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PWM IC                                    Power Switches                       Filter & Load
       (Voltage Mode)
          U?
                                                 (Semiconductor)
         PWM_IC                                          RON = 100m
                                                                                       1
                                                                                             L
                                                                                                 2         Vo
                                                                                                                   VOUT
                               -
-




               +         E/A                                     S1   D1                             C




                                                             -
 +




                                                         +
                               +
           Comp                                                  S    DIODE




                                                          +
                                                          -
               -                                                                                           Rload
                       OSC                         pwm
                                   REF                                                               ESR

         FOSC = 52K
VREF     VREF = 1.23
         VP = 2.5




Concept Kit:
PWM Boost Converter
Transients Model
                       All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                                1
Contents
1. The PWM Boost Converter Topology
2. Power Switches (Semiconductor)
3. Boost Converter Design Workflow
     1 Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters
     2 Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower
     3 Inductor Selection: L
     4 Capacitor Selection: C, ESR
     5 Setting the Compensator Parameters
4. Boost Converter Simulation (Example)
     4.1 Switching Waveforms
     4.2 Power State Switches Voltage and Current
5. Load Transient Response Simulation (Example)
6. Boost Converter Reliability Testing (Example)
7. Converter Efficiency
     7.1 Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET, Rds(on)
     7.2 Converter Efficiency vs. DIODE, VF
8. Simulation Using Real Device Models (Example)
     8.1 Switching Waveforms (Real Device Models)
     8.2 Converter Efficiency (Real Device Models)
9. SpicePark of MOSFET Model
  Simulation Index

                               All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011   2
1.The PWM Boost Converter Topology
        Power Stage: Boost topology
                                          D1
          RLs    L                        DIODE
                                                                  v out

                                 S1       S
    Vin                          +    +
                                              pwm          C
                                 -    -
                                                                          R
                                 RON = 0.01                ESR


                                                                                                               Error Amplifier
                                                                              C2
    0

                                                                        C1            R1
                                                                  err                                                      R2
                                                                                                            Rupper
                                                     U1
                                                     PWM_IC
                                                                                                                           C3
                                                                                -          Type 3 Compensator*
                                                            +             E/A
                                                                                +                           Rlower
                                                        Comp
                                                            -         OSC
                                                                                    REF

                                                     FOSC = {f osc}                                        0
 Voltage Mode                                        VREF = {Vref }
                                                     VP = {Vp}
                                                                                           * Please see appendix B for the detail


                        All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                                         3
2.Power Switches (Semiconductor)

          The parameter RON represents Rds(on) characteristics of
          MOSFET (usually provide by the manufacturer datasheet).




IIN IN
   I       IIN
          IIN BOOST_SW
             BOOST_SW
                            D1
                     DIODE IOUT
                    BOOST_SW        •
                   BOOST_SW IOUT IOUT A Near-Ideal
                                  IOUT                           DIODE can be modeled by
                                                     using SPICE primitive model (D), which
++        ++            DD        D ++
                                   D              + parameters are : N=0.01 RS=0 CJO=1p.
                                                   +
                   S1 S
                    +   +
                                 pwm              • A near-ideal MOSFET can be modeled by
VIN IN
 V         VIN
          VIN      -    -
                                       VOUT VOUT
                                        VOUT VOUT
                                               using       PSpice VSWITCH that is voltage
                           D
                   RON = 0.01D          D D          controlled switch. (the default parameters
 --        --     (MOSFET)             --         --
                                                     are Roff=1e7 Ron=0.01 Voff=1.47V
                                                     Von=1.5V)




                                       All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011   4
3.Boost Convertor Design Workflow
The Purpose of the Circuit Simulation
•   To Evaluate and Verify the Design of the PWM Boost Converter.
•   To Optimize the Parameters of the PWM Boost Converter.


           1 Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters: FOSC , VREF, VP

                     2   Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower

                                       3   Inductor Selection: L

                                4   Capacitor Selection: C, ESR

               5   Setting the Compensator Parameters: R2, C1, C2

                                           Continue next slide


                         All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011   5
Boost Convertor Design Workflow


                                        Evaluations:
              •    Switching Waveforms,
              •    Power State Switches Voltage and Current,
              •    Load Step Transient Response,
              •    and so on


                         Reliability: L sweep (example)

                                        Evaluations:
              •     Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET, Rds(on)
              •     Converter Efficiency vs. Diode, VF


         Evaluations Using Real Device Models (as an Option)


                  All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011   6
Boost Convertor Design Workflow

       3                                 D1
           RLs   L                       DIODE
                                                            v out

                                S1 S
    Vin                          +   +
                                            pwm                 C
                                 -   -
                                                                                     R
                                RON = 0.01                      ESR

                                                                 4                       Type 3 Compensator*


   0
                                                                               C2              5
                                                                                                                  5
                                                                          C1              R1                      R2
                                                                    err                                  Rupper

                                                     U1
                                                     PWM_IC                                                       C3

                                                                                 -
                                                           +               E/A
                                                                                 +                       Rlower
                                                       Comp
                                                           -
                                                                      OSC                                   2
                                                                                     REF

                                                     FOSC = {f osc}                                     0
                                                 1
  Voltage Mode                                       VREF = {Vref }
                                                     VP = {Vp}



                     All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                               7
Design Specification (Example)

A boost converter is designed to deliver 12V, 1.5A from a 3.3 V battery

Step-Up (Boost) Converter :
    • Vin,max = 3.63 (V)
                            Vin = 3.310%
    • Vin,min = 2.97 (V)
    • Vout = 12 (V)
    • Vout, ripple = 180mVP-P (1.2%)
    • Io,max = 1.5 (A)
    • Io,min = 0.2 (A)

Control IC :
    • Part # TPS43000 (PWM Controller IC)
    • Switching Frequency – fosc = 300 (kHz)



                      All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011   8
1    Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters
             U1
             PWM_IC
                                 comp
                                                                            • FOSC, Oscillation frequency (frequency of the
                                                                            sawtooth signal).
                                                -              FB

  PWM
                 Comp
                     +                    E/A
                                                +                           • VREF, feedback reference voltage, value is
                     -            OSC                                       given by the datasheet
                                                      REF

