about non ferrous metal in building construction

1. METALS
NON-FERROUS

2. WHAT
ARE
METALS
?
• A metal is a solid material (an element, compound,
or alloy) that is typically hard, opaque, shiny.
• They features good electrical and thermal
conductivity.
• Metals are generally malleable, fusible and ductile .
• Currently, 91 out of the 118 total elements on the
periodic table are classified as metals.

3. CLASSIFICATION
OF
METALS
:-
• Metals are broadly classified as
• Ferrous Metals.
&
• Non-Ferrous Metals.

4. FERROUS
METALS:-
• Ferrous metals contain iron, and are known for
their strength.
• Ferrous metals are used in both architectural and
industrial fabrication, such as skyscrapers, bridges,
vehicles, and railroads.
• Ferrous metals also have a high carbon content,
which generally makes them prone to rust.
• There are 2 exceptions to this : Wrought Iron
(resists rust due to its purity) & Stainless Steel
(protected from rust by the presence of chromium).
• Most ferrous metals are magnetic which makes
them very useful for motor & electrical appliances.

5. FERROUS
METALS
(examples)
:-
• Steel: Iron plus carbon , widely used in
construction and industrial metal fabrication
• Carbon steel: Has a higher carbon content ,
exceptionally hard metal. Used in machine tools,
drills, blades etc.
• Stainless steel: An alloy steel made with added
chromium which protects against rust
• Other alloy steels: Lightweight metals such as
chromium, nickel, titanium added to strengthen
other metals without increasing weight. Used in
electrical components, machine tools &
construction.
• Cast iron: Made from Iron, carbon, silicon, heavy,
hard metal that is resistant to wear. Used in water
pipes, automobile engines, machine tools.

6. STEEL
CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL
OTHER ALLOY STEEL
CAST IRON

7. NON-
FERROUS
METALS
:-
• Non-ferrous metals does not contain iron.
• They are usually more corrosion-resistant than
ferrous metals.
• Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their
malleability.
• They are generally more expensive than ferrous
metals.
• Non-ferrous metals are used because of desirable
properties such as:
* low weight (e.g.
aluminium)
*higher conductivity (e.g.
copper)
* non-magnetic property
resistance

8. NON-
FERROUS
METALS
(examples)
:-
• Aluminium: Lightweight, low-strength, easily
shaped. Used in castings , kitchen utensils ,etc.
• Copper: Highly malleable with high electrical
conductivity. Used in statues, bearings etc.
• Lead: Heavy, soft, malleable metal, low melting
point, low strength. Used in soldering, electrical
power cables, batteries etc.
• Tin: Soft, malleable, low tensile strength metal
often used to coat steel to prevent corrosion.
in tin cans, can also be alloyed with copper.
• Zinc: medium-strength metal with low melting
point widely used in galvanizing to prevent rust on
iron or steel. Used in most widely used in
galvanizing.

9. ALUMINIUM
COPPER LEAD
TIN ZINC

10. Cadmium
• Cadmium is in its elemental form a soft, silver-
white metal.
• It is not usually present in the environment as a
pure metal, but most often as complex oxides,
sulphides, and carbonates in zinc, lead, and copper
ores.

11. Cadmium
• Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white
divalent metal.
• Unlike most other metals, cadmium is resistant to
corrosion and is used as a protective plate on other
metals.
• As a bulk metal, cadmium is insoluble in water.
• It is not flammable.
• In its powdered form it may burn and release toxic
fumes.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF CADMIUM:

12. • The major intentional uses of cadmium are Ni-Cd batteries.
Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
• Cadmium hydroxide is utilised as one of the two principal electrode materials
in Ni-Cd batteries which have extensive applications in the railroad and aircraft
industry for starting and emergency power and in consumer applications such
as cordless power tools, cellular telephones, camcorders, portable computers,
portable household appliances and toys.
Cadmium Pigments
• Cadmium sulphide and cadmium sulphoselenide are utilised as bright yellow to
deep red pigments in plastics, ceramics, glasses, enamels and artists colours.
able to withstand high temperature and high pressure without fading’
Cadmium coatings
• are utilised on steel, aluminium, and certain other non-ferrous metal fasteners
and moving parts to provide the best available combination of corrosion
resistance,.They are also employed in many electrical or electronic
applications where a good combination of corrosion resistance and low
electrical resistivity are required.
Alloys and Minor Uses
• Cadmium alloys include (a) electrical conductivity alloys, (b) heat conductivity
alloys, and (c) electrical contact alloys. Other minor uses of cadmium include
cadmium telluride and cadmium sulphide in solar cells.
Uses
&
Applications
Cadmium

