3. Telecommunication Act of 1996 Primary Purpose: to reduce regulation and encourage the “rapid deployment of new telecommunication technologies.” Originally for Telephone, T.V. and Radio Internet started to become more popular Congress saw potential of Internet as a medium for educational and political discourse, and as a result wanted to enact legislation that would promote the development of the internet Congress also saw how easy it was for users to access sexually explicit sites without knowing the user’s age As a result, title V of the Act was created to address decency on the internet
6. 1.) Attempted to regulate both indecency (when available to children) and obscenity in cyberspace.
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9. The U.S. Supreme Court held thetwo provisions of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA) that criminalized providing obscene materials to minors by on the internet were unconstitutional because:
18. Was a law in the United States of America, passed in 1998 with the declared purpose of restricting access by minors to any material defined as harmful to such minors on the Internet.
19. COPA only limits commercial speech and only affects providers based within the U.S.
20. Required all commercial distributors of "material harmful to minors" to restrict their sites from access by minors.
21. "Material harmful to minors" was defined as material that by "contemporary community standards" was judged to appeal to the "prurient interest" and that showed sexual acts or nudity (including female breasts). This is a much broader standard than obscenity.
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23. Communication Decency Act Telecommunications Act of 1996 Child Internet Protection Act Child Online Protection Act Communication Decency Act Child Online Protection Act 2000 1998 2004 1997 1996 2005 1995 2000 2010
24. Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) What is it? -The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) is a federal law enacted by Congress to address concerns about access to offensive content over the Internet on school and library computers. -CIPA imposes certain types of requirements on any school or library that receives certain types of federal funding. -In passing CIPA, Congress required libraries and K-12 schools using these discounts (sometimes called "E-Rate discounts") on Internet access and internal connections to purchase and use a "technology protection measure" on every computer connected to the Internet.
25. What CIPA Requires Schools and libraries subject to CIPA may not receive the federal funding unless: 1.) they certify that they have an Internet safety policy that includes technology protection measures. 2.) The protection measures must block or filter Internet access to pictures that are: (a) obscene; (b) child pornography; or (c) harmful to minors (for computers that are accessed by minors). 3.) Before adopting this Internet safety policy, schools and libraries must provide reasonable notice and hold at least one public hearing or meeting to address the proposal. 4.) Adopt and enforce a policy to monitor online activities of minors. 5.) required to adopt and implement an Internet safety policy addressing: (a) access by minors to inappropriate matter on the Internet; (b) the safety and security of minors when using electronic mail, chat rooms and other forms of direct electronic communications; (c) unauthorized access, including so-called “hacking,” and other unlawful activities by minors online; (d) unauthorized disclosure, u se, and dissemination of personal information regarding minors; and (e) measures restricting minors’ access to materials harmful to them.
26. What Else Does it Require? Schools and libraries are required to certify that they have their safety policies and technology in place before receiving funding. CIPA does not affect funding for schools and libraries receiving discounts only for telecommunications, such as telephone service. An authorized person may disable the blocking or filtering measure during use by an adult to enable access for bona fide research or other lawful purposes. Schools and libraries that do not receive (E-Rate discounts) or only receive discounts for telecommunication services and not for Internet access or internal connections, do not have any obligation to filter under CIPA. As of 2007 approximately one third of libraries had chosen to forego federal E-Rate and certain types of LSTA funds so they would not be required to filter the Internet access of their patrons and staff.
27. United States v. American Library Association (2003) Challenged the Constitutionality of Act Argued 1.) Did not help disadvantaged schools and libraries improve economically 2.) that "no filtering software successfully differentiates constitutionally protected speech from illegal speech on the Internet.“ Found: That it is not possible for a public library to comply with CIPA without blocking a very substantial amount of constitutionally protected speech, in violation of the First Amendment." Upon appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, however, the law was upheld as constitutional as a condition imposed on institutions in exchange for government funding Upheld and made it clear that the constitutionality of CIPA would be upheld only "if, as the Government represents, a librarian will unblock filtered material or disable the Internet software filter without significant delay on an adult user's request."
28. Communication Decency Act Child Internet Protection Act Telecommunications Act of 1996 Child Internet Protection Act Child Online Protection Act Communication Decency Act Child Online Protection Act 2000 1998 2004 1997 2003 1996 2005 1995 2000 2010