             FOSC = 300K                                                    • VP = the sawtooth peak voltage.
             VREF = 0.8
             VP = 2.2                                                           • If VP does not provided, it could be calculated from:
    The Comparator compares the error voltage                                                  VP = VFB /d                    (eq.1)
    (between FB and REF) with a sawtooth signal
    (frequency = FOSC, peak saw voltage =                                                              VFB = VFBH – vFBL
    VP) to generate PWM signal, as shown in the
    figure below.
                                                                                                       d = dMAX – dMIN
                                                                              where
             f = FOSC
3.0V
                                                                                  vFBH is maximum FB voltage where d = 0
2.0V
                                                                                  vFBL is minimum FB voltage where d =1(100%)
SEL>>
                                                                       VP
   0V                                                                             dMAX is maximum duty cycle, e.g. d = 0(0%)
        V(osc)   V(comp)

                                                                                  dMIN is minimum duty cycle, e.g. d =1(100%)

                                                                             If vFBH and vFBL are not provided, the default value, VP=2 could be used.
        V(PWM)         Duty cycle (d) is a value from 0 to 1
                                   Time


                                                    All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                          9
1   Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters (Example)
The switching frequency 300kHz constant is chosen
    Input
         FOSC = 300k

The VREF value is given by the datasheet

    TPS43000 electrical characteristics




    So we’ve got
         VREF = 0.8

                       All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011   10
1   Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters (Example)

The VP ( sawtooth signal amplitude ) can be calculated from the characteristics below.

    TPS43000 electrical characteristics




    from the (eq.1)
         VP = VFB /d
    • from the datasheet , VFB = (2-0) = 2V, and d = (0.9-0) = 0.9
         VP    = 2 / 0.9
               = 2.2

                        All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011   11
2   Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower

• Use the following formula to select the resistor values.


                        Rupper 
         VOUT    VREF 1                             (eq.2)
                        Rlower 



Example
Given:     Vout = 12V
           Vref = 0.8
           Rlower = 10k
then:                 (VOUT  VREF )  Rlower
           Rupper 
                              VREF
           Rupper = 140k

                           All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011   12
3     Inductor Selection: L, RLS

                                                       Inductor Value
                                                       • The output inductor value is selected to set the
                      D1
RLs    L              DIODE                               converter to work in CCM (Continuous Current
                                                          Mode) for all load current conditions.
              S1 S
              +   +
                           pwm          C              • Calculated by
              -   -
                                                                              D min (1  D min) 2 VOUT
                                                                            
                                                  R
              RON = 0.01                ESR                        LCCM                                    (eq.3)
                                                                                   2  fosc  IO , min
                                                                               Vin, min D max
                                               • with                 IL                                 (eq.4)
                                                                                   L  fosc
             Where
                       •    LCCM is the inductor that make the converter to work in CCM.
                       •    Dmin is the minimum duty cycle; Dmin =1- Vin,max /VOUT
                       •    Dmax is the maximum duty cycle; Dmax =1- Vin,min /VOUT
                       •    RLs is load resistance at the minimum output current ( Io,min )
                       •    fosc is switching frequency
                       •    IL is inductor ripple current

                            All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                 13
3     Inductor Selection: L, RLS (Example)

                      D1
                                                    Inductor Value
RLs     L             DIODE


              S1 S
              +   +
                         pwm          C                  from (eq.3)
              -   -

                                                                                 D min (1  D min) 2 VOUT
                                                R
              RON = 0.01              ESR

                                                                     LCCM      
                                                                                      2  fosc  IO , min

                               Given:
                                   • Vin,max = 3.63V (3.3V+10%), Vout = 12V, Io,min = 0.2A
                                   • Dmin = 1- Vin,max /Vout = 0.7
                                   • fosc = 300kHz

                               Then:
                                   • LCCM  6.4 (uH),
                                   • L = 6.8 (uH) is selected



                         All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                  14
4         Capacitor Selection: C, ESR
                              D1
    RLs     L                 DIODE                          Capacitor Value
                      S1 S
                                                             • The minimum allowable output capacitor
                      +   +
                                 pwm          C                value should be determined by
                      -   -


                                                                                 D max Io, max
                                                        R
                      RON = 0.01              ESR

                                                                             C                         (eq.5)
                                                                                Vout, ripple fOSC
•         In addition, the capacitor must be able to handle the current more than
                                                                     IL
                                                    IC , Rated                             (eq.6)
                                                                      2
                                       •    Where IL is calculated by the (eq.4)
•         The ESR of the output capacitor adds some more ripple, so it should be limited by
          following equation:
                                                          Vout , ripple
                                                    ESR                                     (eq.7)
                                                             IC

                                  All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011      15
4     Capacitor Selection: C, ESR (Example)
     D1
     DIODE
                                    Capacitor Value
1 S                                 From the (eq.5)                                      D max Io, max
        pwm        C                                                             C
                                                                                        Vout, Ripple fOSC
 +
 -
                         R
ON = 0.01          ESR
                                    and the (eq.6) and (eq.7)
                                                                                  IL                Vout , ripple
                                                                          IC                  ESR 
                                                                                   2                    IC
                                    Given:
                                            • Dmax = 0.75 V
                                            • Io, max = 1.5 A
                                            • Vout,ripple = 0.18 V
                                    Then:
                                            • C  20.9 (F)
                                    In addition:
                                            • IC,Rated ≈ 550mA                      ESR  27m


                         All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                         16
5    Stabilizing the Converter
 • Loop gain for this configuration is
                                                          RLs   L
                                                                                    D1
                                                                                    DIODE
                                                                                            Power stage: H(s)

                                                                           S1       S
                                                    Vin                    +    +
                                                                                        pwm          C
                                                                           -    -
                                                                                                                   R

      T ( s)  H ( s)  G ( s)  GPWM                                      RON = 0.01                ESR

                                                                                                                                    Compensator: G(s)
                                                                                                                  Type 3 Compensator     v out
                                                                                                                      C2
                                                   0

                                                                                                                  C1           R1
                                                                                                           err                                      R2
                                                                                                                                           Rupper
 • The purpose of the compensator G(s)                                                          U1
                                                                                                PWM_IC
                                                                                                                                                    C3
   is to tailor the converter loop gain                                                                                  -
                                                                                                      +
   (frequency response) to make it stable                                                         Comp
                                                                                                                   E/A
                                                                                                                         +                 Rlower
                                                                                                      -          OSC
   when operated in closed-loop                                                     GPWM
                                                                                                                             REF


   conditions.                                                                                  FOSC = {f osc}
                                                                                                VREF = {Vref }
                                                                                                                                          0

                                                                                                VP = {Vp}



 • The element of the Type 3 compensator (C1, C2 , C3 , R1, and R2 ) can be extracted
   by using Boost_Calculator.xls (Excel sheet) and open-loop simulation with the
   Average Models (ac models).

