2. • Interface is a hardware circuitry between the microcomputer and
the I/O devices to provide all input and output transfer between
them.
• These components are called interface because they interface
between the computer and there peripheral device.

3. 1) A conversion of signal values may be required.
CPU(Electronics) / Peripherals(Electromechanical and Electromagnet)
2) A synchronization mechanism may be needed
The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of
the CPU
3) Data codes and formats in peripherals differ from the word format in the
CPU and Memory
4) The operating modes of peripherals are different from each other
Each peripherals must be controlled so as not to disturb the operation of
other peripherals connected to the CPU

4. Data
PORT ADDRESS Address
PROCESSOR
Control
INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE INTERFACE
KEYBOARD
MAGNETIC MAGNETIC
AND PRINTER
DISK TAPE
DISPLAY
1 2 3 4

5. There are three ways through which computer buses can communicate with
memory and I/O. They Are
1. Use two separate buses, one for memory and other for I/O(IOP
Processor)
2. use one common bus for both memory and I/O but has separate
control lines for each(Isolated I/O)
3. Use one common bus for memory and I/O with common control
lines(Memory mapped I/O)

6.  Memory addressing capacity depends upon number of address lines in
CPU
 Set of all possible addresses that can be generated by CPU is called
address space. CPU can directly address all the addresses of it’s
address space
 Eg: 8086 intel microprocessor has 20 address lines and can address
1MB of memory directly using 20 bit address bus
 Thus 1mb is the address space of INTEL 8086 microprocessor

7. There are two techniques for addressing an I/O device by CPU:
 Memory mapped I/O
 I/O mapped I/O (Standard I/O or Isolated I/O or port I/O)

8.  Here two separate address spaces are used - one for memory location and
other for I/O devices.
 The I/O devices are provided dedicated address space.
 Hence there are two separate control lines for memory and I/O transfer.
I/O read and I/O write lines for I/O transfer
Memory Write and Memory Read for memory transfer
 Hence IN and OUT instruction deals with I/O transfer and MOV with memory
transfer.

9.  The technique in which CPU addresses an I/O device just like a memory
location is called memory mapped I/O scheme.
 In this scheme only one address space is used by CPU. Some addresses
of the address space are assigned to memory location and other are
assigned to I/O devices.
 There is only one set of read and write lines. Hence there is no separate
IN,OUT instructions. MOVE instruction can be used to accomplish both the
transfer.
 The instructions used to manipulate the memory can be used for I/O
devices.

11.  In memory mapped I/O the same address cannot be assigned to both
memory location and I/O devices
 For example :
If memory locations - address from 00000 to 4FFFF , the addresses
which have not been assigned for Ex: 50000,50001,50002 to
memory locations can be assigned to I/O devices

12.  8086 has both memory mapped and I/O mapped I/O. The video RAM are memory
mapped where as the Keyborad , Counter and Other devices are I/O Mapped.
 In I/O mapped I/O there are two set of instructions: IN and OUT to transfer data
between I/O devices and accumulator ( AX,AL)
 To distinguish between the memory read/write and I/O read or write M/IO signal is
used. IF M/IO is high memory read and write are enabled else the I/O read and write
 Two ways to specify the I/O port address are:
 An 8 bit immediate((Fixed or Direct) address(here address is specified as a
part of the instruction)
 16 bit address located in register DX(Variable Address or Indirect)

13. MNEMONIC MEANING FORMAT OPERATION
IN INPUT DIRECT IN AL , ADDRESS 8 BIT PORT->AL(BYTE)
IN AX , ADDRESS 8 BIT PORT->AX(WORD)
INPUT INDIRECT IN AL, DX PORT->AL(BYTE)
IN AX, DX PORT->AX(WORD)
OUT OUTPUT DIRECT OUT ADDRESS 8 BIT,AL AL->PORT(BYTE)
OUT ADDRESS 8 BIT,AX AX->PORT(WORD)
OUTPUT INDIRECT OUT DX , AL AL->PORT(BYTE)
OUT DX, AX AX->PORT(WORD)

14.  I/O ports are actually 8 bits in width. So whenever 16 bit port is
accessed two consecutive 8 bit ports are actually addressed.
 Hence the 32 bit I/O port is actually 4 8 bit ports.
 8 bit fixed port appears on address bus connection A7-A0 with bits A15
to A8 as (00000000)2.
 This means that first 256 I/O port address(00h-FFh) are accessed by
both the fixed and variable I/O instruction
 But any I/O address from 0100h-FFFFh can accessed by only variable
I/O address

15. FFFFF
:
Memory address space
: Port 4095
E0FFF :
: : :
: I/O ports I/O ports
: :
I/O addresses
E0003 :
E0002 Port 3 Port 1
E0001 Port 2 (16 bit port)
E0000 Port 1 Port 0
: Port 0 (16 bit port)
:
: I/O SPACE
00001
00000
MEMORY SPACE

