This document provides an overview of biomedical engineering. It begins by defining biomedical engineering as the application of engineering principles, techniques and methods to solve medical and biological problems. It then discusses the diversity in related terminology and the roles of medical engineers, clinical engineers and bioengineers. The document outlines several branches of biomedical engineering including biomechanics, biomaterials, medical devices and clinical engineering. It concludes by discussing the relationships between biomedical engineering and other fields like medicine, physics, and various engineering disciplines.
2. A โ A good student is liked by teacher
G โ Greets everyone with smile
O โ Obedient
O โ On time for college
D โ Dresses neatly
S โ Studies with interest
T โ Treats everyone with smile
U โ Understands everything
D โ Does daily home work
E โ Eager to know new things
N โ Never misbehaves
T โ Talks little in class
3. 3
Introduction
โข What is biomedical engineering?
โ Terminology, definitions
โ History of biomedical engineering
โ Sub-branches of BME
4. โข A loose definition of Biomedical Engineering:
โ the application of engineering techniques
and analyses to problem-solving in medicine
and the biomedical sciences
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5. Diversity in the terminology
โข (bio)medical engineering,
โข bioengineering, biotechnology
โข clinical (medical) engineering
โข medical technology.
โข health care technology
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6. Medical engineering (medical engineer)
โข uses engineering concepts and technology for
development of
โ instrumentation,
โ diagnostic and therapeutic devices,
โ artificial organs, and
โ other medical devices needed in health care and in
hospitals
โข role:
โ examine some portion of biology and medicine to
identify areas in which advanced technology might
be advantageous
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7. Clinical engineering (clinical engineer)
โข uses engineering, management concept, and
technology
โ to improve health care in hospitals
โข better patient care at minimum costs thought the
application of technology
โข role is to provide services directly
โ related to patient care together with other health
care professionals
โ problems originated from clinical environment
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8. Clinical engineering
โข responsible for
โ equipment effectiveness and
โ electrical safety in medical instrumentation
โ systems and power supply
โข constrained by regulations
โ medical, federal, state, local, governmental,
hospital
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9. Bioengineering (bioengineer)
โข basic research-oriented activity closely related to
โ biotechnology and
โ genetic engineering
โข modification of animal or plant cells to improve plants or
animals to develop new micro-organisms
โข Bioengineering integrates
โ physical,
โ chemical,
โ mathematical, and
โ computational sciences and
โ engineering principles
to study biology, medicine, behavior, and health.
9
10. Bioengineering
โข It advances fundamental concepts;
โ creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ
systems levels;
โ develops innovative biologics, materials, processes,
implants, devices, and informatics approaches
for the
โ prevention,
โ diagnosis, and
โ treatment of disease,
for patient rehabilitation, and for improving
health 10
11. Biomedical Engineering (BME)
โข a growing and expanding interdisciplinary
profession
โข concerned with the application of
โ engineering,
โ mathematics,
โ computing, and
โ science methodologies
to the analysis of biological and physiological
problems
โข produce technological advances in health care
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12. Biomedical Engineering (BME)
โข Definition 1:
โข โBiomedical engineering is a discipline that
โ advances knowledge in engineering, biology and
medicine, and improves human health through cross-
disciplinary activities that integrate the engineering
sciences with the biomedical sciences and clinical
practice.โ
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13. Biomedical Engineering (BME)
โข It includes:
โ The acquisition of new knowledge and understanding of
living systems through the innovative and substantive
application of experimental and analytical techniques
based on the engineering sciences.
โ The development of new devices, algorithms, processes
and systems that advance biology and medicine and
improve medical practice and health care deliver
13
14. Biomedical Engineering (BME)
โข Definition2:
The use of engineering technology,
instrumentation and methods to solve medical
problems, such as improving our
understanding of physiology and the
manufacture of artificial limbs and organs.