 Remark: The Average Models are not included with this package.

                                  All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                                               17
4.Boost Converter Simulation (Example)
                                    RLs   L                      D1
                                    10m   6.8u                   DIODE
 Specification:                                                                                                              v out

 VIN = 3.3V 10%                                        S1       S                                               ESR
                                                        +            pwm                                         27m
 VOUT = 12V                        Vin
                                   3.3                  -
                                                             +
                                                             -                                                                        R
                                                                                                                                      12
 IOUT = 0.2 ~ 1.5A                                      RON = 0.01
                                                                                                                 C
                                                                                                                 1410u


 PWM Controller:                                                                                C2
                                                                                                                   2
                               0                                                                795p
 fOSC = 300kHz
                                                                                                                                     R2
 VREF = 0.8V         Characteristics from                                            err
                                                                                           C1           R1
                                                                                                                         Rupper
                                                                                                                                     4.9k


 VP1 = 2.2V          Texas Instruments IC:                                 U1              8.259n       47.9k
                                                                                                                         140k
                                                                                                                                     C3
                     TPS43000.                                             PWM_IC
                                                                                                                                     2.826nF
                                                                                                  -

 Rlower = 10k,                                                              Comp
                                                                                 +          E/A
                                                                                                  +
                                                                                 -
                                                                                                                         Rlower
 Rupper = 140k,                                                                         OSC
                                                                                                      REF
                                                                                                                         10k


 L = 6.8uH (RLS=10m ),                                                    FOSC = 300k
                                                                           VREF = 0.8                                    0
 C = 1410uF (ESR = 27m),                                                  VP = 2.2

                                                                                                             *Analysis directives:
                                                                                                             .TRAN 0 10ms 0ms 100n
                                                                                                             .OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n
                                                                                                             .OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u
 Task:                                                                                                       .OPTIONS ITL1= 200
                                                                                                             .OPTIONS ITL2= 100
 •Voltage and Current Waveforms Evaluation.                                                                  .OPTIONS ITL4= 50
                                                                                                             .OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01



                        All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                                                 18
4.1 Switching Waveforms

                5.0V
Control Voltage
V(PWM)
                  0V
                       v(pwm)
                5.0A
Switch Current
ID(S1)       2.5A


                  0A
                       I(S1:3)
                5.0A
Inductor Current
I(L)          2.5A


                  0A
                       I(L)
               12.2V
                                  (9.982m,12.086)
               12.1V
VOUT, RIPPLE   12.0V
               SEL>>                                (9.986m,11.970)
               11.8V
                 9.980ms           9.984ms               9.988ms               9.992ms                 9.996ms   10.000ms
                      v(vout)
                                                                      Time



         • The simulation results shows waveforms of the boost converter.
         • Output ripple voltage (caused by ESR) = 116mVP-P.


                                 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                        19
4.2 Power State Switches Voltage and Current
            16V            6.0A
       1              2
                                                    (9.992m,12.095)
                                                                                  (9.996m,4.3125)
                                                              SW (MOSFET) Voltage VDS
            12V            4.5A


             8V            3.0A
                                                                      SW (MOSFET) Current ID

             4V            1.5A

       SEL>>
          0V                 0A
                                  1      V(S1:3,S1:4)     2   I(S1:3)
           16V             5.0A
   1              2
                                                                                                    Diode Forward Current IF
            8V             2.5A
                                                                             (9.996m,4.3554)

            0V               0A


                                                                (9.993m,-11.940)
           -8V            -2.5A
                                      Diode Voltage VAK
         >>
       -16V               -5.0A
                            9.990ms           9.992ms                   9.994ms           9.996ms             9.998ms          10.000ms
                                1   V(D1:A,D1:C) 2            I(D1)
                                                                                   Time


   • Switch (MOSFET) has the steady state voltage: VDS, PEAK = 12.095V and
     current: ID, PEAK = 4.312A
   • Diode has the steady state voltage: VAK, PEAK = -11.940V and current: IF, PEAK
     = 4.355A

                                           All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                            20
5.Load Transient Response Simulation (Example)
The converter are connected with step-load to perform load transient response simulation.
                RLs   L                        D1
                10m   6.8u                     DIODE
                                                                                                         v out


                                      S1 S                                                   ESR
                                       +          pwm                                        27m     I1 = 0.2         I1
               Vin                         +
                                                                                                     I2 = 1.5
               3.3                    -    -
                                                                                                     TD = 19m
                                      RON = 0.01                                                     TR = 10u
                                                                                             C       TF = 10u
                                                                                             1410u   PW = 2m
                                                                                                     PER = 1       Iload = 0.2A
                                                                             C2
                                                                                                                   step to 1.5A
           0                                                                 795p

                                                                                                                 R2
                                                                        C1           R1                          4.9k
                                                                  err                                Rupper
                                                                                                     140k
                                                        U1              8.259n       47.9k                       C3
                                                        PWM_IC
                                                                                                                 2.826nF
*Analysis directives:                                                          -
                                                              +          E/A
.TRAN 0 26ms 18ms 100n                                    Comp
                                                                               +
                                                                                                     Rlower
                                                              -
.OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n                                                 OSC
                                                                                   REF
                                                                                                     10k

.OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u
                                                        FOSC = 300k
.OPTIONS ITL1= 200                                      VREF = 0.8                                   0
                                                        VP = 2.2
.OPTIONS ITL2= 100
.OPTIONS ITL4= 50
.OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01


                             All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                                  21
5.Load Transient Response Simulation (Example)
      2.0A


      1.6A              0.2-1.5A Step load current

      1.2A


      0.8A


      0.4A


        0A
             I(I1)
     12.2V
             Output Voltage Change
     12.1V                                           (21.022m,12.162)


     12.0V


     11.9V

     SEL>>           (19.099m,11.912)
     11.8V
         18ms                      20ms                       22ms                        24ms   26ms
             v(vout)
                                                              Time



   • The simulation results shows output voltage change waveforms caused by
     step load current.


