes all the plants that are non-motile,
multicellular and eukaryotic organisms with
their cell walls made up of cellulose.
Kingdom Animalia:
It includes all the animals that are motile,
multicellular, eukaryotic organisms with their
cells possessing no cell walls.
9.
10. • Lichens are composite, symbiotic organisms made up from members of as
many as three kingdoms.
• Fungi are incapable of making their own food.
• Lichens are used for various purposes like in industry,medicines,as fodder,
In food etc
11. Viruses and Viriods
The Term virus was first coined by Louis pasteur
• Viruses are acellular,host specific,and highly infectious.
• Viruses cause diseases to humans,plants,animals and
bacteria.
• Viriods were discovered by Theodor Diener
• Viriods are small, circular, single standed RNAs without
any protection. There is no protein coat. Viriods causes
different diseases in plants.
13. Cryptogamae:
• Cryptogams include all non-flowering plants
such as algae, fungi, lichens, mosses and fern
(Kryptos: concealed; gamus: marriage).
• Cryptogamae is further subdivided into three
parts: Thallophyta, Bryophyta and
Pteridophyta.
14. Thallophyta:
• Both Algae and Fungi are considered in
Thallophyta, but nutrition in autotropic in algae,
whereas fungi exhibit heterotropic nutrition.
Bryophyta:
• Bryophyta derives its name from mosses which
grow on the rocks, walls and tree trunks in moist
and shady places.
Pteridophyta:
• Pteridophyta derives its name from the fern.
15. Phanerogamae:
• Phanerogamae are also known as spermatophytes.
• Phanerogamae includes all flowering plants which
bear seeds. (Phaneros: visible; gamus: marriage).
• Phanerogams are further subdivided into two parts:
Gymospermae and Angiospermae.
Gymnosperms:
• Gymnosperms are represented by conifers, which
grow in cool climate of hills, sometimes using melting
snow as a source of water.
16. Angiosperms:
• The angiosperms are seed-bearing plants .
• Angiosperm plants represented by trees, shrubs and herbs are
either monocotyledons or dicotyledons. they have a body well
differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
• There are two main classes of Angiosperms: a) Dicotyledons
and b) Monocotyledons.
Dicotyledons:
• The leaves in members of Dicotyledons class exhibit reticulate
(net-like) venation and show varied arrangement like
alternate, spiral or whorled.
• The seeds of dicotyledons are with two cotyledons.
Monocotyledons:
• The leaves of Monocotyledons are simple with a parallel
venation.
• The seeds have only one cotyledon.
20. • Plant Cell is a fundamental , structural,
functional unit of plant.
• Carries metabolic activity
• Carbohydrates are produced by green plants.
• They have C,H and O group in ratio 2:1.
• They are Mono, Di and poly saccharide based
on number of suger they contain.
21. • Proteins are long chain polymers of a.as in
peptide linkages.
• Lipids have C, H ,O atoms in H:O proportion
and less O.
• They are oily and greasy.
• They are simple,compound ,and derived lipids.
22. • Nucleic acids are components of nucleus.
• 2 types ie DNA ans RNA
• Enzymes –Help to speed up reaction and are
Imp biochemical reactions.
• Amphoteric in nature
• Enzymes are proteins but all proteins are not
enzymes.
31. Inflorescence
• inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers
arranged on a stem that is composed of a
main branch or a complicated arrangement of
branches
• Racemose and cymose
38. 6-Plant water relations and mineral
nutrition
• Water is essential for all life activities of plants
• Capillary water is the only water available for
absorption.
• Roots absorb water by inhibition, diffusion
and osmosis.
• 2 pathways ie apoplast and symplast.
• 2 mechanisms ie Active and passive.
• Cohesion theory is most widely accepted.
39. • Transpiration is loss of water from plants
• Stomata present in leaves causes loss of water.
• Stomata opens in day time.
• Stomata is closed during night.
• Transpiration helps in absorption of water,
cooling of leaf, removes excess water.
40. • Translocation takes place through phloem.
• Plants need nutrients,10 macronutrients and 6
micronutrients.
• Nutients have important role in growth and
development of plants.
• Inadequate supply of nutrients causes
deficiency.
41. 7-Plant growth
• Growth in plants is an irreversible increase in
size, weight and volume of an organ of a plant.
• 3 phases
1. Formative phase
2. Elongation phase
3. Maturation phase
Growth phases plotted against time is calles
sigmoid growth curve.
