A presentation by Winstone Jordaan. Delivered during the 2016 Southern African Transport Conference (SATC), held in Pretoria, South Africa.

1. By Winstone Jordaan
ELECTRIC BUS TECHNOLOGY: How will electric bus
technology change the way in which public transport
networks are operated, managed and subsidised?

2. Overview
Build a case for electric
Measure-up some of the technology
Look at the business models

3. Coal Mine Power Station Distribution Electric Car
97% 34% 95% 70%
22%
Coal Mine Synfuel Plant Distribution Petrol Car
97% 32% 97% 12%
4%
Oil Well / Gas Refinery Distribution Petrol Car
96% 90% 97% 12%
10%
Solar Farm Distribution Electric Car
Free 95% 70%
66%

4. Comparison of Energy Crops vs. Electricity
0
*1Average usage 16kWh/100 km
*2Average usage 7.4 I/100 km fuel equivalent
*3Average usage 6.5 I/100 km fuel equivalent
20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000
biodiesel*3
21,500 km
bioethanol (from wheat)*2
22,500 km
60,000 km
67,000 km
biomass to liquid*3
biogas (from corn)*2
200,000
electricity (with Solar Energy from 1 ha)*1
3,250,000 km or 50 EV’s with the same range as a biogas car
An average-sized
soccer field is 0.75 ha
1 ha is
equal to
100 x 100 m
10,000 m2

5. Other Energy Alternatives
?kWh invested to get 1kWh out
Compressed
Air
H2 Fuel Cells
LiPO4 Battery
Input kW needed kW at the WheelStorage

7. Do we have the Energy

8. EV Feasibility

9. EV Feasibility
Slow Response Energy
(Days)
- Nuclear
- Coal
R 0.50 – R0.80
Medium Response Energy
(Hours)
- Hydro
R1.00 – R2.00
Fast Response Energy
(Minutes)
- Gas Turbines or Generators
Very Expensive (R3 - R5)

10. EV Feasibility

11. EV Feasibility

12. EV Feasibility
Electric Vehicle Will
 Support the balancing
of the grid
 Result in lower electric
prices
 Better prediction and
therefor stability

13. Eskom’s Demand Curve
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
18:0019:0020:0021:0022:0023:0000:0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008:0009:0010:0011:0012:0013:0014:0015:0016:0017:0018:00
30GWh
Enough for 1 million EV’s

14. Where is the industry going

15. Market Forecast
Redrawn from Frost and Sullivan

16. Electric and ICE Future Projection

17. We have new Pressures
 Sustainability (Electric gives sustainable
options)
 Simplification (Electric is simpler)
 Technology (Electric is a better match)
 Efficiency (Electric is more efficient)
 Performance (…. Say no more)

18. Electric cars are Great

19.  Busses use a lot of fuel
 Busses stop, start and idle a lot
 Busses go where the people,
congested areas
 Busses are sometimes half full
 Investing in busses is investing in
people new technology etc.
But Electric busses ROCK

20. Lets look into the technology

21. 60kg Diesel Engine / Electric Motor
Diesel Electric
Power (kW) 75 180
Torque (Nm) 140 (4’000 RMP) 350 (Any RMP)
Service Cycle (km) 15’000 100’000+
Reasonable Life 400’000 1’000’000
Current Price R 40’000 R80’000
Parts Count 500-800 10-20

22. Diesel Engine
Electric HUB Motor

23. Diesel Engine
Electric Motor
150kW
760Nm
150kW
2000Nm

24. Electric Motor
Fuel Engine

25. Euro 6 Exhaust System

26. It is not all good news

27. 200 L
170 kg
250 km
3’000 L
3’600 kg
250 km
The Challenge

28. Battery Placement

29. Future Outlook on Batteries
50km
1'000
800
600
400
200
0
80km 100km
160km
200km
250km
400km
550km
1000km
Pb-acid Ni-Cd Ni-MH Li-ion
Future
Li-ion
Zn-air Li-S Li-air Ti-0²
SpecificEnergy(Wh/kg
Current 1 to 5 Years
5 - 10
Years
10 – 15
Years
Titanium dioxide
nanotubes (Anode)
400kg Battery