                           All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011          22
6.Boost Converter Reliability Testing (Example)
                               RLs       L                  D1
 Specification:                10m       {L}                DIODE
                                                                                                                        v out

 VIN = 3.3V 10%                     PARAMETERS:
                                     L = 6.8u      S1       S                                              ESR
 VOUT = 12V                   Vin                   +   +
                                                                pwm                                        27m
                                                                                                                                 R
                              3.3                  -    -

 IOUT = 0.2 ~ 1.5A                                 RON = 0.01
                                                                                                                                 60
                                                                                                           C
                                                                                                           1410u
                                                                                                                                 Iload, min
 PWM Controller:                                                                                                   2             = 0.2A
                                                                                           C2
 fOSC = 300kHz            0                                                                795p

                                                                                                                                R2
 VREF = 0.8V                                                                          C1           R1                           4.9k
                                                                                err                                    Rupper
 VP1 = 2.2V                                                                                                            140k
                                                                      U1              8.259n       47.9k                        C3
                                                                      PWM_IC
                                                                                                                                2.826nF

 Rlower = 10k,
                                                                                             -
                                                                            +          E/A
                                                                                             +
                                                                        Comp
 Rupper = 140k,                                                            -       OSC
                                                                                                                       Rlower
                                                                                                                       10k
                                                                                                 REF
 L = Swept parameter (RLS=10m ),
                                                                      FOSC = 300k
                                                                                                                   0
 C = 1410uF (ESR = 27m),                                             VREF = 0.8
                                                                      VP = 2.2
                                                                                                 *Analysis directives:
                                                                                                 .TRAN 0 20ms 0 100n
                                                                                                 .STEP PARAM L LIST 6.8u, 5.78u
                                                                                                 .OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n
 Task:                                                                                           .OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u
 • To check that the converter still work in CCM                                                 .OPTIONS ITL1= 200
                                                                                                 .OPTIONS ITL2= 100
   after 15% reduction of the inductor value.                                                    .OPTIONS ITL4= 50
                                                                                                 .OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01

                       All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                                                23
6.Boost Converter Reliability Testing (Example)

              5.0V
                                                                                                                           L=6.8uH
A: V(PWM),                                                                                                                 L=5.78uH
                  0V
                       v(pwm)
              2.0A
B: ID(S1)
              1.0A

                  0A
                       I(S1:3)
              1.6A
C: I(L)
              0.8A

                  0A
                       I(L)                              the converter works in CCM (no zero current) at L=5.78uH.
            12.04V
D: VOUT, RIPPLE
             SEL>>
            11.98V
               19.990ms          19.992ms             19.994ms              19.996ms              19.998ms      20.000ms
                       v(vout)
                                                                    Time




          • The simulation results shows waveforms of the converter at L=6.8uH and 5.78uH
          • At L = 5.78uH(-15%), the converter still work in CCM


                                 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                         24
7.1 Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET Rds(on)
Perform transient simulation to measure the converter efficiency at Rds(on)= 0.01 and 0.1 .
          RLs       L                       D1
          10m       6.8u                    DIODE
                                                                                                            v out


                                   S1       S                                                   ESR
         Vin
                PARAMETERS:         +   +
                                                pwm                                             27m
                Rdson = 0.1                                                                                          R
         3.3                        -   -
                                                                                                                     12
                                   RON = {Rdson}
                                                                                                C
                                                                                                1410u



                                                                               C2
     0                                                                         795p

                                                                                                                    R2
                                                                          C1           R1                           4.9k
                                                                    err                                 Rupper
                                                                                                        140k
*Analysis directives:                                   U1                8.259n       47.9k                        C3
.TRAN 0 20ms 18.8m 100n                                 PWM_IC
                                                                                                                    2.826nF
.STEP PARAM Rdson LIST 0.01, 0.1                                                 -
.OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n                                          +           E/A
.OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u                                     Comp
                                                                                 +
                                                                                                        Rlower
.OPTIONS ITL1= 200                                             -      OSC                               10k
                                                                                     REF
.OPTIONS ITL2= 100
.OPTIONS ITL4= 50                                       FOSC = 300k
.OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01                                   VREF = 0.8                                      0
                                                        VP = 2.2


                              All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                             25
7.1 Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET Rds(on)
Efficiency (%)
       100

                  Rds(on) = 0.01, Efficiency = 97.3 %
                                                             (19.750m,97.343)

        90

                  Rds(on) = 0.1, Efficiency = 88.6 %
                                                               (19.750m,88.600)
        80




        70




        60
                                                                                                           Rds(on) = 0.01
                                                                                                           Rds(on) = 0.1

        50
       19.50ms     19.55ms   19.60ms   19.65ms     19.70ms     19.75ms    19.80ms    19.85ms     19.90ms     19.95ms
                 100*AVG(W(R))/AVG(-W(Vin))
                                                                Time


             • The converter efficiency is decreased from 97.3% to 88.6% when
               Rds(on) increase from 0.01 to 0.1.


                                 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                        26
7.2 Converter Efficiency vs. Diode, VF
 Perform transient simulation to measure the converter efficiency at DIODE (N) = 0.01 and 0.4

                                                                                                          PARAMETERS:
                                                                                                          N = 0.01
                                                                               RLs   L                    D1
            Diode Forward Voltage vs.                                          10m   6.8u                 DIODE
                                                                                                                                                                       v out
            Diode model parameter: N
                                                                                                 S1       S                                                ESR
                                                                                                  +           pwm                                          27m
                                                                              Vin                     +
                                                                                                                                                                                R
                                                                              3.3                -    -
        Diode Forward I – V Characteristics                                                      RON = 0.01
                                                                                                                                                                                12
1.0A                                                                                                                                                       C
            VF increases when DIODE (N) increases.                                                                                                         1410u
0.9A


0.8A

                                                                                                                                           C2
0.7A                                                                      0                                                                795p
0.6A
                                                                                                                                                                               R2
                                                                                                                                      C1           R1                          4.9k
0.5A
                                                                                                                                err                                Rupper
0.4A
                                                                                                                                                                   140k
                                                                                                                     U1               8.259n       47.9k                       C3
0.3A
                                                                                                                     PWM_IC
                                                                                                                                                                               2.826nF
0.2A
                                                                                                                                             -
                                                                         *Analysis directives:                              +          E/A
0.1A             VF
                                                                         .TRAN 0 20ms 18.8m 100n
                                                                                                                                             +
                                                                                                                        Comp
                                                                                                                            -
                                                                                                                                                                   Rlower
                                                                                                                                   OSC                             10k
  0A
       0V    0.12V 0.24V 0.36V 0.48V   0.60V 0.72V 0.84V 0.96V   1.08V   .STEP PARAM N LIST 0.01, 0.4                                            REF
                 I(D1)
                                       V_V1                              .OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n
                                                                                                                     FOSC = 300k
                                                                         .OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u                      VREF = 0.8                                    0
                                                                         .OPTIONS ITL1= 200                          VP = 2.2