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15. Biomedical engineers
โข apply different engineering principles
โ electrical and electronics
โข instrumentation, bioamplifiers
โ mechanical,
โข artificial limbs, prostheses
โ physical
โข diagnostic imaging and therapeutic devices
โ chemical,
โข biosensors, chemical analysers
15
16. Biomedical engineers
โข apply different engineering principles Contdโฆ
โ optical,
โข fiber optics, optical measurements
โ computer science
โข computational medicine, signal and image
analysis, information systems
โ material science
โข implanted devices, artificial tissues
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17. Biomedical Engineering (BME)
Biomedical engineers
โข to understand, modify,
or control
biologic systems
โข Application of
โ engineering system analysis
โ physiologic modeling,
โ simulation, and
โ control
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18. Biomedical Engineering (BME)
Biomedical engineers:
โข design and manufacture products that can
โ monitor physiologic functions or
โ display anatomic detail
โข Detection, measurement, and monitoring of
physiologic signals
โ biosensors
โ biomedical instrumentation
โ Medical imaging
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19. Biomedical Engineering (BME)
Biomedical engineers: CONTDโฆ
โข assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients
โ Computer analysis of patient-related data
โ clinical decision making
โ medical informatics
โ artificial intelligence
โข supervise biomedical equipment maintenance technicians,
โข investigate medical equipment failure,
โข advise hospitals about purchasing and installing new
equipment
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20. Important milestones in the development of
medical instrumentsโฆ
โข Thermometer
โ 1603, Galileo
โ 1625, body temperature measurement
โข Optical lens
โ 1666, Newton
โ 1850-, ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz
โข Stethoscope
โ 1819, hollow tube
โ 1851, binaural stethoscope
โข Hypodermic syringe
โ 1853, Wood
โข X-ray
โ 1895, Roentgen
โ 1896, in diagnosis and therapy
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โข Radioactivity
โ 1896, Curie
โ 1903, in therapy
โข Electrocardiograph
โ 1887, Waller, capillary meter
โ 1903, Einthoven,
โ galvanometer 1928, vacuum tube
โข Electroencephalograph
โ 1924, Berger
โข pH electrode
โ 1906, Cremer
โข Electrical surgical unit, 1928
22. Some Branches of BMEโฆ
โข Biomechanics
โ application of classical mechanics to biological or medical problems
โ study of movement of biologic solids, fluids and viscoelastic materials,
muscle forces
โ design of artificial limbs
โข Biomaterials:
โ study of both living tissue and artificial synthetic biomaterials
(polymers, metals, ceramics, composites) used to replace part of a
living system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue
(implants)
โ biomaterials:
โข nontoxic,
โข non-carcinogenic
โข chemically inert
โข stable
โข mechanically strong
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23. โฆSome Branches of BMEโฆ
โข Biomedical sensors
โ physical measurements, biopotential electrodes,
electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, bioanalytic
sensors
โข Bioelectric phenomena:
โ origin in nerve and muscle cells
โ generation in nerves, brain, heart, skeletal muscles
โ analysis,
โ modelling,
โ recording and
โ diagnosis
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24. โฆSome Branches of BMEโฆ
โข Biomedical signal processing and analysis
โ collection and analysis of data from patients
โ bioelectric, physical, chemical signals
โ online (embedded) and off-line processing and analysis
โข Medical imaging and image processing:
โ provision of graphic display of anatomic detail and
physiological functions of the body
โ medical imaging methods and devices
โข physical phenomena + detectors + electronic data processing+
graphic display = image
โข x-ray, gamma photons, MRI, Ultrasound
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25. โฆSome Branches of BMEโฆ
โข Medical instruments and devices:
โ design of medical instruments and devices to
monitor and measure biological functions
โ application of electronics and measurement
techniques to develop devices used in diagnosis
and treatment of disease
โข biopotential amplifiers
โข patient monitors
โข electrosurgical devices
โข Biotechnology
โ technology at cellular level
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26. โฆSome Branches of BMEโฆ
โข Cell and tissue engineering:
โ utilization of anatomy, biochemistry and
mechanics of cellular and subcellular structures to
understand disease processes and to be able to
intervene at very specific sites.
โ design, construction, modification, growth and
maintenance of living tissue (bioartificial tissue
and alteration of cell growth and function)
โข Rehabilitation engineering:
โ application of science and technology to improve
the quality of life for individuals with physical and
cognitive impairments (handicaps) 26
27. โฆSome Branches of BMEโฆ
โข Prostheses and artificial organs
โ design and development of devices for replacement of damaged
body parts
โข artificial heart,
โข circulatory assist devices,
โข cardiac valve prostheses,
โข artificial lung and blood-gas exchange devices,
โข artificial kidney, pancreas
โข Clinical engineering:
โ medical engineering in hospitals, managementand assessment
of medical technology, safety and management of medical
equipment, product development
27
28. โฆSome Branches of BME
โข Physiologic modelling, simulation and control
โ use of computer simulation to help understand physiological
relationships and organ function, to predict the behavior of a system of
interests (human body, particular organs or organ systems and medical
devices)
โ developing of theoretical (computational, analytical, conceptual etc)
models
โข Medical informatics:
โ hospital information systems, computer-based patient records, computer
networks in hospitals, artificial knowledge-based medical decision
making
โข Bioinformatics
โ The application of information technology to problem areas in
healthcare systems, as well as genomics, proteomics, and mathematical
modelling.