13. Uses of cadmium

14. CADMIUM:
Coated Stud Bolts and Nuts
Surface:
cadmium plated; Xylan Fluoroploymer
Coated
Sizes:
from 1/4 inch to 4 inches
length up to 20 inches maximum.
Company:
LANDEE INDUSTRIES

15. Tin
• Tin is a soft, silvery-white metal.
• It is very light and easy to melt.
• Being so soft, tin is rarely used as a pure metal
• Instead, it is combined with other metals in order
to make alloys that possess tin's numerous
beneficial properties. These include a low toxicity
level and a high resistance to corrosion.
• Tin is also malleable (easy to press and shape
without breaking) and ductile (able to be stretched
without tearing).

16. Tin
• Tinplate was a type of architectural material consisting
of sheet iron coated with tin.
• normally used by plating it onto other metals such as
mild steel (tinplate).
• food cans.
• Tinplate was also used for decoration, such as
ornamental windows, door lintels.
• Tin plating is designed to not only improve the
durability and efficiency of the metals that it is used
upon,
• but can also help to enhance the overall appearance
of the metal and make it more aesthetically pleasing.
• tin plating provides oxidation protection, meaning
that any exposure to air is far less likely to tarnish the
surface of the objects it is applied to.
Uses:

17. Tin • Solder
• Utensils
• Tin cans
• Tin roof : 40/sq ft.
(8ft -24ft)
Products
&
Company
Kaira Can Company Ltd.
Hindustan Tin Works
Ltd.

18. Chromium
• Chromium is a hard, gray metal
• that is valued for resistance to corrosion.
• Pure chromium is magnetic and brittle,
• but when alloyed can be made malleable and
polished to a bright, silvery finish.
• ability to be polished for a lustrous appearance.

19. Chromium • Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless
steel (it won’t rust) and to produce several alloys.
• Chromium plating can be used to give a polished mirror
finish to steel. It is also possible to chromium plate plastics,
which are often used in bathroom fittings.
• About 90% of all leather is tanned using chrome. However,
the waste effluent is toxic so alternatives are being
investigated.
• Chromium compounds are used as industrial catalysts and
pigments (in bright green, yellow, red and orange colours).
Rubies get their red colour from chromium, and glass
treated with chromium has an emerald green colour
uses

20. Chromium • When chromium is added to glass or ceramic
glazes, it produces a brilliant green color.
• Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod,
wire and granules.
uses

21. CHROMIUM USES :
RED RUBY
EMERALD GREEN COLOUR

22. CHROMIUM :
Specifications:
Diameter: 6-1000 mm
Length: 1000-8000 mm
Length :
6m , 3m
Diameter : Rate : Rupees 900/m
1 inch
Company :
MERRIT TECHNO INDUSTRIES
EQUATOR HYDRAULICS
HARD CHROME PLATED ROD

23. CHROMIUM :
CHROMIUM PELLETS
COMPANY :
STANFORD

24. Lead
• The Lead metal is primarily extracted from sulphide
ore i.e galena (PbS), which has the 86.6% Lead
content.
• Lead is a relatively soft metal with bluish-white
lusture
• but on exposure to air, it becomes covered by a
dull, gray layer of basic carbonate that adheres
closely and protects it from further oxidation or
corrosion.
• it has good malleability, which enable Lead articles
to be cast, join & shape easily.
• Insoluble in water

25. Lead Water pipes were frequently constructed of lead, until
its health hazards were publicised in the 19th
century.
Lead has been a popular roofing material for
centuries, being used for roofing, flashing, gutters,
downspouts, and conductor heads.
Lead roofs in regions with large temperature
variations, experienced decay from constant
expansion and contraction, called fatigue. Beginning
in the 19th century, a roofing material called “terne”
or “terneplate” was used, consisting of sheet iron or
sheet steel coated with a lead-tin alloy.
Uses

26. LEAD USES :
DOWNSPOUTS
CONDUCTOR
HEADS

27. LEAD USES :
LEAD WHITE PAINT LEAD RED PRIMER ON DOOR

28. LEAD USES :
LEAD FLASHING DONE ON A ROOF

29. Lead Lead came was also frequently used for window
panes in skylights and stained glass.
It was also used for small pieces of sculpture and
garden ornamentation.
Lead was frequently added to paint, with red lead
used as an anti-corrosive pigment for iron, and white
lead used as paint for wooden houses.
Lead-based paint was one of the most durable
materials developed as a protective exterior coating.
The use of lead paint has been restricted on most
buildings, due to concerns of lead poisoning.
Uses