                                                                         .OPTIONS ITL2= 100
                                                                         .OPTIONS ITL4= 50
                                                                         .OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01

                                                             All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                                                27
7.2 Converter Efficiency vs. Diode, VF
Efficiency (%)
         100
                    DIODE (N) = 0.01, Efficiency = 97.3 %                  (19.750m,97.343)
                                                                           (19.750m,94.663)
                    DIODE (N) = 0.4, Efficiency = 94.6 %
           90




           80




           70




           60




           50
          19.50ms     19.55ms   19.60ms   19.65ms      19.70ms    19.75ms      19.80ms   19.85ms    19.90ms   19.95ms
                    100*AVG(W(R))/AVG(-W(Vin))
                                                                    Time



            • The converter efficiency is decreased from 97.3% to 94.7% when
              DIODE’s parameter N increase from 0.01 to 0.4


                                   All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                  28
8.Simulation Using Real Device Models (Example)
As we can see in the efficiency simulation (topic #7) that’s how the switching devices effect
the simulation result. For the accurate simulation result, the accurate models, that relate to
the real devices characteristics, are needed.
                                                       The Real Device Models of
                                                       Schottky Diode (Shindengen
                     RLs
                     10m
                           L
                           6.8u
                                                       SBD Part# M2FM3)
                                            D1
                                                                                                         v out

                                            M2FM3
                                                                                             ESR
                    Vin                                                                      27m
                                                 pwm                                                              R
                    3.3
                                                                                                                  12
                                    U2                                                       C
                              TPC6005S                                                       1410u



                                                                             C2
                0                                                            795p

         The Real Device Models of                                      C1           R1
                                                                                                                 R2
                                                                                                                 4.9k
         MOSFET (Toshiba N Channel                                err                                Rupper
                                                                                                     140k
         MOS Part# TPCP6005)                            U1              8.259n       47.9k                       C3
                                                        PWM_IC
                                                                                                                 2.826nF
                                                                               -
                                                              +          E/A
                                                                               +
                                                          Comp
                                                              -
                                                                                                     Rlower
                                                                      OSC                            10k
                                                                                   REF

                                                        FOSC = 300k
                                                        VREF = 0.8                                   0
                                                        VP = 2.2




                            All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                            29
8.Simulation Using Real Device Models (Example)

       5.0V



         0V

              V(PWM)                                              Spike current
       6.0A
       4.0A
       2.0A
         0A
      -2.0A
              I(U2:1)
       6.0A

       4.0A

       2.0A

         0A
              I(L)
      12.1V


      12.0V

      SEL>>
      11.9V
        9.980ms               9.985ms                   9.990ms                   9.995ms     10.000ms
             V(VOUT)
                                                          Time



   • The real device model enable designers to include the spike signal
     (caused by the devices’ parasitic capacitance) in the switching
     waveforms simulation.

                        All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011              30
8.2 Converter Efficiency (Real Device Models)
Efficiency (%)
             100



                      Efficiency = 89.97 %                        (9.500m,89.973)
                 90




                 80




                 70




                 60




                 50
                 9.0ms     9.1ms     9.2ms     9.3ms      9.4ms     9.5ms      9.6ms     9.7ms      9.8ms   9.9ms   10.0ms
                     100* AVG(W(R))/ AVG(-W(Vin))
                                                                     Time



            • The converter efficiency is decreased from 97.3% to 89.97% when the
              device models are changed from the near-Ideal to the real model.


                                    All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                      31
9.SpicePark of MOSFET Model
                                      Maximum Value                   Device Models




   •   After the device voltage and current condition is simulated (e.g. VDS, PEAK=12.095V and
       ID, PEAK=4.312A), The real device models could be picked up from the SpicePark, that
       is the resource of device models, provided by Bee Technologies.


                       All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011       32
Simulation Index

 Simulations                                                                                    Folder name
 1. Switching Waveforms......................................................                   waveforms
 2. Power Stage Switches Voltage and Current....................                                powersw
 3. Load Transient Response................................................                     stepload
 4. Boost Converter Reliability Testing................................... optimize
 5. Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET Rds(on) .................... efficiency-rdson

 6. Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET Diode, VF.................. efficiency-diode

 Libraries :
 1. ..pwmic.lib
 2. ..diode.lib




                          All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011                 33

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Concept Kit:PWM Boost Converter Transients Model

