Dear 2C and 2G, Attached are the lesson slides for Chapter 11 on Weather and Climate. The Earth is fragile, everyone plays a part! Mr Tan

1. CHAPTER 11
WEATHER AND CLIMATE

2. Learning Outcomes
You Will Learn:
• to differentiate between weather and climate
• about the use and siting of weather instruments
• to compare weather and climatic data to understand
weather and climatic variations
• about the distribution and characteristics of the
world’s major climatic types
• how weather and climate affect people positively and
negatively

3. Why is the weather
important to you?

4. CLOTHES!

5. FOOD!

6. HOLIDAYS!

7. Why is the weather
important to you?
• Weather affects our daily lives.
• Weather affects the ways we lead
our daily activities.
• Weather affects the types of
houses we live in.

8. What is the difference
between weather and
climate?

9. Definition of Weather
• Conditions in the atmosphere of a
particular area at a particular point in
time.
• Short-term conditions.
• Changes all the time and varies from
place to place.

10. Definition of Climate
• Climate refers to the weather
pattern of a place over a long period
of time, usually 30 years or more
• Long- term conditions.
• Seldom change.

11. What’s the climate
like?

12. Weather Climate
Short term Long Term
Daily, Weekly Usually 30 years or
more
Changes all the time Seldom change.
and varies from place
to place.

13. What are the basic elements of
weather and climate?

14. • The basic elements of weather
and climate:
 Temperature
 Rainfall
 Wind

15. Temperature
What is
Temperature?

16. Describe the temperature
in the morning, at noon
and evening yesterday

17. Definition of Temperature
• Temperature refers to the
degree of hotness or coldness
of the air
• It varies throughout the day in a
place
• It varies from place to place

18. It varies throughout the day in a
place

19. It varies from place to place
Equator

20. It varies from place to place
• Places nearer the Equator are warmer
throughout the year than places farther
away from it
• The increase in distance away from the
from the Equator is known as Latitude.

21. It varies from place to place
Mount Kenya

22. It varies from place to place
• Temperature gets cooler as we go to
higher grounds
• As the Altitude gets higher, the
Temperature gets lower
• Give me 1 location in Malaysia that is
influence by Altitude.

23. How do we measure
Temperature?

24. • Air temperature is measured with a thermometer
• The scale is in degree Celsius (OC)
• Daily maximum temperature refers to the
highest temperature reading for the day
• Daily minimum temperature refers to the
lowest temperature reading for the day

25. A Minimum and Maximum
Thermometer ( Six’s Thermometer)
Minimum thermometer Maximum thermometer
Contains alcohol mercury and a metal index
Measure the minimum Temperature rises>
temperature mercury expands
Why is alcohol used? mercury pushes the index up
Temperature falls > mercury
contracts and stays in place
How do you reset t he
thermometer?

26. How do we read the
temperature using a
Six’s thermometer?

27. • What is the minimum and
maximum temperature shown in
the thermometer on the right?
Minimum temp = 13 oC
Maximum temp = 32 oC
• By taking the bottom of the
index.

28. Where are the
thermometers placed
to measure
temperature?

29. •Stevenson Screen

30. •Describe the
Stevenson
Screen on the
right.

31. •Stevenson Screen
Parts Why
1 White in color reflects heat
2 Louvres allows air to flow freely
through it
3 Raised above shelters the instruments form
ground the heat radiating from the
ground
4 Face north Do not get the direct heat
and south from the sun

32. Where should a
Stevenson Screen be
located and why?

33. •Describe the
locations of
the Stevenson
Screen on the

34. Where is the best location to place a
Stevenson Screen in School

35. A: In an open field
– Air will circulate easily in the Stevenson Screen as
the Screen is in an open space and is far away
from buildings.
B: Within the school
– Heat within the building may affect the
instruments inside the Screen.
– The Screen may be disturbed by people. Eg
People may open the Screen door and this will
affect the reading of the instruments.

36. C: Under the trees
– The Screen will be in the shade, protected from
direct sunlight.
– Air may not circulate freely under the trees.
D: On the basketball court
– Instruments inside the Screen may be affected
by the heat from the ground.
– People in the basketball court may disturb the
Screen.
Ans: Choice A best fulfills the criteria set for the
siting of a Stevenson Screen.