30. Lead
• Lead Ingots:
• Approx. Price: Rs 168 / Kilogram
Products
Applications :
Cars and light vehicles
Golf carts and boats
* Lead Sheets:
• Approx. Price: Rs 190 /
Kilogram
Lead Sheets are made from Pure
Lead or Lead Alloy.
Lead Sheets are used in
flooring,building construction for
roofing and flashing, shower
pans,damping and soundproofing.
Thickness:- 0.8 mm to 50 mm

31. Lead • Lead Plates:
• Lead Plates are used in protection, flooring,
building construction for roofing and flashing,
shower pans, damping and sound proofing.
• Thickness:- 0.6 mm to 50 mm
Products
&
Companies
Lead Pipe
Size/Diameter :10mm to 200mm
Applications: for Water, Soil Waste, Ventilating, Gas
Purpose, Telephones, Under groundwork.
HPPL Group
Gravita

32. COPPER
• Copper is the oldest metal used by man. It’s
use dates back to prehistoric times.
• Copper is a chemical element with
symbol Cu and atomic number 29.
• Copper is found as native metal and in the
minerals cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite
and bornite.
• It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal
• A freshly exposed surface of pure copper
has a reddish-orange color.
• Copper is used as a conductor of heat and
electricity.
• Copper is one of the few metals that occur
in nature in directly usable metallic form.

33. • Copper and copper alloys are some of the most
versatile engineering materials available.
• The combination of physical properties such as
strength, conductivity, corrosion resistance,
machinability and ductility make copper suitable for a
wide range of applications.
• These properties can be further enhanced with
variations in composition and manufacturing
methods.
• Copper and its alloys can be remelted and used
directly or further reprocessed to refined copper
without losing any of the metal's chemical or physical
properties.
• Approximately one-third of all copper consumed
worldwide is recycled.
• Copper has
excellent brazing and soldering properties and
can be welded.
PROPERTIES

34. AVAILABILTY
• Copper is extacted as mineral ore from mines
and then further refined to obtain copper.
• Mining production in india is just 0.2% of world’s
production, whereas refined copper production
is about 4% of world’s production.
• Mainly extracted by the mines owned
by Hindustan Copper Ltd (HCL).
• Some Sellers in india-
 Keshariya metals pvt ltd (@450 Rs/kg)
Shree extrusions limited (480Rs/kg)

35. APPLICATION
• The major applications of copper are electrical wire
(60%), roofing and plumbing (20%), and industrial
machinery (15%). Copper is used mostly as a pure
metal.
• Copper has been used since ancient times as a
durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof
architectural material.
• Following are some uses of copper in architecture-
 Electrical wiring
 rain gutters,
 downspouts,
 domes,
 vaults
 doors
Roof top
Refrigration tube
Sanitary fittings
Pipes

36. COPPER ALLOYS
• COPPER IS FURTHER MIXED WITH OTHER METALS IN ORDER
TO OBTAIN DESIRED PROPERTIES.
• TWO COPPER ALLOYS ARE :
 BRASS
 BRONZE
• BRASS: Brasses contain Zinc as the principal
alloying element.
 Brass has higher malleability than bronze or zinc. The
relatively low melting point of brass .
 Other alloying elements may also be present to impart
advantageous properties. These elements include
Iron, aluminium, Nickel and Silicon.
 Brasses are most commonly characterised by their free
machining grades by which machining standards are
set for all other metals.
 Brasses can also have high corrosion resistance and
high tensile strength. Some Brasses are also suited to
hot forging.

37. BRASS
• Almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled.
• The foundry where it is melted and recast
into billets
• Brass Classes
 Brasses are divided into two classes.
 These are:
 The alpha alloys, with less than 37% Zinc. These
alloys are ductile and can be cold worked.
 The alpha/beta or duplex alloys with 37-45% Zinc.
These alloys have limited cold ductility and are
typically harder and stronger.

38. BRASS
• APPLICATION :
 Nuts, bolts ,
 Valve bodies
 Balance weights
 Pipe/water fittings
 Grillwork
 Door handles
 Builders hardware
 Radiator cores, tubes, and tanks
 Electrical terminals
 Plugs and lamp fittings
 Locks
 Pump casting

39. • BRASS PRODUCTSARE MANUFACTURED IN
INDIA BY DIFFERENTCOMPANIES.
• BRASS IS AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT PRODUCTS
FOR DIFF. PURPOSE
• SOME OFTHE SELLERSARE SHOWN BELOW-
 BHUMI BRASS & ALLOYS-(460 RS/KG)
 UNITED BRASS INDUSTRIES- (480 RS/KG)
AVAILABILITY

40. COPPER ALLOYS
• BRONZE -
 Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper,
commonly with about 12% tin and often with the
addition of other metals (such
as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) .
 These additions produce a range of alloys that may be
harder than copper alone, or have other useful
properties, such as stiffness, ductility, or machinability.
 Bronzes are typically very ductile alloys. By way of
comparison, most bronzes are considerably
less brittle than cast iron.
 The melting point of bronze varies and is about 950 °C
 Better conducter of heat electricity.

