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WaveNet: A Generative
Model for Raw Audio
TIS + Albert 勉強会
2017/01/24
最上嗣生
tsuguo_mogami@albert2005.co.jp
Why?
• Autoregressive model (e.g. PixelCNN)が良く成功している。
•
• → 音声はどうであろうか。
• それをRNNより効率的なCNNで行いたい。
Contributions
• これまでにない品質の音声合成。
• Dilated convolutionを使い、大きな受容野を持つにも関わらず
効率的なアーキテクチャ
• (音声認識も)
Dilated convolutionとは
https://github.com/vdumoulin/conv_arithmetic
大まかに言えば、本当は大きなkernel sizeのフィルタを使いたいとき、
これを使えば計算量を増やさずに、大きなカーネルと近似の結果が出せる。
stack of dilated causal convolutional layers
受容野の拡大の概念図であり、実際はResNet風blockの繰り返しです
Repetition Structure
1,2,4,…,512, 1,2,4,…,512, 1,2,4,…,512.
Suspected to be repeating the 1…512 blocks 16 times
Autoregression
https://deepmind.com/blog/wavenet-generative-model-raw-audio/
residual block and the entire architecture
ちょっとわかりにくいので普通の表記に描きなおします
・・・
Gated activation units
•
• K: layerindex, f for filter, g for gate
• : elementwise multipulication
• h: condition (person, text, etc.)
• Why?
• PixelCNN (1606.05328)で導入
• それ以前のCNN生成モデルがPixelRNNに劣ったのは
LSTMのゲート構造のせいだと考えてLSTM似のゲー
トを導入した
Input/output
http://musyoku.github.io/2016/09/18/wavenet-a-generative-model-for-raw-audio/
雑に言えばLogスケールで
quantizeして256段階にコード
Things not described and Guesses
• Kernel size of the dilation filters 2
• Number of the layers (ResNet-blocks) 4*10~ 6*10
• Number of the channels in hidden layers hundreds? 256?
• the other activation function in a Res-block? may be no
• Batch normalization no reason not to use
• Sampling frequency ‘at least 16kHz’
• Where to let the skip connection out? Every 10?
• Skip connections have weights yes?
Experiments
Text-to-Speech (TTS)
• Single-speaker speech dataset
• North American English dataset: 24.6hr
• Mandarin Chinese dataset: 34.8hr
• Receptive field 240ms
• Ad hoc architecture as →
WaveNet
Audio(t)
Yet another
model
Liguistic feature h_i
(possibly phoneme)
Another model
Fundamental
frequency F0(t) duration(t)
Liguistic feature h(t)
※論文とは違った記号を使っています。
TTS: Mean Opinion Score
https://deepmind.com/blog/wavenet-generative-model-raw-audio/
Speech Recoginition
• TIMIT dataset (possibly ~4hrs)
• Add pooling layer after dilated convolution
• of 160x down sampling (Does it mean 7th layer?)
• Then a few non-causal convolutions.
• Loss to predict the next sample (same as ordinary WaveNet)
• And a loss to classify the frame
• 18.8PER, which is best score among raw-audio models.
End
(Multi-speaker) Speech Generation
• Conditioned on the speaker
• 44 hours of data (from 109 speakers)
TTS: Mean opinion score
μ-law transformation (ITU-T, 1988)
•
• で-1,1の間を256分割している。
• 大雑把には log でコードしているだけ。

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