2. Submitted To,
MD. Rafiqul Islam
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Pharmacy
Jessore University Of Science
And Technology
Submitted by,
1. Most. Nilufar Yeasmin (151036)
2. Chinmoy sen (151038)
3. Md. Jamiul Hassan (151039)
4. Hasan Billah (151040)
5. Nusrat Sarmin Sarna (151041)
6. Tanzir Ahmed (141021)
7. Md. Ahsan Abid (141031)
8. Sumaiya Naznin (141035)
Prepared by Tanzir Ahmed
3. Microbial Metabolisms
• Introduction
• Biogenesis
• Anabolism
• Catabolism
• Metabolic Versatility of Organisms
• Enzymes
• Energy production by aerobic & anaerobic processes
• Fermentation process
4. Introduction of Microbial Metabolisms
• The term metabolism denotes all chemical reactions & physical
workings occurring in a cell.
• Energy production from metabolism helps a bacterial cell to be
extensive and varied.
• Energy which produces from metabolism system is required for
synthesis of enzymes, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and other
chemical components.
• Energy is also required for repair damage of cell.
5. 2 Types of Metabolism
• Anabolism - biosynthesis
• building complex molecules from simple ones
• requires energy (ATP)
• Catabolism - degradation
• breaking down complex molecules into simple ones
• generates energy (ATP)
6.
7. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass
• Autotrophic- carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Heterotrophic-carbon obtained from organic compounds.
• Mixotrophic- carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and
by fixing carbon dioxide.
8. How organism obtains reducing equivalents
used in biosynthetic reactions
• Lithotrophic- reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic
compounds
• Organotrophic-reducing equivalents are obtained from organic
compounds
9. How the organism obtains energy for living
and growing
• Chemotrophic-energy is obtained from external chemical compounds
• Phototrophic-energy is obtained from light.
10. Enzyme
• Enzymes are proteins
• They have a globular
shape
• A complex 3-D structure
11. What is Enzyme??
• Enzymes are substances present in the cell in minute amounts and
capable of speeding up chemical reactions associated with life
processes.
• Any impairment of enzyme activity is reflected by some change in the
cell or even by death.
• Different enzymes need for different reaction.
13. Types of Enzyme
• Simple enzymes – consist of protein alone
• Conjugated enzymes or holoenzymes – contain protein and
nonprotein molecules
• apoenzyme –protein portion
• cofactors – nonprotein portion
• metallic cofactors – iron, copper, magnesium
• coenzymes -organic molecules - vitamins
14. Transfer reaction of Enzyme
1. Oxidation-reduction reactions – transfer of electrons
2. Aminotransferases – convert one type of amino acid to another by
transferring an amino group
3. Phosphotransferases – transfer phosphate groups, involved in
energy transfer
4. Methyltransferases – move methyl groups from one molecule to
another
5. Decarboxylases – remove carbon dioxide from organic acids
15. Inhibitor
• Inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the rate of enzymic reactions.
• They are usually specific and they work at low concentrations.
• They block the enzyme but they do not usually destroy it.
• Many drugs and poisons are inhibitors of enzymes in the nervous
system.
17. What is Fermentation
• Fermentation is a specific type of heterotrophic metabolism that uses
organic carbon instead of oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.
• Bacteria produce energy by fermentation.
• The lactic fermentation is a typical example: Streptococcus lactis
18. Fermentation
• Incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the
absence of oxygen
• Uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors
• Yields a small amount of ATP
• Production of ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose
• Formation of acid, gas & other products by the action of various
bacteria on pyruvic acid
20. What is Aerobic processes
• It is the normal respiration in plants and animals
• In this process Carbohydrates break down
• Produce CO2
, water and energy.
21. Aerobic process is in four steps
• Glycolysis
• Formation of Acetyle Co-A
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron transport system
22. Glycolysis
• Features of glycolytic pathways
• Partial oxidation of glucose to form pyruvic acid
• A small amount of ATP is made
• A small amount of NAD is reduced to NADH
23. Formation of Acetyle Co-A
• Each molecule of Pyruvic acid converts into One molecule of Acetyle
Co-A
• Produces a 2-carbon compound
• Yields one molecule CO2
• Produces One molecule of NADH2
24. Krebs Cycle
• Every molecule of Acetyle Co-A produces 2 molecules of CO2
• 3 molecules of FADH2
• 1 molecule of GTP
26. Anaerobic Process
• It does not require any O2
• It occurs in Bacteria
• It occurs in two steps
• The process is utilized in Lactic Acid fermentation
27. Differences Between Aerobic and Anaerobic
Characteristics Aerobic Anaerobic
Oxygen Require Oxygen Do not require oxygen
Pyruvic acid Pyruvic acid oxidized completely Pyruvic acid oxidized incompletely
Production of ATP 38 ATP 2 ATP
End Products 6 molecules of CO2 and 6 molecules
of water
2 molecules of ethanol and 2
molecules of CO2