30. 200 L
170 kg
250 km
3’000 L
3’600 kg
250 km
The Challenge
200 L
170 kg
250 km
500 L
600 kg
250 km
10 Years from now

31. There are bigger challenges
 Electric Vehicles do not have Power Challenges,
they have Energy Challenges
 This is the energy needed to travel 100km in a bus
 So to get the same distance with LiFe Batteries as a 60 Liter Tank
of petrol, we need a 1.5 Ton Battery (20x more weight)
Energy Source Weight
Fossil Fuels (Diesel/Petrol) 50 kg
Lead Acid Batteries 5’000 kg
LiFe Batteries 1’200 kg
Harness TNT Explosion 3’100 kg
Chocolate chip cookies 310 kg
Uranium-235 0.000016 kg
16 mg

32. Not all busses are Equal

33. Comparing 2 Electric Busses
Weight : 12’000kg
Battery : 190kWh
Range : 250km
Cost : R1’672’000
22Wh / Pass. Km
3.3c / km
Weight : 19’000kg
Battery : 300kWh
Range : 250km
Cost : R2’640’000
35Wh / Pass. Km
5.3c / km

34. The Future of Busses

35. Operational Models

36. Operational Costs
Diesel
R2’300’000
R11.80/L
Electric
R6’000’000
R1.40/kWh

37. Nuna, 2014 SA Winners

38.  Adelaide Australia
 World's first 100% solar-recharged electric transit bus
 ”Tindo” after the Aboriginal word for "sun"
 Seats 27, 35kW Motors
 11,480kg vehicle has a top speed of 75km/hr and an
estimated operation range between fast charges is 200km
Solar Electric Bus
Powered by a ZEBRA
sodium nickel
chloride batteries
rated at 261.8kWh

39. Charging at 16A and 32A
6mx3m
6mx3m
6m x 3m Solar Carport : 18m2
20% Efficient Solar Panel : 3.6kWp
Mode 3, 16A Charging
Total Energy : 6 Hours x 3.6kW = 21.6kWh
BMW i3 : 18kWh
Nissan Leaf : 21kWh
6mx6m
6m x 6m Solar Carport : 36m2
20% Efficient Solar Panel : 7.2kWp
Mode 3, 32A Charging
Total Energy : 3 Hours x 7.2kW = 21.6kWh

40. Charging at 50kW
6mx6m6mx6m
6mx6m
6mx3m
6mx3m
6m x 3m Solar Carport : 18m2
20% Efficient Solar Panel : 3.6kWp
Mode 3, 16A Charging
Total Energy : 6 Hours x 3.6kW = 21.6kWh
BMW i3 : 18kWh
Nissan Leaf : 21kWh
6mx6m
6m x 6m Solar Carport : 36m2
20% Efficient Solar Panel : 7.2kWp
Mode 3, 32A Charging
Total Energy : 3 Hours x 7.2kW = 21.6kWh
6m x 6m Solar Carport : 250m2
20% Efficient Solar Panel : 50kWp
Mode 4, 64A (3 Phase) Charging
Total Energy : 30 Min x 50kW (Profiled)
= (80% of Full)
6mx6m
6mx6m6mx6m
6mx3m6mx3m
300kWh Battery, Full in 6 Hours
Solar Bus
<36m2 on the Roof
7.2kW
Drive at 4km/h with full sunlight

41. Formula E Car

42.  Lean
◦ Energy Efficiency
◦ Space Efficiency
◦ Cost Efficiency
4% 66%
Why is Electric Better
Diesel Electric

43. Charging Networks are Growing

44. 44
Charge Points In South Africa

45. Unido Funded, IDC Solar Charging
Solar
7kW, 30kWh / Day
Can charge 4 x EV’s (max 20kW)
30kWh Battery Pack
Can Deliver 60kWh per day peak
Grid Connected
Can charge 4 x EV’s (max 30kW)
Can Deliver 600kWh per day average

46. The End
The Beginning
Email : Winstone@gridcars.net
Phone : 083 284 7747