38. Learning Outcomes
You Will Learn:
• Definition of rainfall.
• How it is rainfall formed
• How is rainfall measured.

39. Rainfall

40. Why do we study rainfall?
Too much? Too little?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1BgYeepNlE&feature=re
lated

41. Definition of rainfall
• refers to the amount of rain that an area
receives over a period of time
•It is measured in millimetres (mm) or
centimetres (cm)

42. How is rain formed
3 Condensation
2 Transpiration
4 Rain or snow
falls
1 Evaporation

43. How is rainfall measured?
• A rain gauge
is an
instrument
used to
measure
rainfall

44. Rain Gauge
• Parts of a rain gauge:
Funnel
Copper Cylinder
Outer Casing
Ground
Glass bottle

45. Calculating Rainfall
• Daily rainfall refers to the amount of rain that
falls over 24 hours
• Monthly rainfall refers to the total amount of
rainwater collected throughout the month
• Annual rainfall is the total amount of rainwater
collected throughout the year

46. Rainfall Map(Refer to textbook page 142)
•Rainfall map
shows the
distribution of
annual rainfall
in a place for a
period of time

47. •Refer to textbook page 142
CVSS
isohyets
•Name 1 location that has the same amount of rainfall as CVSS
•Name 1 location that has less amount of rainfall than CVSS
•Name 1 location that has more amount of rainfall than CVSS

48. • Temperature is
displayed as a line
graph in a
climograph
• Rainfall is
displayed as bar
in a climograph

49. • Rain Gauge
• Look at the two photographs below, describe
the locations of the rain gauge?

50. • Discuss in pair: (5 minutes)
1. Which is the most suitable location
to place a Rain Gauge. Give Two
reasons for your answer
2. Explain why the other sites are not
suitable?

52. Learning Outcomes
You Will Learn:
• Definition of wind.
• How it is wind formed?
• How to read wind directions?
• Where should a wind vane be sited?
• How to read a wind rose?

53. Wind
Why do we study wind?
Too much? Too Little?

54. What is wind?

55. Definition of wind:
• Wind is defined as the movement of air over
the surface of the Earth.

56. How is wind formed?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itj-x1XhzQo&feature=related

57. • The Earth is heated up at a different
rate.
• Warm air expands and rises up while
cool air condenses and sinks.
• Low Pressure is formed when warm air
rise.
•Cool air will move in from area of high
pressure to replace the warm air that
rises.
•Wind if formed when cool air blows from
area of high to area of low pressure.

58. How is wind direction measured?
• Wind direction is given by the compass
point of North, South, East and
West.
• A wind vane is used to measure
the direction of the wind.

59. How is wind direction measured?
• The pointer on the wind vane points to
the direction that the wind is blowing
from.
SE N

60. Where should the wind vane be sited to
measure the wind directions accurately?
• A wind vane is usually
placed on a high,
open place with little or
no obstruction to the
flow of wind

61. Where should the wind vane be sited to
measure the wind directions accurately?
B
C
A

62. Learning Outcomes
You Will Learn:
• To compare weather and climatic data to
understand weather and climatic variations
• About the distribution and characteristics of
the world’s major climatic types

63. Major Climatic Types of the World
• Temperature and rainfall are commonly used to
classify different climates of the world
• Three broad types of the world’s climates
 Tropical
 Temperate
 Polar
• A climograph is used to present the climatic data of a
place

64. Climograph:
Describe the key information that you can
derive from the climograph of Singapore
shown below.

65. Climograph:
1
1. Location of the place
2
2. Latitude of the place
3. Months ( J,F,M,A……..)
4 5
4. Temperature (o C )
5. Amount of Precipitation
(mm or cm) 3

66. Climograph:
• A line graph shows
the mean monthly
temperature during
the year
• A bar graph shows
the average
precipitation for each
month

67. Climograph:
• What is the average
annual temperature for
Singapore?
• What is the total
annual rainfall for
Singapore?
•What is the annual
temperature range?

68. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Tropical Climate
• Places with a tropic climate
 Lie on or near the Equator In the region known as the Tropics,
between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5oN) and the Tropic of
Capricorn (23.5oS)

69. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Tropical Climate
• Places with a tropic climate
o o
 Experience high temperatures ranging from 20 C to 30 C
 Receive almost the same amount of sunlight all year around
 Receive high annual rainfall ranging from 1000 to 2000
millimetres or more
 Has a small annual temperature range.
• Characteristics of places with a
tropical climate:
 High temperature and high rainfall
throughout the year
 Hot and wet climate
eg Singapore, Malaysia, Brazil and Kenya

70. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Temperate Climate
• Places with a temperate climate
 Lie between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5oN) and Arctic Circle
(66.5oN), and between the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5oS) and
Antarctic Circle (66.5oS)

71. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Temperate Climate
• Places with a temperate climate
 Experience four seasons every year: spring, summer, autumn
(or fall) and winter
 Receive different amounts of sunlight in different periods of the
year hence, temperatures vary greatly throughout the year
 Annual rainfall is moderate
(300 to 1000 millimetres)
• Characteristics of places with a
temperate climate
 Low to Moderate temperatures depending
on the season
Moderate rainfall throughout the year
 Examples: Korea, Japan and the United States
of America

72. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Polar Climate
• Places with a polar climate
o o
 Lie between Arctic Circle (66.5 N) and the North Pole (90 N),
o o
and between Antarctic Circle (66.5 S) and the South Pole (90 S)

73. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Polar Climate
• Places with a polar climate
 Experience only summer and winter
 From March to September: the North Pole receives six months of
continual sunshine while the South Pole faces six months of darkness
 Are very dry because the air lacks
water vapour for the formation
of clouds and rain or snow
• Characteristics of places with
a polar climate
 Very low temperatures (often below
freezing point) and rainfall throughout
the year
eg Arctic, Antarctica, Northern
Canada and Siberia

74. • Guide to describe the climate of a
place :
1. Describe the temperature.
2. Describe the total annual rainfall.
3. Describe the annual temperature range.
4. Describe any distinct rainfall or temperature if
they are present. E.g. Hot and wet, four seasons
etc.

75. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Practise time:
Base on the climographs provided in the next slide:
a. Describe the climate of the locations.
b. Identify the type of climate associated with
the locations.

76. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Climograph 1 Climograph 2 Climograph 3

77. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Climograph 1
1. It has low to moderate temperature
depending on the season. In winter,
the temperature is around -10oC
and 22oC in the summer.
2. It has a low annual rainfall of less
than 1000mm
3. It has a large annual temperature
range of about 32 oC
4. It has 4 seasons.
5. It probably has a Temperate
climate.

78. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Climograph 2
1. It has high temperature averaging
27 degree Celsius.
2. It has a small annual temperature
range of about 2 to 3 degree
Celsius.
3. Its has high annual rainfall of more
than 2000mm
4. This place is hot and wet.
5. It has no season.
6. It probably has a Tropical
Equatorial climate.

79. Major Climatic Types of the World-
Climograph 3
1. It has very low temperature
throughout the whole year. ( -28oC
to - 3oC
2. It has very low rainfall throughout
the year with an annual rainfall of
less 300mm
3. It has a large annual temperature
range of about 25oC
4. It probably experience summer and
winter only
5. It probably has a Polar climate.

80. Learning Outcomes
You Will Learn:
• how weather and climate affect humans
positively and negatively.

81. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
• Study the photographs on the next slide
1st row to look at picture A
2nd row to look at picture B
3rd row to look at picture C
4th row to look at picture D
5th row to look at picture E
6th and 7th row to look at picture F
• Write down on the same piece of paper earlier:
 Describe any activities or things that caught your
attention on the photographs
 Describe how they can be related to climate and
weather?

82. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
• Daily activities
 Weather will determine whether we stay indoors
or participate in outdoor activities.

83. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
• The Daily activities
 Weather will determine the types of activities we
can engage in.

84. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
• Housing
 The locations people choose to live in.
 People prefer to live in places where it is neither
too hot nor too cold.

85. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
• Housing
 The climate will also influence the types of
housing people live in.
 eg In many Southeast Asian countries, houses
are built on stilts to prevent water from damaging
their property during floods

86. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
• Tourism
 The different climates experienced around the
world encourage tourism

87. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
•Production of electricity
 Modern-day windmills harness the energy from the
wind to generate electricity.
 Solar energy is harness from the sun to generate
electricity.
 Hydroelectric power is harness from fast-moving
water to generate electricity.

88. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
•Production of electricity
 The wind, water and sun are known as renewable
resources.
 Can be naturally restored or replenished
 Petroleum, natural gas and coal are
non-renewable resources

89. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
• Food and water supplies
 Different crops thrive under different climatic
conditions

90. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
• Food and water supplies
 Changes in the climate will affect crops and
animals
e.g a drought will destroy crops and reduce water
supplies which can result in a famine and affect
livestock

91. How Weather and Climate Affect Us
•Loss of lives and property
 Extreme weather conditions can destroy many
lives and property e.g. floods, heat waves and
hurricanes

92. Spend 3 minutes to answer these questions
EXIT SLIP:
Describe any 3 ways that weather and climate
can affect us:
Something that I still do not understand is :