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29. Medical devices
โข Medical devices can be grouped according to
the three areas of medicine:
โข Diagnosis
โ diagnostic devices
โข Therapy
โ therapeutic devices
โ application of energy
โข Rehabilitation
โ Application of Assisting orthotic-prosthetic devices
29
30. Diagnostic devices
โข Types of diagnostic devices
โ recording and monitoring devices
โ measurement and analysis devices
โ imaging devices
โข importance of diagnostic devices
โ enhance and extend the five human senses to improve to
collect data from the patient for diagnosis
โ the perception of the physician can be improved by
diagnostic instrumentation in many ways:
โข amplify human senses
โข place the observer's senses in inaccessible environments
โข provide new senses
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31. Therapeutic devices
โข Objective of therapeutic devices:
โ deliver physical substances to the body to treat disease
โข Physical substances:
โ Voltage, current
โ Pressure
โ Flow
โ Force
โ Ultrasound
โ Electromagnetic radiation
โ Heat
โข Therapeutic device categories:
โ devices used to treat disorders
โ devices to assist or control the physiological functions 31
32. Assistive or rehabilitative devices
โข Objective of rehabilitative devices
โ to assist individuals with a disability
โข The disability can be connected to the troubles to
โ perform activities of daily living
โ limitations in mobility
โ communications disorders and
โ sensory disabilities
โข Types of rehabilitative devices
โ Orthopedic devices
โข An orthopedic device is an appliance that aids an existing function
โ Prosthetic devices
โข A prosthesis provides a substitute
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33. Some characteristics of BME
โข methods and devices are used to solve medical
problems
โ problems are difficult, diverse, and complex
โ solution alternatives are limited and specific to a
certain problem
โข Therefore we must know
โ what we are measuring or studying
โ what we are treating
โ which methodologies are available and applicable
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34. Some characteristics of BME
โข deals with biological tissues, organs and organ systems
and their properties and functions
โข bio-phenomena:
โ bioelectricity, biochemistry, biomechanics, biophysics
โข requires their deep understanding and analysis
โข Accessibility of data is limited,
โข Interface between tissue and instrumentation is needed
โข Procedures:
โ non-invasive
โ minimally invasive
โ invasive
34
35. Relationship of BME with other disciplines
โ Relationship with Medicine
โ Relationship with Physics
โ Relationship with other fields of engineering
35
36. Relationship with Medicine
โข Biomedical Engineering
โ application of engineering science and technology
to problems arising in medicine and biology.
โ intersections between engineering disciplines
โข electrical, mechanical, chemical,โฆ
โข with each discipline in medicine, such as
โ cardiology, pathology, neurology, โฆ
โข biology
โข biochemistry, pharmacology,
โข molecular biology, cell biology, โฆ
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37. Physiological measurements
โข important application of medical devices
โ physiological measurements and recordings
โข important for biomedical engineer
โ to understand the technology used in these recordings but
also
โ the basic principles and methods of the physiological
recordings
โข medical fields where physiological recordings play an
important role
โ clinical physiology
โ clinical neurophysiology
โ cardiology
โ intensive care, surgery
37
38. important physiological parameters recorded
โข parameters related to cardiovascular dynamics:
โ blood pressure
โ blood flow
โ blood volumes, cardiac output
โข biopotentials:
โ electrocardiogram (ECG),
โ electroencephalogram (EEG),
โ electromyogram (EMG)
โข respiratory parameters:
โ lung volumes and capacities,
โ air flow
โข blood gases:
โ pressures of blood gases
โ oxygen saturation
โ pH and other ions 38
39. Relationship with Physics
โข BME is closely related to physical sciences
โข Medical Physics
โ applies physics in medicine
โ physical background of medical imaging methods used in
radiology and nuclear medicine:
โข the production and safety issues of ionizing radiation,
โข interaction of the radiation with matter,
โ the physics of magnetic resonance phenomenon,
ultrasonics, light etc.
โ physical background of radiotherapy
โข use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer
39
40. Relationship with Physics
โข Biophysics
โ more related to (cell) biology
โ studies the processes in biology and medicine utilizing physics and engineering
โข physical methods are applied
โ for molecules, cells, tissues, organs, body
โ to solve biologic problems,
โ biologic events are described using the concept of physics and analogues, and
โ the effects of physical factors on biologic processes is examined
โข core concepts:
โ changes in state of the systems (P,V,T)
โ concentrations, osmolarities
โ Activities
โ internal energy, spontaneous processes
โ (electro)chemical equilibrium
โ enzyme reactions
โ diffusion
โ permeability
โ viscosity
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41. Relationship with other fields of engineering
โข BME applies principles and methods from
engineering, science and technology
โข closely related to many fields of engineering,
โ chemistry
โ computer science
โ electrical engineering
โข electronics, electromagnetic fields, signal and systems analysis
โ mathematics, statistics
โ measurement and control engineering
โ mechanical engineering
โ material science
โ physics etc.
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42. โTo be good & to do good that is the whole of religionโ