41. Bronze
• APPLICATION :
 Doors and windows frames
 Door and window fittings
 Railings
 Furniture fittings
 Bearing clips
 Electrical connectors
 Springs
 Hammer,wrenches etc

42. AVAILABILITY
• Bronze available in markets through various suppliers.
• Some of the suppliers are –
 Indian metals & alloys
 Metal care alloys private limited.

43. Nickel
General:-
• It is hard and ductile
• Crystal structure – FCC
• Atomic number - 28
• Atomic weight - 58.71
• Density ( ) - 8.89
• Melting point (°c) – 1455
• Boiling point(°c) – 2913

44. Properties:-
• Silvery shiny appearance
• High toughness
• Ductile in nature
• Good high and low temperature strength
• High oxidation resistance
• Good corrosion resistance (slow rate of oxidation at room temp.)
• It is Ferro-magnetic.

45. Applications:-
• Ni and its alloys are used in making coins.
• Nickel is used in rechargeable batteries such as Ni-Cd & in magnets.
• Its alloys are also used for armour plate and burglar proof vaults.
• Chemical plant, heat exchanger, reaction furnace, rotary kiln, turbine
blades.
• Used as alloying elements in stainless steels etc.
• Ni is used as a binder in hard metal industry.
• ductile nature allows typical fabrication.

46. First discovery of nickel mineral by the German was
mistakenly misunderstood to be rich-copper mineral.
There are three major types of Nickel deposits (sources):
1) Nickel-copper sulphide
2) Nickel silicates
3) Nickel laterites and serpentines
PRODUCTION OF NICKEL

47. • Zinc is a silvery blue-grey metal with a relatively low melting point
(419.5°C) and boiling point (907°C). When unalloyed, its strength and
hardness is greater than that of tin or lead, but appreciably less than that
of aluminium or copper.
• The pure metal cannot be used in stressed applications due to low creep-
resistance. For these reasons most uses of zinc are after alloying with small
amounts of other metals or as a protective coating for steel.
ZINC

48. • One of the most useful characteristics of zinc is its resistance to
atmospheric corrosion, and just over half of its use is for the protection of
steelwork.
• In addition to its metal and alloy forms, zinc also extends the life of other
materials such as steel (by hot dipping or electrogalvanizing), rubber and
plastics (as an aging inhibitor), and wood (in paints).
• Zinc is also used to make brass, bronze, and die-casting alloys in plate,
strip, and coil; foundry alloys; superplastic zinc; and activators and
stabilizers for plastics.
USES

49. • Zinc Coatings
• Batch (or 'General') hot dip galvanizing
• Continuous hot dip galvanizing
• Zinc Spraying
• Zinc plating (Electro galvanizing)
• Sherardizing
• Zinc-rich paints
• Mechanical plating
• Zinc sheet: roofing
APPLICATION

50. METAL COATING

51. METAL COATING
Metallic coatings contain a metallic element or alloy.
Metallic coatings can be applied by using a sprayer, electrochemically,
chemically or mechanically.
These coatings are applied on equipment requiring a shiny or glossy
appearance and protection from sunlight, corrosion and oxidation
A metallic coating forms a corrosion resistant protective layer that can
withstand harsh environmental conditions by changing the surface
properties of the material on which it is applied. Metallic coatings are
usually applied on steel surfaces using one of four common methods:
• ELECTROPLATING
• ANODIZING
• GALVANISATION
• THERMAL SPRAYING
• PAINTING

52. Electroplating
Electroplating is the process of plating one metal onto another by
hydrolysis, most commonly for decorative purposes or to prevent
corrosion of a metal.
There are also specific types of electroplating such as copper plating,
silver plating, and chromium plating.
Electroplating allows manufacturers to use inexpensive metals such as
steel or zinc for the majority of the product and then apply different
metals on the outside to account for appearance, protection, and other
properties desired for the product.
Electroplating was first discovered in 1905 by LUIGI BRUGNATELLI

53. The Metals Most Commonly Used in Plating are:
• Copper
• Nickel
• Gold
• Silver
• Chrome
• Zinc
• Tin
Electroplating is also known as electrodeposition and
electroplated coating .