  • 1. PWM IC Power Switches Filter & Load (Voltage Mode) U? (Semiconductor) PWM_IC RON = 100m 1 L 2 Vo VOUT - - + E/A S1 D1 C - + + + Comp S DIODE + - - Rload OSC pwm REF ESR FOSC = 52K VREF VREF = 1.23 VP = 2.5 Concept Kit: PWM Boost Converter Transients Model All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 1
  • 2. Contents 1. The PWM Boost Converter Topology 2. Power Switches (Semiconductor) 3. Boost Converter Design Workflow 1 Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters 2 Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower 3 Inductor Selection: L 4 Capacitor Selection: C, ESR 5 Setting the Compensator Parameters 4. Boost Converter Simulation (Example) 4.1 Switching Waveforms 4.2 Power State Switches Voltage and Current 5. Load Transient Response Simulation (Example) 6. Boost Converter Reliability Testing (Example) 7. Converter Efficiency 7.1 Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET, Rds(on) 7.2 Converter Efficiency vs. DIODE, VF 8. Simulation Using Real Device Models (Example) 8.1 Switching Waveforms (Real Device Models) 8.2 Converter Efficiency (Real Device Models) 9. SpicePark of MOSFET Model Simulation Index All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 2
  • 3. 1.The PWM Boost Converter Topology Power Stage: Boost topology D1 RLs L DIODE v out S1 S Vin + + pwm C - - R RON = 0.01 ESR Error Amplifier C2 0 C1 R1 err R2 Rupper U1 PWM_IC C3 - Type 3 Compensator* + E/A + Rlower Comp - OSC REF FOSC = {f osc} 0 Voltage Mode VREF = {Vref } VP = {Vp} * Please see appendix B for the detail All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 3
  • 4. 2.Power Switches (Semiconductor) The parameter RON represents Rds(on) characteristics of MOSFET (usually provide by the manufacturer datasheet). IIN IN I IIN IIN BOOST_SW BOOST_SW D1 DIODE IOUT BOOST_SW • BOOST_SW IOUT IOUT A Near-Ideal IOUT DIODE can be modeled by using SPICE primitive model (D), which ++ ++ DD D ++ D + parameters are : N=0.01 RS=0 CJO=1p. + S1 S + + pwm • A near-ideal MOSFET can be modeled by VIN IN V VIN VIN - - VOUT VOUT VOUT VOUT using PSpice VSWITCH that is voltage D RON = 0.01D D D controlled switch. (the default parameters -- -- (MOSFET) -- -- are Roff=1e7 Ron=0.01 Voff=1.47V Von=1.5V) All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 4
  • 5. 3.Boost Convertor Design Workflow The Purpose of the Circuit Simulation • To Evaluate and Verify the Design of the PWM Boost Converter. • To Optimize the Parameters of the PWM Boost Converter. 1 Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters: FOSC , VREF, VP 2 Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower 3 Inductor Selection: L 4 Capacitor Selection: C, ESR 5 Setting the Compensator Parameters: R2, C1, C2 Continue next slide All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 5
  • 6. Boost Convertor Design Workflow Evaluations: • Switching Waveforms, • Power State Switches Voltage and Current, • Load Step Transient Response, • and so on Reliability: L sweep (example) Evaluations: • Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET, Rds(on) • Converter Efficiency vs. Diode, VF Evaluations Using Real Device Models (as an Option) All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 6
  • 7. Boost Convertor Design Workflow 3 D1 RLs L DIODE v out S1 S Vin + + pwm C - - R RON = 0.01 ESR 4 Type 3 Compensator* 0 C2 5 5 C1 R1 R2 err Rupper U1 PWM_IC C3 - + E/A + Rlower Comp - OSC 2 REF FOSC = {f osc} 0 1 Voltage Mode VREF = {Vref } VP = {Vp} All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 7
  • 8. Design Specification (Example) A boost converter is designed to deliver 12V, 1.5A from a 3.3 V battery Step-Up (Boost) Converter : • Vin,max = 3.63 (V) Vin = 3.310% • Vin,min = 2.97 (V) • Vout = 12 (V) • Vout, ripple = 180mVP-P (1.2%) • Io,max = 1.5 (A) • Io,min = 0.2 (A) Control IC : • Part # TPS43000 (PWM Controller IC) • Switching Frequency – fosc = 300 (kHz) All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 8
  • 9. 1 Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters U1 PWM_IC comp • FOSC, Oscillation frequency (frequency of the sawtooth signal). - FB PWM Comp + E/A + • VREF, feedback reference voltage, value is - OSC given by the datasheet REF FOSC = 300K • VP = the sawtooth peak voltage. VREF = 0.8 VP = 2.2 • If VP does not provided, it could be calculated from: The Comparator compares the error voltage VP = VFB /d (eq.1) (between FB and REF) with a sawtooth signal (frequency = FOSC, peak saw voltage = VFB = VFBH – vFBL VP) to generate PWM signal, as shown in the figure below. d = dMAX – dMIN where f = FOSC 3.0V vFBH is maximum FB voltage where d = 0 2.0V vFBL is minimum FB voltage where d =1(100%) SEL>> VP 0V dMAX is maximum duty cycle, e.g. d = 0(0%) V(osc) V(comp) dMIN is minimum duty cycle, e.g. d =1(100%)  If vFBH and vFBL are not provided, the default value, VP=2 could be used. V(PWM) Duty cycle (d) is a value from 0 to 1 Time All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 9
  • 10. 1 Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters (Example) The switching frequency 300kHz constant is chosen Input FOSC = 300k The VREF value is given by the datasheet TPS43000 electrical characteristics So we’ve got VREF = 0.8 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 10
  • 11. 1 Setting PWM Controller’s Parameters (Example) The VP ( sawtooth signal amplitude ) can be calculated from the characteristics below. TPS43000 electrical characteristics from the (eq.1) VP = VFB /d • from the datasheet , VFB = (2-0) = 2V, and d = (0.9-0) = 0.9 VP = 2 / 0.9 = 2.2 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 11
  • 12. 2 Setting Output Voltage: Rupper, Rlower • Use the following formula to select the resistor values.  Rupper  VOUT  VREF 1   (eq.2)  Rlower  Example Given: Vout = 12V Vref = 0.8 Rlower = 10k then: (VOUT  VREF )  Rlower Rupper  VREF Rupper = 140k All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 12
