1. Cutting Tool Classification
1.Single-Point Tools
• One cutting edge
• Turning uses single point tools
• Point is usually rounded to form a nose radius
2.Multiple Cutting Edge Tools
• More than one cutting edge
• Motion relative to work usually achieved by
rotating
• Drilling and milling use rotating multiple cutting
edge tools.
4. 4
Cutting Tool Characteristics
Hardness at elevated temperature (hot hardness)
Strength
Wear resistance
Permanent indentation resistance
Toughness
Repeated operations by retaining shape
No breakage or chipping off
Wear Resistance
Increased tool life
Chemical Stability or Inertness
Work piece or coolant
5. 5
Cutting Tool Materials
Carbon and medium alloy steels
Easily shaped & reshaped -- no high hot
hardness
• Drill bits
• Taps
• Broaches
• Reamers
High Speed Steel
High speed cutting
High toughness
Resistance to fracture
• Tungsten/molybdenum tools
6. 6
Cutting Tool Materials
Cast cobalt Steel
Good wear resistance
Hot hardness
Carbide inserts
Tungsten & Titanium carbides
Very high hardness
Very high resistance
10. 10
Cutting Conditions
Relative motion between the tool and work
The primary motion cutting speed
The tool moved laterally across the work, slower motion, feed
Penetration of the cutting tool below original work surface, depth
of cut
Collectively, speed, feed, and depth of cut are called the cutting
conditions
For certain operations, their product can be used to obtain the
material removal rate for the process:
RMR = vfd
where
— RMR the material removal rate in mm3/s, (in3/s),
— v the cutting speed in m/s, (ft/min),
— f the feed in mm, (in),
— d the depth of cut in mm, (in).
14. 14
Classification of Lathe Machine
Maximum diameter of work piece
machined or swing
Maximum distance between head stock &
tail stock
Length of the Bed
15. Components of Lathe Machines
1. Head stock (spindle, speed change
lever)
2. Tail stock (spindle, lock bolt)
3. Carriage (tool post, top slide, taper
attachment, compound rest, cross slide,
apron, lead screw etc.)
4. Bed
5. Legs
16. Tools of Lathe Machine
1. Left hand side tool (facing, turning & taper turning)
2. Right hand side tool
3. Outside threading tool (external threads)
4. Boring tool (internal facing, increasing hole &
smoothing)
5. Left side threading tool
6. Parting tool (separating work piece from other
material)
7. Knurling tool (hard work piece is pressed with it)
8. Revolving tool (supports work piece)
9. Drill chuck (to move the hole)
25. CNC LATHE
Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machines are
being used in every kinds of manufacturing
processes. In a CNC machine, functions like program
storage, tool offset and tool compensation, program-
editing capability, various degree of computation,
and the ability to send and receive data from a
variety of sources, including remote locations can be
easily realized through on board computer. The
computer can store multiple-part programs, recalling
them as needed for different parts.
46. Few More Precautions for Lathe
Machine
1. Machine should be operated by authorized
person.
2. Checkup for elect connections and lubricant
before working on machine.
3. Don’t wear watch & ring during work.
4. Wear Leather apron and boots
47. 47
Machine Shop Safety (Contd)
5. Never work alone
At least two workers must be in the shop when
power tools are being used
6. Never work when you are impaired
This includes when you are too tired, stressed or
hurried to work carefully
7. Safe conduct in the machine shop
Your conduct in the workshop should be safe and
responsible and not hurtful or damaging to any
worker/operator Concentrate on what you are doing
and if you start getting tired, please stop and take a
small break. Never try to rush tasks
48. 48
Machine Shop Safety (Contd)
8. Always wear closed toe shoes in the shop
Tools, chips and fixtures are sharp and often hot. Shoes will
help protect your feet from injury. Leather shoes are preferred
when machining
9. Eye protection is essential
Always wear safety glasses when working or cleaning tools
10. Remove or secure anything that might get caught in moving
machinery
Rings, necklaces, wrist watches, long hair and loose clothes
that get caught in tools can drag you along
49. 49
Machine Shop Safety (Contd)
11. Keep your hands away from sharp tools
Make sure that nothing that you do will cause you to be cut.
Use safety gloves to handle hot or sharp objects
12. Dust, chemicals and smoke can be dangerous
Work in well ventilated areas. Minimize contamination and
use appropriate protective equipment
13. Ask for guidance and help
Have shop staff check you out on a tool the first time you use
one with which you are unfamiliar
50. 50
Machine Shop Safety
14. Be careful while working
If you do not know how to do some thing, ask. Before starting,
study the machine and know which parts are moving, which
are stationary and which are sharp and may be potentially
dangerous. Listen to the machine and never leave the
machine running unattended
15. Clean up after yourself
Before you leave the shop, all tools must be returned to the
toolbox, the machine cleaned and wiped down and the floor
swept