54. How Does the Electroplating Process Work?
Both an anode and a cathode (the metal part to be coated) are immersed in
an electrolytic bath that is composed of a solution of salts, including the
metal to be plated.
A direct current (DC) of electricity is passed through the solution,
effecting the transfer of metal ions onto the cathodic surface, plating the
metal onto the item.

55. USES OF ELECTROPLATING
• Electroplating is widely used in a industry such as
Automobile,jewellery,toys etc..
• For better appearance and attraction
• To prevent metal object from rust and corrosion e.g.-iron plates used
in ships
• Improving appearance of the substrate.
• The plated layer act as sacrificial coating as it will dissolve prior to the
base material.

56. Anodising
Aluminum is “rusted” artificially and uniformly.
Electricity and Chemicals required
electrical current passes through aluminum immersed
in an acid solution.
It is an electrochemical oxidation of the aluminum surface to produce a
stable film of aluminum oxide
Requirements
 Abrasion Resistance- only diamond is harder
 Corrosion Resistance- withstands salt spray and CASS testing
 Thermal Resistance- aluminum substrate will melt before the coating
 Electrical Resistance -800 Vrequired to pass a current through 1mil of coating
 Porous- allows for the coloring and sealing of the coating
Anodic Coating Properties

57. Common Process Steps
• RACKING
• CLEANING
• ETCHING
• DESMUTTING
• ANODIZING
• COLOURING
• SEALING
• UNRACKING
• PACKING
• LAB TESTING
-Provides a secure connection for transportation of the parts through the various
chemical solutions
- Provides a secure connection for the flow of electricity through each
individual part
- Allows for uniformity and consistency of current flow from part to part
Racking

58. Clean, Etch, and Desmut
Cleaning - heated, nonetching alkaline cleaner (10 min)
 removal of most shop residues and fabrication oils
 no removal of adhesives, greases, or buffing compounds
Etching - heated sodium hydroxide (0-20 min)
 roughens the surface to provide a matte finish
 limited success at obscuring scratches, die lines, and bearing marks
 removal of aluminum 0-2.5 mil (0-65 microns) per side
Desmutting - ambient acid bath (1-5 min)
 removes etch smut resulting from alloying constituents
Anodizing
 Immersion in chilled 10%(v/v) sulfuric acidbath
 DC current applied at densities of 8-20 amps/ft2
 Time varies based on coating thickness (10-60 minutes)
 Barrierlayer formed first to a 0.0005 mil thickness
 Coating builds to a 1.0mil (25.4 m) max. thickness
 Pores develop as the acid solution dissolves the coating 250 - 500 billion pores
per square inch
 Part dimensions increase as the coating is 40%penetration and 60%build-up from the
pre-anodized surface

59. Electrolytic (2-Step)Color
• Step 1: Clear Anodize
• Step 2: Electrolytic Color
 ACplating of metal in the base of the coating pores
 Bronze colors ranging from Champagne to Black
(2-25 min)
1) Aluminum substrate
2) Anodic Coating
3) Metal Deposit - either Tin or Cobalt
Sealing  Unsealed - Excellent base forpaint and adhesives
 Hydrothermal Seal - 200-205 F (15-60 min)
 Temperature drives coating hydration causing coating
expansion to squeeze shut the pores at the surface
 Mid-Temperature Seal with Metal Salts - 180F (15 min)
 Deposition of metal salts in pores and some sealing by
hydration
 Room Temperature Seal - 90 F (15 min)
 Creation of a “super molecule” at the surface consisting of
 coating, metal salts, and fluoride
 Prone to causing green tints or a fuzzy surface

60. Unracking and Packing
 Unracking - First Inspection Point
 Appearance
 Coating Thickness
 Seal Quality
 Packing - Second Inspection Point.
 Highly durable
 Inexpensive to produce and maintain
 Won’t chip, flake, peel or chalk
 Maintains metallic appearance of aluminum
 Environmentally friendly
 No VOC’s
 No heavy metals
 By products aid municipal wastewater treatment
 Facilities to separate solids and neutralize ph.
Advantages of Anodizing

61.  Highly durable
 Inexpensive to produce and maintain
 Won’t chip, flake, peel or chalk
 Maintains metallic appearance of aluminum
 Environmentally friendly
 No VOC’s
 No heavy metals
 By products aid municipal wastewater treatment
 Facilities to separate solids and neutralize ph.
Advantages of Anodizing

62. Cross Sectional View of a Dyed and Sealed Anodic Film
Ni(OH)2
precipitate,
absorbed dye, &
hydrated coating
Non-
hydrated
anodic
coating
Hydrated anodic coating
Aluminum substrate