  • 13. 3 Inductor Selection: L, RLS Inductor Value • The output inductor value is selected to set the D1 RLs L DIODE converter to work in CCM (Continuous Current Mode) for all load current conditions. S1 S + + pwm C • Calculated by - - D min (1  D min) 2 VOUT  R RON = 0.01 ESR LCCM (eq.3) 2  fosc  IO , min Vin, min D max • with IL  (eq.4) L  fosc Where • LCCM is the inductor that make the converter to work in CCM. • Dmin is the minimum duty cycle; Dmin =1- Vin,max /VOUT • Dmax is the maximum duty cycle; Dmax =1- Vin,min /VOUT • RLs is load resistance at the minimum output current ( Io,min ) • fosc is switching frequency • IL is inductor ripple current All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 13
  • 14. 3 Inductor Selection: L, RLS (Example) D1 Inductor Value RLs L DIODE S1 S + + pwm C from (eq.3) - - D min (1  D min) 2 VOUT R RON = 0.01 ESR LCCM  2  fosc  IO , min Given: • Vin,max = 3.63V (3.3V+10%), Vout = 12V, Io,min = 0.2A • Dmin = 1- Vin,max /Vout = 0.7 • fosc = 300kHz Then: • LCCM  6.4 (uH), • L = 6.8 (uH) is selected All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 14
  • 15. 4 Capacitor Selection: C, ESR D1 RLs L DIODE Capacitor Value S1 S • The minimum allowable output capacitor + + pwm C value should be determined by - - D max Io, max R RON = 0.01 ESR C (eq.5) Vout, ripple fOSC • In addition, the capacitor must be able to handle the current more than IL IC , Rated  (eq.6) 2 • Where IL is calculated by the (eq.4) • The ESR of the output capacitor adds some more ripple, so it should be limited by following equation: Vout , ripple ESR  (eq.7) IC All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 15
  • 16. 4 Capacitor Selection: C, ESR (Example) D1 DIODE Capacitor Value 1 S From the (eq.5) D max Io, max pwm C C Vout, Ripple fOSC + - R ON = 0.01 ESR and the (eq.6) and (eq.7) IL Vout , ripple IC  ESR  2 IC Given: • Dmax = 0.75 V • Io, max = 1.5 A • Vout,ripple = 0.18 V Then: • C  20.9 (F) In addition: • IC,Rated ≈ 550mA  ESR  27m All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 16
  • 17. 5 Stabilizing the Converter • Loop gain for this configuration is RLs L D1 DIODE Power stage: H(s) S1 S Vin + + pwm C - - R T ( s)  H ( s)  G ( s)  GPWM RON = 0.01 ESR Compensator: G(s) Type 3 Compensator v out C2 0 C1 R1 err R2 Rupper • The purpose of the compensator G(s) U1 PWM_IC C3 is to tailor the converter loop gain - + (frequency response) to make it stable Comp E/A + Rlower - OSC when operated in closed-loop GPWM REF conditions. FOSC = {f osc} VREF = {Vref } 0 VP = {Vp} • The element of the Type 3 compensator (C1, C2 , C3 , R1, and R2 ) can be extracted by using Boost_Calculator.xls (Excel sheet) and open-loop simulation with the Average Models (ac models).  Remark: The Average Models are not included with this package. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 17
  • 18. 4.Boost Converter Simulation (Example) RLs L D1 10m 6.8u DIODE Specification: v out VIN = 3.3V 10% S1 S ESR + pwm 27m VOUT = 12V Vin 3.3 - + - R 12 IOUT = 0.2 ~ 1.5A RON = 0.01 C 1410u PWM Controller: C2 2 0 795p fOSC = 300kHz R2 VREF = 0.8V Characteristics from err C1 R1 Rupper 4.9k VP1 = 2.2V Texas Instruments IC: U1 8.259n 47.9k 140k C3 TPS43000. PWM_IC 2.826nF - Rlower = 10k, Comp + E/A + - Rlower Rupper = 140k, OSC REF 10k L = 6.8uH (RLS=10m ), FOSC = 300k VREF = 0.8 0 C = 1410uF (ESR = 27m), VP = 2.2 *Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 10ms 0ms 100n .OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n .OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u Task: .OPTIONS ITL1= 200 .OPTIONS ITL2= 100 •Voltage and Current Waveforms Evaluation. .OPTIONS ITL4= 50 .OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 18
  • 19. 4.1 Switching Waveforms 5.0V Control Voltage V(PWM) 0V v(pwm) 5.0A Switch Current ID(S1) 2.5A 0A I(S1:3) 5.0A Inductor Current I(L) 2.5A 0A I(L) 12.2V (9.982m,12.086) 12.1V VOUT, RIPPLE 12.0V SEL>> (9.986m,11.970) 11.8V 9.980ms 9.984ms 9.988ms 9.992ms 9.996ms 10.000ms v(vout) Time • The simulation results shows waveforms of the boost converter. • Output ripple voltage (caused by ESR) = 116mVP-P. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 19
  • 20. 4.2 Power State Switches Voltage and Current 16V 6.0A 1 2 (9.992m,12.095) (9.996m,4.3125) SW (MOSFET) Voltage VDS 12V 4.5A 8V 3.0A SW (MOSFET) Current ID 4V 1.5A SEL>> 0V 0A 1 V(S1:3,S1:4) 2 I(S1:3) 16V 5.0A 1 2 Diode Forward Current IF 8V 2.5A (9.996m,4.3554) 0V 0A (9.993m,-11.940) -8V -2.5A Diode Voltage VAK >> -16V -5.0A 9.990ms 9.992ms 9.994ms 9.996ms 9.998ms 10.000ms 1 V(D1:A,D1:C) 2 I(D1) Time • Switch (MOSFET) has the steady state voltage: VDS, PEAK = 12.095V and current: ID, PEAK = 4.312A • Diode has the steady state voltage: VAK, PEAK = -11.940V and current: IF, PEAK = 4.355A All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 20
  • 21. 5.Load Transient Response Simulation (Example) The converter are connected with step-load to perform load transient response simulation. RLs L D1 10m 6.8u DIODE v out S1 S ESR + pwm 27m I1 = 0.2 I1 Vin + I2 = 1.5 3.3 - - TD = 19m RON = 0.01 TR = 10u C TF = 10u 1410u PW = 2m PER = 1 Iload = 0.2A C2 step to 1.5A 0 795p R2 C1 R1 4.9k err Rupper 140k U1 8.259n 47.9k C3 PWM_IC 2.826nF *Analysis directives: - + E/A .TRAN 0 26ms 18ms 100n Comp + Rlower - .OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n OSC REF 10k .OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u FOSC = 300k .OPTIONS ITL1= 200 VREF = 0.8 0 VP = 2.2 .OPTIONS ITL2= 100 .OPTIONS ITL4= 50 .OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 21
  • 22. 5.Load Transient Response Simulation (Example) 2.0A 1.6A 0.2-1.5A Step load current 1.2A 0.8A 0.4A 0A I(I1) 12.2V Output Voltage Change 12.1V (21.022m,12.162) 12.0V 11.9V SEL>> (19.099m,11.912) 11.8V 18ms 20ms 22ms 24ms 26ms v(vout) Time • The simulation results shows output voltage change waveforms caused by step load current. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 22
  • 23. 6.Boost Converter Reliability Testing (Example) RLs L D1 Specification: 10m {L} DIODE v out VIN = 3.3V 10% PARAMETERS: L = 6.8u S1 S ESR VOUT = 12V Vin + + pwm 27m R 3.3 - - IOUT = 0.2 ~ 1.5A RON = 0.01 60 C 1410u Iload, min PWM Controller: 2 = 0.2A C2 fOSC = 300kHz 0 795p R2 VREF = 0.8V C1 R1 4.9k err Rupper VP1 = 2.2V 140k U1 8.259n 47.9k C3 PWM_IC 2.826nF Rlower = 10k, - + E/A + Comp Rupper = 140k, - OSC Rlower 10k REF L = Swept parameter (RLS=10m ), FOSC = 300k 0 C = 1410uF (ESR = 27m), VREF = 0.8 VP = 2.2 *Analysis directives: .TRAN 0 20ms 0 100n .STEP PARAM L LIST 6.8u, 5.78u .OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n Task: .OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u • To check that the converter still work in CCM .OPTIONS ITL1= 200 .OPTIONS ITL2= 100 after 15% reduction of the inductor value. .OPTIONS ITL4= 50 .OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 23