16. FFFF Port 65 535
I/O address space
00FF Port 255
00FE Port 254
. .
. .
. .
Page 0 0004 Port 4
0003 Port 3
Port 1 (16 bit port)
0002 Port 2
0001 Port 1
0000 Port 0 Port 0 (16 bit port)
I/O SPACE

17. To output the data FFh to a byte-wide output port at address ABh of the I/O
address space, we use:
MOV AL, 0FFh
OUT 0BAh, AL
To input the contents of the byte-wide input port at A000h of the I/O
address space into BL, we use :
MOV DX, 0A000h
IN AL, DX
MOV BL, AL

18. #start=led_display.exe#
#make_bin#
name "led"
mov ax, 1234
out 199, ax
mov ax, -5678
out 199, ax
mov ax, 0
x1:
out 199, ax
Inc ax
mov dx, 64h
cmp ax , dx
jz l1
Jmp x1
l1: hlt

19. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 1 MB memory address space  Data has to be transferred to the
is available for use with accumulator (any one of the
memory. internal register ) to perform
 Special Instructions for I/O arithmetic and logic operation
operations maximize I/O
performance.
 Used in system where
complete memory capacity is
required

20. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 All I/O locations are addressed
in exactly the same manner as  Part of the memory address space is
memory locations; no special lost. (however, that with ported I/O
repertoire of I/O instructions is systems, not all of the available I/O
therefore .Thus the overall size of address space is always used.)
the instruction set is reduced.
 All arithmetic and logical
operations can be performed on
I/O data directly
 Used in system where memory
requirement is small

21. ( PERIPHERAL
COMPONENT
INTERCONNECT )
( INDUSTRY
STANDARD
ARCHITECTURE )

22. Data transfer between central computer and I/O devices takes place in the
following modes:
 PROGRAMMED DATA TRANSFER SCHEME
 INTERRUPT CONTROL DATA TRANSFER SCHEME

23. Data Bus I/O Bus
2
DATA REGISTER
2
Address Bus 2
Data Valid I/O
CPU INTERFACE
DEVICE
I/O Read
0
1 F
I/O Write Data Accepted
STATUS REGISTER
HOW INTERFACE HELPS IN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CPU AND I/O

24.  Result of I/O instruction written in the computer program.
 Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program.
 This method requires constant monitoring of the peripheral by the CPU.
 Hence CPU stays in the program loop until I/O unit indicates it is ready
for data transfer.
 Hence the processor is kept busy needlessly.

25. Issue Read Command To I/O Module
Read Status Of I/O Module
Not Ready Check Error Condition
Status
Ready
Read Word From I/O Module I/O  CPU
Write Word Into Memory CPU  Memory
No Yes, Next Instruction
Done

26.  The programmed IO transfer method is quite insufficient .
 Consider a typical computer can execute the two instruction that read
and check status in 1 micro second. Assume that the input device transfers
its data at an average rate of 100 bytes per sec. CPU will then check the flag
10000 times between each transfer
 The CPU is wasting time while checking the flag instead of doing some useful
work.
 This method is useful in small low speed computers or in system dedicated to
monitor the device continuously
 The difference in information transfer rate make this type of transfer in
efficient.

27.  Here the interface informs the computer when it is ready to transfer
data uses in the interrupt facility.
 Here when CPU is running a program it does not check the flag but it is
momentarily interrupted from proceeding the current program and is
informed of the fact that the flag is set.
 CPU deviates from what it is doing to take care of I/O transfer.
 After the transfer is completed it returns to the previous program.

28. Issue Read Command To I/O Module Do Something
CPU  I/O Else
Read Status Of I/O Module Interrupt
I/O  CPU
Check Error Condition
Status
Ready
Read Word From I/O Module I/O  CPU
Write Word Into Memory CPU  Memory
No Yes, Next Instruction
Done

29.  The IO transfer rates is limited by the speed by which the CPU can test
and service a device.
 Interrupt IO frees up the CPU to some extent at the expense of IO
transfer rate never the less both methods have an adverse impact on
CPU activity and IO transfer rate.
 Hence a more efficient technique was required and then Device data
transfer scheme i.e DMA data transfer was introduced.

30.  Intel 8080,zilog z80,8088 - I/O mapped I/O
 Pentium processors mostly use the isolated I/O method but provides
both schemes and Motorola 68000-uses memory mapped I/O
 IBM pc use both memory mapped I/O and I/O mapped I/O
 Nowadays, whenever a new microprocessor is released into the
marketplace, it usually incorporates the ability to utilize the already (and
often quite substantial) support chip and software base from the
previous processor generation.

31.  Situation applies with the Intel family, which were able to utilize the
earlier i8080(86) support chips.
 Intel processors support ported I/O, whereas Motorola processors
support memory-mapped I/O.
 It should be pointed out that memory mapping can be used with Intel
processors, over and above the inbuilt ported I/O structure, assuming
that the additional external decoding circuitry is provided (Hybrid)