  • 24. 6.Boost Converter Reliability Testing (Example) 5.0V L=6.8uH A: V(PWM), L=5.78uH 0V v(pwm) 2.0A B: ID(S1) 1.0A 0A I(S1:3) 1.6A C: I(L) 0.8A 0A I(L) the converter works in CCM (no zero current) at L=5.78uH. 12.04V D: VOUT, RIPPLE SEL>> 11.98V 19.990ms 19.992ms 19.994ms 19.996ms 19.998ms 20.000ms v(vout) Time • The simulation results shows waveforms of the converter at L=6.8uH and 5.78uH • At L = 5.78uH(-15%), the converter still work in CCM All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 24
  • 25. 7.1 Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET Rds(on) Perform transient simulation to measure the converter efficiency at Rds(on)= 0.01 and 0.1 . RLs L D1 10m 6.8u DIODE v out S1 S ESR Vin PARAMETERS: + + pwm 27m Rdson = 0.1 R 3.3 - - 12 RON = {Rdson} C 1410u C2 0 795p R2 C1 R1 4.9k err Rupper 140k *Analysis directives: U1 8.259n 47.9k C3 .TRAN 0 20ms 18.8m 100n PWM_IC 2.826nF .STEP PARAM Rdson LIST 0.01, 0.1 - .OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n + E/A .OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u Comp + Rlower .OPTIONS ITL1= 200 - OSC 10k REF .OPTIONS ITL2= 100 .OPTIONS ITL4= 50 FOSC = 300k .OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01 VREF = 0.8 0 VP = 2.2 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 25
  • 26. 7.1 Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET Rds(on) Efficiency (%) 100 Rds(on) = 0.01, Efficiency = 97.3 % (19.750m,97.343) 90 Rds(on) = 0.1, Efficiency = 88.6 % (19.750m,88.600) 80 70 60 Rds(on) = 0.01 Rds(on) = 0.1 50 19.50ms 19.55ms 19.60ms 19.65ms 19.70ms 19.75ms 19.80ms 19.85ms 19.90ms 19.95ms 100*AVG(W(R))/AVG(-W(Vin)) Time • The converter efficiency is decreased from 97.3% to 88.6% when Rds(on) increase from 0.01 to 0.1. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 26
  • 27. 7.2 Converter Efficiency vs. Diode, VF Perform transient simulation to measure the converter efficiency at DIODE (N) = 0.01 and 0.4 PARAMETERS: N = 0.01 RLs L D1 Diode Forward Voltage vs. 10m 6.8u DIODE v out Diode model parameter: N S1 S ESR + pwm 27m Vin + R 3.3 - - Diode Forward I – V Characteristics RON = 0.01 12 1.0A C VF increases when DIODE (N) increases. 1410u 0.9A 0.8A C2 0.7A 0 795p 0.6A R2 C1 R1 4.9k 0.5A err Rupper 0.4A 140k U1 8.259n 47.9k C3 0.3A PWM_IC 2.826nF 0.2A - *Analysis directives: + E/A 0.1A VF .TRAN 0 20ms 18.8m 100n + Comp - Rlower OSC 10k 0A 0V 0.12V 0.24V 0.36V 0.48V 0.60V 0.72V 0.84V 0.96V 1.08V .STEP PARAM N LIST 0.01, 0.4 REF I(D1) V_V1 .OPTIONS ABSTOL= 1.0n FOSC = 300k .OPTIONS CHGTOL= 0.01u VREF = 0.8 0 .OPTIONS ITL1= 200 VP = 2.2 .OPTIONS ITL2= 100 .OPTIONS ITL4= 50 .OPTIONS RELTOL= 0.01 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 27
  • 28. 7.2 Converter Efficiency vs. Diode, VF Efficiency (%) 100 DIODE (N) = 0.01, Efficiency = 97.3 % (19.750m,97.343) (19.750m,94.663) DIODE (N) = 0.4, Efficiency = 94.6 % 90 80 70 60 50 19.50ms 19.55ms 19.60ms 19.65ms 19.70ms 19.75ms 19.80ms 19.85ms 19.90ms 19.95ms 100*AVG(W(R))/AVG(-W(Vin)) Time • The converter efficiency is decreased from 97.3% to 94.7% when DIODE’s parameter N increase from 0.01 to 0.4 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 28
  • 29. 8.Simulation Using Real Device Models (Example) As we can see in the efficiency simulation (topic #7) that’s how the switching devices effect the simulation result. For the accurate simulation result, the accurate models, that relate to the real devices characteristics, are needed. The Real Device Models of Schottky Diode (Shindengen RLs 10m L 6.8u SBD Part# M2FM3) D1 v out M2FM3 ESR Vin 27m pwm R 3.3 12 U2 C TPC6005S 1410u C2 0 795p The Real Device Models of C1 R1 R2 4.9k MOSFET (Toshiba N Channel err Rupper 140k MOS Part# TPCP6005) U1 8.259n 47.9k C3 PWM_IC 2.826nF - + E/A + Comp - Rlower OSC 10k REF FOSC = 300k VREF = 0.8 0 VP = 2.2 All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 29
  • 30. 8.Simulation Using Real Device Models (Example) 5.0V 0V V(PWM) Spike current 6.0A 4.0A 2.0A 0A -2.0A I(U2:1) 6.0A 4.0A 2.0A 0A I(L) 12.1V 12.0V SEL>> 11.9V 9.980ms 9.985ms 9.990ms 9.995ms 10.000ms V(VOUT) Time • The real device model enable designers to include the spike signal (caused by the devices’ parasitic capacitance) in the switching waveforms simulation. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 30
  • 31. 8.2 Converter Efficiency (Real Device Models) Efficiency (%) 100 Efficiency = 89.97 % (9.500m,89.973) 90 80 70 60 50 9.0ms 9.1ms 9.2ms 9.3ms 9.4ms 9.5ms 9.6ms 9.7ms 9.8ms 9.9ms 10.0ms 100* AVG(W(R))/ AVG(-W(Vin)) Time • The converter efficiency is decreased from 97.3% to 89.97% when the device models are changed from the near-Ideal to the real model. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 31
  • 32. 9.SpicePark of MOSFET Model Maximum Value Device Models • After the device voltage and current condition is simulated (e.g. VDS, PEAK=12.095V and ID, PEAK=4.312A), The real device models could be picked up from the SpicePark, that is the resource of device models, provided by Bee Technologies. All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 32
  • 33. Simulation Index Simulations Folder name 1. Switching Waveforms...................................................... waveforms 2. Power Stage Switches Voltage and Current.................... powersw 3. Load Transient Response................................................ stepload 4. Boost Converter Reliability Testing................................... optimize 5. Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET Rds(on) .................... efficiency-rdson 6. Converter Efficiency vs. MOSFET Diode, VF.................. efficiency-diode Libraries : 1. ..pwmic.lib 2. ..diode.lib All Rights Reserved Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Corporation 2011 33